1
|
He Z, Hu Y, Niu Z, Zhong K, Liu T, Yang M, Ji L, Hu W. A review of pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of asiaticoside, a major active constituent of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115865. [PMID: 36306932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., a potential medicinal plant, is widely used in orient traditional medicine. Its major active constituents include asiaticoside (AS), madecassoside (MS), asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Thereinto, AS is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin with a variety of pharmacological effects including antitumor, neuroprotective and wound healing effects. AIM OF THE STUDY In this review, we summarize the pharmacokinetics, safety and pharmacological properties of AS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We gathered information about AS from articles published up to 2022 and listed in Google scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and similar databases. The keywords used in our search included "asiaticoside", "Centella asiatica", "pharmacokinetics", "nerve", "cancer", "skin", etc. RESULTS: AS appeared to degrade through a first-order reaction and had low biotoxicity. However, the pharmacokinetic properties of AS differed according to species. AS is highly blood-brain-barrier permeable without any harmful side effect. It has a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-neural inflammation and anti-cancer properties, as well as protective properties for the skin, cardiovascular system, and pulmonary system. CONCLUSION This review comprehensively summarized current information regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of AS, and supported the pharmaceutical value of this compound. Future research should focus on improving bioavailability of AS and conducting clinical assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang He
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Yeye Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Kang Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Tingwu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Meng Yang
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Lilian Ji
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China.
| | - Weicheng Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pharmacological Effects of Centella asiatica on Skin Diseases: Evidence and Possible Mechanisms. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5462633. [PMID: 34845411 PMCID: PMC8627341 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5462633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The medicinal herb Centella asiatica (L.) Urban known as gotu kola has been reported to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. In particular, a significant body of scientific research exists on the therapeutic properties of preparations of C. asiatica or its triterpenes in the treatment of skin diseases. The present study is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the beneficial effects of C. asiatica on skin diseases. Peer-reviewed articles on the potent dermatological effects of C. asiatica were acquired from PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and SciFinder. This review provides an understanding of pharmacological studies which confirm the potent dermatological effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of C. asiatica. This medicinal plant and its triterpenes include asiaticoside, madecassoside, and their aglycones, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. These compounds exert therapeutic effects on dermatological diseases such as acne, burns, atopic dermatitis, and wounds via NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, and STAT signaling in in vitro and in vivo studies. However, additional rigorously controlled long-term clinical trials will be necessary to confirm the full potential of C. asiatica as a therapeutic agent.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramabulana AT, Steenkamp PA, Madala NE, Dubery IA. Profiling of Altered Metabolomic States in Bidens pilosa Leaves in Response to Treatment by Methyl Jasmonate and Methyl Salicylate. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101275. [PMID: 32992670 PMCID: PMC7601133 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) is an edible medicinal plant with many bioactivities reported to have a health-beneficial role in controling various diseases. Though B. pilosa contain a diverse array of natural products, these are produced in relatively low concentrations. A possible way to enhance secondary metabolite production can be through the use of elicitors. Here, the effects of exogenous treatments with two signal molecules—methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA)—on the metabolomic profiles of B. pilosa leaves were investigated. Plants were treated with 0.5 mM of MeJA or MeSA and harvested at 12 h and 24 h. Metabolites were extracted with methanol and separated on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system hyphenated to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Data was subjected to multivariate statistical analysis and modeling for annotation of metabolites. Hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivatives, such as caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs), tartaric acid esters (chicoric acid and caftaric acid), chalcones, and flavonoids were identified as differentially regulated. The altered metabolomes in response to MeSA and MeJA overlapped to a certain extent, suggestive of a cross-talk between signaling and metabolic pathway activation. Moreover, the perturbation of isomeric molecules, especially the cis geometrical isomers of HCA derivatives by both treatments, further point to the biological significance of these molecules during physiological responses to stress. The results highlight the possibility of using phytohormones to enhance the accumulation of bioactive secondary metabolites in this plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anza-Tshilidzi Ramabulana
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (A.-T.R.); (P.A.S.); (N.E.M.)
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (A.-T.R.); (P.A.S.); (N.E.M.)
| | - Ntakadzeni E. Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (A.-T.R.); (P.A.S.); (N.E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (A.-T.R.); (P.A.S.); (N.E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-5592401
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gray NE, Alcazar Magana A, Lak P, Wright KM, Quinn J, Stevens JF, Maier CS, Soumyanath A. Centella asiatica - Phytochemistry and mechanisms of neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2018; 17:161-194. [PMID: 31736679 PMCID: PMC6857646 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-017-9528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This review describes in detail the phytochemistry and neurological effects of the medicinal herb Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. C. asiatica is a small perennial plant that grows in moist, tropical and sub-tropical regions throughout the world. Phytochemicals identified from C. asiatica to date include isoprenoids (sesquiterpenes, plant sterols, pentacyclic triterpenoids and saponins) and phenylpropanoid derivatives (eugenol derivatives, caffeoylquinic acids, and flavonoids). Contemporary methods for fingerprinting and characterization of compounds in C. asiatica extracts include liquid chromatography and/or ion mobility spectrometry in conjunction with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multiple studies in rodent models, and a limited number of human studies support C. asiatica's traditional reputation as a cognitive enhancer, as well as its anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects. Neuroprotective effects of C.asiatica are seen in several in vitro models, for example against beta amyloid toxicity, and appear to be associated with increased mitochondrial activity, improved antioxidant status, and/or inhibition of the pro-inflammatory enzyme, phospholipase A2. Neurotropic effects of C. asiatica include increased dendritic arborization and synaptogenesis, and may be due to modulations of signal transduction pathways such as ERK1/2 and Akt. Many of these neurotropic and neuroprotective properties of C.asiatica have been associated with the triterpene compounds asiatic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside. More recently, caffeoylquinic acids are emerging as a second important group of active compounds in C. asiatica, with the potential of enhancing the Nrf2-antioxidant response pathway. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the triterpenes, caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids found in C. asiatica have been studied in humans and animal models, and the compounds or their metabolites found in the brain. This review highlights the remarkable potential for C. asiatica extracts and derivatives to be used in the treatment of neurological conditions, and considers the further research needed to actualize this possibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora E. Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | | | - Parnian Lak
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Kirsten M. Wright
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Joseph Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Department of Neurology and Parkinson’s Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center (PADRECC),
Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA 97239
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gamma radiation treatment activates glucomoringin synthesis in Moringa oleifera. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
6
|
Chen Q, Lu X, Guo X, Guo Q, Li D. Metabolomics Characterization of Two Apocynaceae Plants, Catharanthus roseus and Vinca minor, Using GC-MS and LC-MS Methods in Combination. Molecules 2017; 22:E997. [PMID: 28629120 PMCID: PMC6152753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) and Vinca minor (V. minor) are two common important medical plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. In this study, we used non-targeted GC-MS and targeted LC-MS metabolomics to dissect the metabolic profile of two plants with comparable phenotypic and metabolic differences. A total of 58 significantly different metabolites were present in different quantities according to PCA and PLS-DA score plots of the GC-MS analysis. The 58 identified compounds comprised 16 sugars, eight amino acids, nine alcohols and 18 organic acids. We subjected these metabolites into KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and highlighted 27 metabolic pathways, concentrated on the TCA cycle, glycometabolism, oligosaccharides, and polyol and lipid transporter (RFOS). Among the primary metabolites, trehalose, raffinose, digalacturonic acid and gallic acid were revealed to be the most significant marker compounds between the two plants, presumably contributing to species-specific phenotypic and metabolic discrepancy. The profiling of nine typical alkaloids in both plants using LC-MS method highlighted higher levels of crucial terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) intermediates of loganin, serpentine, and tabersonine in V. minor than in C. roseus. The possible underlying process of the metabolic flux from primary metabolism pathways to TIA synthesis was discussed and proposed. Generally speaking, this work provides a full-scale comparison of primary and secondary metabolites between two medical plants and a metabolic explanation of their TIA accumulation and phenotype differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xueyan Lu
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Qingxi Guo
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Dewen Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ncube EN, Steenkamp PA, Madala NE, Dubery IA. Stimulatory Effects of Acibenzolar- S-Methyl on Chlorogenic Acids Biosynthesis in Centella asiatica Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1469. [PMID: 27733862 PMCID: PMC5040108 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Centella asiatica is a perrenial herb that grows in tropical regions with numerous medicinal properties mostly attributed to the presence of pentacyclic triterpenoids. Interestingly, this plant also possess a significant amount of phenylpropanoid-derived chlorogenic acids (CGAs) that have recently been reported to confer neuroprotective properties. In a biotechnological attempt to increase the biosynthesis of CGA-derivatives in cultured Centella cells, acibenzolar-S-methyl was applied as a xenobiotic inducer in combination with quinic acid and shikimic acid as precursor molecules. Applying a semi-targeted metabolomics-based approach, time and concentration studies were undertaken to evaluate the effect of the manipulation on cellular metabolism leading to CGA production. Phytochemical extracts were prepared using methanol and analyzed using a UHPLC-qTOF-MS platform. Data was processed and analyzed using multivariate data models. A total of four CGA-derivatives, annotated as trans-5-feruloylquinic acid, 3,5 di-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoyl-4-O-malonylquinic acid (irbic acid) and 3-caffeoyl, 5-feruloylquinic acid, were found to be upregulated by the acibenzolar-S-methyl treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the induction of CGA derivatives in this species. Contrary to expectations, the effects of precursor molecules on the levels of the CGAs were insignificant. However, a total of 16 metabolites, including CGA derivatives, were up-regulated by precursor treatment. Therefore, this study shows potential to biotechnologically manipulate C. asiatica cells to increase the production of these health beneficial CGAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efficient N. Ncube
- Department of Biochemistry, University of JohannesburgAuckland Park, South Africa
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of JohannesburgAuckland Park, South Africa
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Biosciences, Natural Products and Agroprocessing GroupPretoria, South Africa
| | - Ntakadzeni E. Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of JohannesburgAuckland Park, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of JohannesburgAuckland Park, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|