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Wu B, Wang J, Chen Y, Fu Y. Inflammation-Targeted Drug Delivery Strategies via Albumin-Based Systems. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:743-761. [PMID: 38194444 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Albumin, being the most abundant serum protein, has the potential to significantly enhance the physicochemical properties of therapeutic payloads, thereby improving their pharmacological effects. Apart from its passive transport via the enhanced permeability and retention effect, albumin can actively accumulate in tumor microenvironments or inflammatory tissues via receptor-mediated processes. This unique property makes albumin a promising scaffold for targeted drug delivery. This review focuses on exploring different delivery strategies that combine albumin with drug payloads to achieve targeted therapy for inflammatory diseases. Also, albumin-derived therapeutic products on the market or undergoing clinical trials in the past decade have been summarized to gain insight into the future development of albumin-based drug delivery systems. Given the involvement of inflammation in numerous diseases, drug delivery systems utilizing albumin demonstrate remarkable advantages, including enhanced properties, improved in vivo behavior and efficacy. Albumin-based drug delivery systems have been demonstrated in clinical trials, while more advanced strategies for improving the capacity of drug delivery systems with the help of albumin remain to be discovered. This could pave the way for biomedical applications in more effective and precise treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Sen P, Karn R, Kanake DW, Emerson I A, Khan JM, Ahmad A. Picloram binds to the h1 and h4 helices of HSA domain IIIA at drug binding site 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124836. [PMID: 37201887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Picloram (PC) is a systemic herbicide that controls herbaceous weeds and woody plants. HSA, the most abundant protein in human physiology, binds to all exogenic and endogenic ligands. PC is a stable molecule (t1/2~157-513 days) and a potential threat to human health via the food chain. HSA and PC binding study has been done to decipher the location and thermodynamics of binding. It has been studied with prediction tools like autodocking and MD simulation and then confirmed with fluorescence spectroscopy. HSA fluorescence was quenched by PC at pH 7.4 (N state), pH 3.5 (F state), and pH 7.4 with 4.5 M urea (I state) at temperatures 283 K, 297 K, and 303 K. The location of binding was found to be interdomain between II and III which overlaps with drug binding site 2. The binding was spontaneous, and entropy-driven that show a noticeable increase in binding with the increase in temperature. No secondary structure change at the native state has been observed due to binding. The binding results are important to understand the physiological assimilation of PC. In silico predictions and the results of spectroscopic studies unambiguously indicate the locus and nature of the binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Sen
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Rohit Karn
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Diksha Waghuji Kanake
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arnold Emerson I
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anis Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine/Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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3
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Charvet B, Pierquin J, Brunel J, Gorter R, Quétard C, Horvat B, Amor S, Portoukalian J, Perron H. Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type W Envelope from Multiple Sclerosis Demyelinating Lesions Shows Unique Solubility and Antigenic Characteristics. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1006-1026. [PMID: 33770381 PMCID: PMC8558138 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), human endogenous retrovirus W family (HERV-W) envelope protein, pHERV-W ENV, limits remyelination and induces microglia-mediated neurodegeneration. To better understand its role, we examined the soluble pHERV-W antigen from MS brain lesions detected by specific antibodies. Physico-chemical and antigenic characteristics confirmed differences between pHERV-W ENV and syncytin-1. pHERV-W ENV monomers and trimers remained associated with membranes, while hexamers self-assembled from monomers into a soluble macrostructure involving sulfatides in MS brain. Extracellular hexamers are stabilized by internal hydrophobic bonds and external hydrophilic moieties. HERV-W studies in MS also suggest that this diffusible antigen may correspond to a previously described high-molecular-weight neurotoxic factor secreted by MS B-cells and thus represents a major agonist in MS pathogenesis. Adapted methods are now needed to identify encoding HERV provirus(es) in affected cells DNA. The properties and origin of MS brain pHERV-W ENV soluble antigen will allow a better understanding of the role of HERVs in MS pathogenesis. The present results anyhow pave the way to an accurate detection of the different forms of pHERV-W ENV antigen with appropriate conditions that remained unseen until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Charvet
- GeNeuro Innovation, Lyon, 69008, France. .,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University of Lyon, ENS Lyon, France. .,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69000, France.
| | | | - Joanna Brunel
- GeNeuro Innovation, Lyon, 69008, France.,CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University of Lyon, ENS Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69000, France
| | - Rianne Gorter
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University of Lyon, ENS Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69000, France
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro Innovation, Lyon, 69008, France. .,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, 69000, France.
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4
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Ryberg LA, Sønderby P, Bukrinski JT, Harris P, Peters GHJ. Investigations of Albumin–Insulin Detemir Complexes Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Free Energy Calculations. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:132-144. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Line A. Ryberg
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Sønderby
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. J. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Understanding the bioconjugation reaction of phenthoate with human serum albumin: New insights from experimental and computational approaches. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Mitra A, Biswas R, Bagchi A, Ghosh R. Insight into the binding of a synthetic nitro-flavone derivative with human poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:444-459. [PMID: 31473312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flavones are important bioactive compounds, many of which are effective in cancer therapy for their ability to target enzymes related to DNA repair and cell proliferation. In this report, the interaction of a synthetic nitroflavone, 2,4-nitrophenylchromen-4-one (4NCO) with human poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (hPARP1) was investigated to explore its inhibitory action. Its interaction with hPARP1 was compared with that of other inhibitors through molecular docking studies. Further insight into the 4NCO-hPARP1 interaction was obtained from competitive docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies. In silico mutagenesis studies and per-residue interaction energy calculations were carried out. Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship analysis was also performed to calculate its predictive percent inhibitory activity. Our results indicated that 4NCO exhibited competitive mode of binding to hPARP1. It formed a stable interaction with the protein thereby hindering any further molecular interaction to render it inactive with a predictive inhibition of 96%. It also had good ADMET properties and showed best Autodock binding free energy values compared to other known inhibitors. 4NCO showed good hPARP1 inhibitory properties with higher bioavailability and lower probability of getting effluxed. Development of inhibitors against hPARP1 is important for cell proliferative disorders, where 4NCO can be predicted as a potential new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Ria Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Angshuman Bagchi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
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7
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Fink K, Boratyński J, Paprocka M, Goszczyński TM. Metallacarboranes as a tool for enhancing the activity of therapeutic peptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1457:128-141. [PMID: 31407357 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metallacarboranes are anionic boron clusters with high affinity to serum albumin, ability to cross biological membranes, and no apparent toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Thus, conjugation with cobalt bis(1,2-dicarbollide), [COSAN]- , ([3,3'-Co(1,2-C2 B9 H11 )2 ]- ) may improve the properties of therapeutic peptides or proteins at both molecular and systemic levels. Here, we conjugated [COSAN]- with the therapeutic peptide thymosin β4 (Tβ4), which has a pleiotropic activity that results in enhanced healing and regeneration of injured tissues. Using fluorescence quenching of human serum albumin and surface plasmon resonance techniques, we showed that the conjugates have a high affinity to human serum albumin. Using an in vitro wound closure assay, we showed that conjugation with [COSAN]- enhances the activity of Tβ4 toward fibroblasts (MSU1.1 cell line). These results indicate an application of metallacarboranes in the development of analogs of various therapeutic peptides/proteins with superior pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Fink
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Janusz Boratyński
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Paprocka
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Goszczyński
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy PAS, Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Nagati V, Nakkka S, Yeggoni DP, Subramanyam R. Forskolin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles and its biological importance. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:1539-1550. [PMID: 31057091 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1614481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, forskolin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles (FR-HSANPs) were successfully prepared by incorporation and affinity-binding methods. FR-HSANPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope that most of them are circular in shape and size is around 340 nm. The drug loading was more than 88% and further sustained release profiles were observed as it is 77.5% in 24 h time. Additionally, the cytotoxicity results with HepG2 cells indicated that FR-HSANPs showed significantly higher cytotoxicity and lower cell viability as compared to free forskolin (FR). Furthermore, to understand the binding mechanism of human serum albumin (HSA) with forskolin resulted from fluorescence quenching as a static mechanism and the binding constant is 6.26 ± 0.1 × 104 M-1, indicating a strong binding affinity. Further, association and dissociation kinetics of forskolin-HSA was calculated from surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and the binding constant found to be Kforskolin = 3.4 ± 0.24 × 104 M-1 and also fast dissociation was observed. Further, we used circular dichroism and molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the possible structural changes including local conformational changes and rigidity of the residues of both HSA and HSA-forskolin complexes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerababu Nagati
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sailaja Nakkka
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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9
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Zhuo W, Peng X, Lin X. Insights into the interaction mechanism between tiagabine hydrochloride and two serum albumins. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24953-24960. [PMID: 35542170 PMCID: PMC9082336 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiagabine hydrochloride (TGB) is a widely used anticonvulsive drug for the treatment of epilepsy. To better understand the interactions of TGB with plasma proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were selected as model proteins. TGB slightly increased thermal stability of the proteins as confirmed by VP-capillary differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurements. Isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC) results showed that TGB could be combined with HSA and BSA moderately, which was also corroborated by fluorescence analysis. Besides, the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH > 0, ΔS > 0) indicated that hydrophobic forces played a major role in the formulation of TGB-HSA and TGB-BSA complexes. Moreover, the main binding sites of TGB to HSA and BSA were also examined by classical fluorescent probe (dansylsarcosine and dansylamide) experiments, showing that TGB and dansylsarcosine competitively interacted with HSA and BSA at the same binding sites. Additionally, TGB had no obvious effect on the conformation change of HSA and BSA as indicated by spectroscopic analyses. This study provides useful information about the interaction mechanism of TGB and serum albumins, which could help to better utilize TGB in biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Zhuo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China +86 028 85990908 +86 02885990908
| | - Xilin Peng
- Sinopharm Chuankang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Chengdu 611731 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China +86 028 85990908 +86 02885990908
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10
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Sneha P, Thirumal Kumar D, Lijo J, Megha M, Siva R, George Priya Doss C. Probing the Protein-Protein Interaction Network of Proteins Causing Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 110:167-202. [PMID: 29412996 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play vital roles in various cellular pathways. Most of the proteins perform their responsibilities by interacting with an enormous number of proteins. Understanding these interactions of the proteins and their interacting partners has shed light toward the field of drug discovery. Also, PPIs enable us to understand the functions of a protein by understanding their interacting partners. Consequently, in the current study, PPI network of the proteins causing MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young) was drawn, and their correlation in causing a disease condition was marked. MODY is a monogenic type of diabetes caused by autosomal dominant inheritance. Extensive research on transcription factor and their corresponding genetic pathways have been studied over the last three decades, yet, very little is understood about the molecular modalities of highly dynamic interactions between transcription factors, genomic DNA, and the protein partners. The current study also reveals the interacting patterns of the various transcription factors. Consequently, in the current work, we have devised a PPI analysis to understand the plausible pathway through which the protein leads to a deformity in glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sneha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Thirumal Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jose Lijo
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Megha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Siva
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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11
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Lagzian M, Shahraki A, Besharatian M, Asoodeh A. A thermostable alkaliphilic protein-disulfide isomerase from Bacillus subtilis DR8806: cloning, expression, biochemical characterization and molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:703-712. [PMID: 28919531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are among the most important factors related to correct folding of the proteins. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the enzyme responsible for the correct formation and isomerization of these bonds. It is rarely studied so far and none of them showed industrial properties. In this study, the gene encoding for a putative PDI from Bacillus subtilis DR8806 was identified, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. It was encoded a 23.26kDa protein. The enzyme was purified by GST affinity chromatography with a specific activity of 1227u/mg. It was active and stable over a wide range of temperature (20-85°C) and pH (4.5-10) with an optimum at 65°C and pH 5.5. Its activity was enhanced by Mn2+ and Co2+ while Ag+ and Zn2+ decreased it. Some of the known PDI inhibitors such as Tocinoic acid and Bactiracin did not affect its activity. In-silico analysis shows the five amino acids changes in the protein sequence regarding to the consensus sequence of PDIs, have a positive impact toward the protein thermal stability. This was further confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. By considering the overall results, the enzyme might be a potential candidate for applications in the respective industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Lagzian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Ali Shahraki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Besharatian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Mohan S, Hemachandran H, Sneha P, George Priya Doss C, Godwin Christopher J, Jayaraman G, Ramamoorthy S. Structural insights into the binding mode and conformational changes of BSA induced by bixin and crocin. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2085-2098. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1342565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sankari Mohan
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hridya Hemachandran
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Sneha
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C. George Priya Doss
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J. Godwin Christopher
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gurunathan Jayaraman
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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