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Zheng J, Sun R, Wu D, Chen P, Zheng P. Engineered Zea mays phenylalanine ammonia-lyase for improve the catalytic efficiency of biosynthesis trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 176:110423. [PMID: 38442476 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine. PAL from Zea mays (ZmPAL2) exhibits a bi-function of direct deamination of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) or L-tyrosine(-L-Tyr) to form trans-cinnamic acid or p-coumaric acid. trans-Cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid are mainly used in flavors and fragrances, food additives, pharmaceutical and other fields. Here, the Activity of ZmPAL2 toward L-Phe or L-Tyr was improved by using semi-rational and rational designs. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of mutant PT10 (V258I/I459V/Q484N) against L-Phe was 30.8 μM-1 s-1, a 4.5-fold increase compared to the parent, and the catalytic efficiency of mutant PA1 (F135H/I459L) to L-tyrosine exhibited 8.6 μM-1 s-1, which was 1.6-fold of the parent. The yield of trans-cinnamic acid in PT10 reached 30.75 g/L with a conversion rate of 98%. Meanwhile, PA1 converted L-Tyr to yield 3.12 g/L of p-coumaric acid with a conversion rate of 95%. Suggesting these two engineered ZmPAL2 to be valuable biocatalysts for the synthesis of trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid. In addition, MD simulations revealed that the underlying mechanisms of the increased catalytic efficiency of both mutant PT10 and PA1 are attributed to the substrate remaining stable within the pocket and closer to the catalytically active site. This also provides a new perspective on engineered PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Zheng
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ruobin Sun
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Pu Zheng
- Key laboratory of industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Zhu Z, Chen R, Zhang L. Simple phenylpropanoids: recent advances in biological activities, biosynthetic pathways, and microbial production. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:6-24. [PMID: 37807808 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00012e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2023Simple phenylpropanoids are a large group of natural products with primary C6-C3 skeletons. They are not only important biomolecules for plant growth but also crucial chemicals for high-value industries, including fragrances, nutraceuticals, biomaterials, and pharmaceuticals. However, with the growing global demand for simple phenylpropanoids, direct plant extraction or chemical synthesis often struggles to meet current needs in terms of yield, titre, cost, and environmental impact. Benefiting from the rapid development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, microbial production of natural products from inexpensive and renewable sources provides a feasible solution for sustainable supply. This review outlines the biological activities of simple phenylpropanoids, compares their biosynthetic pathways in different species (plants, bacteria, and fungi), and summarises key research on the microbial production of simple phenylpropanoids over the last decade, with a focus on engineering strategies that seem to hold most potential for further development. Moreover, constructive solutions to the current challenges and future perspectives for industrial production of phenylpropanoids are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Innovative Drug R&D Centre, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
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Hsieh CY, Hong PY, Hsieh LS. Immobilization of BoPAL3 Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase on Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Nylon 6/Chitosan Crosslinked with Dextran Polyaldehyde. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3699. [PMID: 37765553 PMCID: PMC10535932 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.24) is common in plants and catalyzes the formation of trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia via phenylalanine deamination. Recombinant Bambusa oldhamii BoPAL3 protein expressed in Escherichia coli was immobilized on an electrospun nanofibrous membrane using dextran polyaldehyde as a crosslinker. The immobilized BoPAL3 protein exhibited comparable kinetic properties with the free BoPAL3 protein and could be recycled for six consecutive cycles compared with the free BoPAL3 protein. The residual activity of the immobilized BoPAL3 protein was 84% after 30 days of storage at 4 °C, whereas the free BoPAL3 protein retained 56% residual activity in the same storage conditions. Furthermore, the resistance of the immobilized BoPAL3 protein to chemical denaturants was greatly increased. Therefore, the BoPAL3 protein can be immobilized using the natural dextran polyaldehyde crosslinker in place of the conventional chemical crosslinker. Nanofibrous membranes made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), nylon 6, and chitosan (CS) are incredibly stable and useful for future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei City 111, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Yu Hong
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Health, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan;
| | - Lu-Sheng Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Health, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan;
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Parihar RD, Dhiman U, Bhushan A, Gupta PK, Gupta P. Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus Symbiosis: A Natural Mine of Bioactive Compounds. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:790339. [PMID: 35422783 PMCID: PMC9002308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.790339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylum Nematoda is of great economic importance. It has been a focused area for various research activities in distinct domains across the globe. Among nematodes, there is a group called entomopathogenic nematodes, which has two families that live in symbiotic association with bacteria of genus Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively. With the passing years, researchers have isolated a wide array of bioactive compounds from these symbiotically associated nematodes. In this article, we are encapsulating bioactive compounds isolated from members of the family Heterorhabditidae inhabiting Photorhabdus in its gut. Isolated bioactive compounds have shown a wide range of biological activity against deadly pathogens to both plants as well as animals. Some compounds exhibit lethal effects against fungi, bacteria, protozoan, insects, cancerous cell lines, neuroinflammation, etc., with great potency. The main aim of this article is to collect and analyze the importance of nematode and its associated bacteria, isolated secondary metabolites, and their biomedical potential, which can serve as potential leads for further drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anil Bhushan
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Gupta
- Department of Horticulture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, India
| | - Prasoon Gupta
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Trivedi VD, Chappell TC, Krishna NB, Shetty A, Sigamani GG, Mohan K, Ramesh A, R PK, Nair NU. In-Depth Sequence–Function Characterization Reveals Multiple Pathways to Enhance Enzymatic Activity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas D. Trivedi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Todd C. Chappell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | | | - Anuj Shetty
- Kcat Enzymatic Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 560005
| | | | - Karishma Mohan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Athreya Ramesh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Pravin Kumar R
- Kcat Enzymatic Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 560005
| | - Nikhil U. Nair
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Photorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Beneficial Aspects of Mutualistic Bacteria of Insecticidal Nematodes. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081660. [PMID: 34451705 PMCID: PMC8401807 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current approaches to sustainable agricultural development aspire to use safer means to control pests and pathogens. Photorhabdus bacteria that are insecticidal symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes in the genus Heterorhabditis can provide such a service with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to cope with the insect immune system. This review highlights the need of Photorhabdus-derived insecticidal, fungicidal, pharmaceutical, parasiticidal, antimicrobial, and toxic materials to fit into current, or emerging, holistic strategies, mainly for managing plant pests and pathogens. The widespread use of these bacteria, however, has been slow, due to cost, natural presence within the uneven distribution of their nematode partners, and problems with trait stability during in vitro culture. Yet, progress has been made, showing an ability to overcome these obstacles via offering affordable mass production and mastered genome sequencing, while detecting more of their beneficial bacterial species/strains. Their high pathogenicity to a wide range of arthropods, efficiency against diseases, and versatility, suggest future promising industrial products. The many useful properties of these bacteria can facilitate their integration with other pest/disease management tactics for crop protection.
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