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Murbach TS, Glávits R, Jayasena S, Moghadam Maragheh N, Endres JR, Hirka G, Goodman RE, Vértesi A, Béres E, Pasics Szakonyiné I. Toxicology and digestibility of Chlamydomonas debaryana green algal biomass. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36680512 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is an economic interest, both for food security and for the non-meat-eating population, in the development of novel, sustainable sources of high-quality protein. The green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has already been developed for this purpose, and the closely related species, Chlamydomonas debaryana, is a complementary source that also presents some additional advantages, such as reduced production cost. To determine whether C. debaryana may have a similar safety profile to that of C. reinhardtii, a wild type strain was obtained, designated TS04 after confirmation of its identity, and subjected to a battery of preclinical studies. Genetic toxicity was evaluated using a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test in a mouse model. No genotoxic potential (e.g., mutagenicity and clastogenicity) was observed in these tests under the employed conditions up to maximum recommended concentrations or doses. To assess general toxicity, a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study was conducted in rats. No mortality or adverse effects were observed, and no target organs were identified up to the maximum feasible dose, due to solubility, of 4,000 mg/kg bw/day. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was determined as the highest dose tested. A digestibility study in simulated gastric fluid was conducted and determined that TS04 has low allergenic potential, exhibiting rapid digestion of proteins. Due to the negative results of our evaluation, it is reasonable to proceed with further development and additional investigations to contribute towards a safety assessment of the proposed use in food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shyamali Jayasena
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP), Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Niloofar Moghadam Maragheh
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP), Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Budapest, Hungary.,Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program (FARRP), Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Adél Vértesi
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Béres
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230, Balatonfüred, Hungary
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Singh N, Roy K, Goyal A, Moholkar VS. Investigations in ultrasonic enhancement of β-carotene production by isolated microalgal strain Tetradesmus obliquus SGM19. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 58:104697. [PMID: 31450379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae constitute relatively novel source of lipids for biodiesel production. The economy of this process can be enhanced by the recovery of β-carotenes present in the microalgal cells. The present study has addressed matter of enhancement of lipids and β-carotene production by microalgal species of Tetradesmus obliquus SGM19 with the application of sonication. As first step, the growth cycle of Tetradesmus obliquus SGM19 was optimized using statistical experimental design. Optimum parameters influencing microalgal growth were: Sodium nitrate = 1.5 g/L, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid = 0.001 g/L, temperature = 28.5 °C, pH = 7.5, light intensity = 5120 lux, β-carotene yield = 0.67 mg/g DCW. Application of 33 kHz and 1.4 bar ultrasound at 10% duty cycle was revealed to enhance the lipid and β-carotene yields by 34.5% and 31.5%, respectively. Kinetic analysis of substrate and product profiles in control and test experiments revealed both lipid and β-carotene to be growth-associated products. The intracellular NAD(H) content during late log phase was monitored in control and test experiments as a measure of relative kinetics of intracellular metabolism. Consistently higher NAD(H) concentrations were observed for test experiments; indicating faster metabolism. Finally, the viability of ultrasound-exposed microalgal cells (assessed with flow cytometry) was >80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Kuldeep Roy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Vijayanand S Moholkar
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India.
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Mishra S, Roy M, Mohanty K. Microalgal bioenergy production under zero-waste biorefinery approach: Recent advances and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 292:122008. [PMID: 31466819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In view of the globalization and energy consumption, an economic and sustainable biorefinery model is essential to address the energy security and climate change. From this perspective, renewable biofuel production from microalgae along with a wide range of value-added co-products define its potential as a biorefinery feedstock. However, economic viability of microalgal biorefinery at its current state is not considered sustainable. Reduce, recycle, and reuse of waste derived from algal bioenergy conversion process will lead to an energy efficient and sustainable zero-waste microalgal biorefinery. This review focuses on three major aspects of zero-waste microalgal biorefinery approach; (1) recent advances on microalgal bioenergy conversion processes (chemical, biochemical and thermochemical); (2) mitigation and transformation of liquid and solid waste and (3) techno-economic analysis (TEA) and lifecycle assessment (LCA). In addition, the study also focuses on the challenges and future perspectives for an advanced microalgal biorefinery model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Mishra
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Madonna Roy
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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