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Calabrese EJ, Selby PB. Comet assay and hormesis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122929. [PMID: 37979647 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The paper provides the first assessment of the occurrence of hormetic dose responses using the Comet assay, a genotoxic assay. Using a priori evaluative criteria based on the Hormetic Database on peer-reviewed comet assay experimental findings, numerous examples of hormetic dose responses were obtained. These responses occurred in a large and diverse range of cell types and for agents from a broad range of chemical classes. Limited attempts were made to estimate the frequency of hormesis within comet assay experimental studies using a priori entry and evaluative criteria, with results suggesting a frequency in the 40% range. These findings are important as they show that a wide range of genotoxic chemicals display evidence that is strongly suggestive of hormetic dose responses. These findings have significant implications for study design issues, including the number of doses selected, dose range and spacing. Likewise, the widespread occurrence of hormetic dose responses in this genotoxic assay has important risk assessment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Paul B Selby
- Retired from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at Oak Ridge, TN. Home Address: 4088 Nottinghill Gate Road, Upper Arlington, OH, 43220, USA.
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Peng M, Yang X. Controlling diabetes by chromium complexes: The role of the ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 146:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bai Y, Zhao X, Qi C, Wang L, Cheng Z, Liu M, Liu J, Yang D, Wang S, Chai T. Effects of chromium picolinate on the viability of chick embryo fibroblast. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:403-13. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113499042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chromium picolinate (CrPic), which is used as a nutritional supplement and to treat type 2 diabetes, has gained much attention because of its cytotoxicity. This study evaluated the effects of CrPic on the viability of the chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, morphological detection, and flow cytometry. The results show that lower concentrations of CrPic (8 and 16 μM) did not damage CEF viability ( p > 0.05). However, higher CrPic concentrations (400 and 600 μM) indicated a highly significant effect on the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular calcium ion concentration, and the apoptosis rate ( p < 0.01), contrary to lower CrPic concentrations (8 and 16 μM) and control group. Moreover, apoptotic morphological changes induced by these processes in CEF were confirmed using Hoechst 33258 staining. Cell death induced by higher concentrations of CrPic was caused by an apoptotic and a necrotic mechanism, whereas the main mechanism of oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was apoptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - X Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - C Qi
- Central Hospital of Tai’an City, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - L Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Z Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - M Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - D Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - S Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - T Chai
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Tai’an, China
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Fan W, Liu A, Wang W, Zheng G, Teng A. Hepatoprotective activity of CrPic against alloxan-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 149:227-33. [PMID: 22528782 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on oxidation hepatic injury induced by alloxan treatment in mice and the hepatoprotective effect of chromium picolinate (CrPic) against such injury. The mice were randomly divided into three groups (control, alloxan, and CrPic). The CrPic mice were given Cr(3+) (40 μg/kg bm/day), and other mice were given equivalent intragastric doses of water every day. After 4 weeks, the groups alloxan and CrPic were treated with alloxan (40 mg/kg/day) through intraperitoneal injection daily for 6 days. Biochemical and enzymatic characteristics were assayed in these animals. The MDA levels of the control and CrPic groups were 33.93 % and 28.45 % lower, respectively, than that of the alloxan group. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-Px in the alloxan group were 15.30 % and 15.69 % higher, respectively,than those of the control group. Both the SOD and GSH-Px levels of the control and CrPic groups were about the same. Levels of CuZnSOD mRNA of the control and CrPic groups were 0.27 fold and 1.03 fold lower than in the alloxan group. The transcription levels of GSH-Px in the control and CrPic groups were 1.57 fold and 0.99 fold below those of the alloxan group. These results show that significant hepatic injury can be induced by alloxan treatment in mice; in addition, CrPic may be useful in health products meant to treat human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Fan
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety of Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Chen WY, Chen CJ, Liao JW, Mao FC. Chromium attenuates hepatic damage in a rat model of chronic cholestasis. Life Sci 2009; 84:606-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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