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Yan L, Yang J, Yu M, Sun W, Han Y, Lu X, Jin C, Wu S, Cai Y. Lanthanum Impairs Learning and Memory by Activating Microglia in the Hippocampus of Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1640-1649. [PMID: 35178682 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum can induce neurotoxicity and impair cognitive function; therefore, research on the mechanism by which the ability to learning and memory is decreased by lanthanum is vitally important for protecting health. Microglia are a type of neuroglia located throughout the brain and spinal cord that play an important role in the central nervous system. When overactive, these cells can cause the excessive production of inflammatory cytokines that can damage neighboring neurons. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of lanthanum in the form of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on learning and the memory of mice and determine whether there is a relationship between hippocampal neurons or learning and memory damage and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines. Four groups of pregnant Chinese Kun Ming mice were exposed to 0, 18, 36, or 72 mM LaCl3 in their drinking water during lactation. The offspring were then exposed to LaCl3 in the breast milk at birth until weaning and then exposed to these concentrations in their drinking water for 2 months after weaning. The results showed that LaCl3 impaired learning and memory in mice and injured their neurons, activated the microglia, and significantly overregulated the mRNA and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and nitric oxide in the hippocampus. The results of this study suggest that lanthanum can impair learning and memory in mice, possibly by over-activating the microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Yan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No.21 Bohai road, Caofeidian New Area, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchang Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yarao Han
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.
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Xiao X, Yong L, Jiao B, Yang H, Liang C, Jia X, Liu Z, Sang Y, Song Y. Postweaning exposure to lanthanum alters neurological behavior during early adulthood in rats. Neurotoxicology 2020; 83:40-50. [PMID: 33359004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanum is a rare-earth element that has been used in various fields including medicine, agriculture and industry. Previously, in utero lanthanum exposure to dams was shown to alter neurobehavior and neurotransmitter levels in rat offspring; however, the effects of postweaning exposure to lanthanum on neurological behavior is still limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of postweaning exposure to lanthanum on neurological behavior during early adulthood in rats. Rats were orally exposed to 0, 2, 20, 60 mg/kg BW of lanthanum nitrate from postnatal day (PND) 24 to PND60. Our results indicated that lanthanum treatment significantly decreased body weight and food intake. Morris water maze test results showed that lanthanum significantly decreased escape latency and travel distance. Lanthanum treatment also significantly decreased grip strength, hindlimb strength, and running time & distance in motor activity test. Further results showed that lanthanum treatment significantly decreased plasma neurotransmitter levels of acetylcholine and norepinephrine as well as the number of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. These results suggest that postweaning exposure to lanthanum have adverse effects on neurobehaviors and the central nervous system, with no-observed-adverse-effect level at 2 mg/kg BW and benchmark dose lower confidence limit at 1.7 mg/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Ling Yong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Bingqing Jiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Chunlai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Xudong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Yaxin Sang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China.
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Lanthanum Chloride Causes Neurotoxicity in Rats by Upregulating miR-124 Expression and Targeting PIK3CA to Regulate the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5205142. [PMID: 32461997 PMCID: PMC7222569 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5205142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Lanthanum (La) exposure can cause central nervous system (CNS) damage and dysfunction in children, seriously affecting intellectual development. miR-124 plays an important role in the development of the nervous system. We exposed rats to a La environment then observed the rats' learning and memory damage and neurotoxicity and the relationship with miR-124. Methods Rats were exposed to LaCl3 via drinking water. The rats' offspring were exposed to LaCl3 from their mother before weaning, then from La water for 28 days. A Morris water maze was used to observe spatial memory capabilities. H&E staining and TUNEL assays were used to observe pathological changes and apoptosis in the hippocampus. miR-124 was detected by RT-qPCR, and its targeting was confirmed by luciferase assay. The HT22 cell line was cultured with LaCl3 and treated with miR-124 mimics or inhibitors; then, expression of PI3K/Akt-related proteins was detected by western blot. Results La exposure can lead to impaired learning and memory ability in offspring. Offspring with La accumulations in the hippocampus showed severe damage, disordered cells, and increased neurocyte apoptosis. In vitro, the postsynaptic density protein 95 was downregulated under La exposure and apoptosis increased. This effect of La can be attenuated by miR-124 inhibitors and enhanced by miR-124 mimics. LaCl3 exposure increased miR-124 expression and targeting on PIK3CA, downregulating PI3K, p-Akt, and p-NF-κB p65. Conclusion La causes neurotoxicity by upregulating miR-124 expression and targeting PIK3CA through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Xiao X, Yong L, Liu D, Yang H, Liang C, Jia X, Liu Z, Song Y. Effects of in utero exposure to lanthanum on neurological behavior in rat offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 77:106854. [PMID: 31891752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of rare-earth elements in various fields has raised concern from public heath perspective regarding their accumulation in human body. Long-term exposure to lanthanum, one of the frequently used rare-earth elements in biomedicine and agriculture, has been previously shown to exert neurotoxicity during development in rats; however, the effects of short-term exposure to lanthanum during gestation on neurobehavioral development in rat offspring is still not clear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of intrauterine exposure to lanthanum on neurobehavioral development in rat offspring. Dams were orally exposed to 0, 2, 20, & 60 mg/kg BW of lanthanum nitrate from gestation day 7 to day 16. Morris water maze test, hindlimb strength test, nociceptive perception test, and grip strength test were conducted during postnatal day 61 to 66 in rat offspring. Blood lanthanum concentration and plasma neurotransmitters were measured after sacrifice. The results showed that intrauterine exposure to lanthanum nitrate significantly impaired memory and spatial learning in Morris water maze test. Lanthanum treatment dose-dependently increased blood lanthanum concentration in dams and pups. Lanthanum treatment significantly decreased hindlimb and grip strength and increased delay time in nociceptive response. Plasma neurotransmitter results showed that lanthanum treatment significantly decreased the level of acetylcholine and serotonin while increased the level of glutamate in rat offspring. These results suggest that short-term in utero exposure to lanthanum has potential adverse effects on neurodevelopment in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Ling Yong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Beijing Mentougou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102300, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Chunlai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Xudong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100022, China.
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Hu X, Yang J, Sun Y, Gao X, Zhang L, Li Y, Yu M, Liu S, Lu X, Jin C, Wu S, Cai Y. Lanthanum chloride impairs memory in rats by disturbing the glutamate-glutamine cycle and over-activating NMDA receptors. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jin C, Gao L, Li Y, Wu S, Lu X, Yang J, Cai Y. Lanthanum damages learning and memory and suppresses astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle in rat hippocampus. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:3817-3832. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhang L, Yang J, Jin C, Wu S, Lu X, Hu X, Sun Y, Cai Y. The effect of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor/antioxidant response element signalling pathway in the lanthanum chloride-induced impairment of learning and memory in rats. J Neurochem 2017; 140:463-475. [PMID: 27861875 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanum exerts adverse effects on the central nervous system. However, the mechanism underlying these adverse effects has not been clarified. It is known that oxidative stress plays an important role in neurological injuries induced by harmful factors. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is very important in the response to oxidative stress in tissues and cells. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3 ) on the spatial learning and memory of rats and to determine whether the Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway acts in the hippocampus. Four groups of Wistar rats were exposed to 0 mM, 9 mM, 18 mM or 36 mM LaCl3 through their drinking water from the day of birth to 2 months after weaning. The results showed that LaCl3 impaired the spatial learning and memory of the rats, damaged the neuronal ultrastructure, increased reactive oxygen species levels and significantly down-regulated Nrf2 as well as the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2-regulated genes, including NADP(H): dehydrogenase quinone 1, haeme oxygenase-1, superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione-S-transferase, γ-glutamine cysteine synthase and glutathione reductase, in the hippocampus. This study suggests that LaCl3 can impair the spatial learning and memory of rats, possibly by perturbing the Nrf2/antioxidant response element signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaling Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Liu H, Yang J, Liu Q, Jin C, Wu S, Lu X, Zheng L, Xi Q, Cai Y. Lanthanum chloride impairs spatial memory through ERK/MSK1 signaling pathway of hippocampus in rats. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2479-91. [PMID: 25316495 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are used in many fields for their diverse physical and chemical properties. Surveys have shown that REEs can impair learning and memory in children and cause neurobehavioral defects in animals. However, the mechanism underlying these impairments has not yet been completely elucidated. Lanthanum (La) is often selected to study the effects of REEs. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial memory impairments induced by lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) and the probable underlying mechanism. Wistar rats were exposed to LaCl3 in drinking water at 0 % (control, 0 mM), 0.25 % (18 mM), 0.50 % (36 mM), and 1.00 % (72 mM) from birth to 2 months after weaning. LaCl3 considerably impaired the spatial learning and memory of rats in the Morris water maze test, damaged the synaptic ultrastructure and downregulated the expression of p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p-MSK1, p-CREB, c-FOS and BDNF in the hippocampus. These results indicate that LaCl3 exposure impairs the spatial learning and memory of rats, which may be attributed to disruption of the synaptic ultrastructure and inhibition of the ERK/MSK1 signaling pathway in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Yang J, Liu Q, Qi M, Lu S, Wu S, Xi Q, Cai Y. Lanthanum chloride promotes mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in primary cultured rat astrocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:489-497. [PMID: 21793157 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Population surveys and animal experiments have shown that rare earth elements (REEs) cause neurological defects. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying these effects are still unclear. Given that lanthanum is commonly used for investigating into REEs-induced neurological defects, this study chose lanthanum chloride (LaCl3 ) to show that LaCl3 promotes mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in primary cultured rat astrocytes by regulating expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. The main findings of this study are (1) LaCl3 treatment (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mM for 12-48 h) induced the astrocytes damages with a concentration-dependent manner, which were confirmed with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and lactate dehydrogenase release assays, and morphological examination. (2) A 24 h treatment of LaCl3 concentration-dependently decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol, elevated caspase 9 and 3 expression, and promoted astrocyte apoptosis. (3) LaCl3 treatment increased the ratio of pro-apoptotic Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, which in turn broke the balance among pro-apoptotic and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, leading to astrocyte apoptosis. Our results indicate that LaCl3 alters Bcl-2 family protein expressions, which in turn promote mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and thus astrocytic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zheng L, Yang J, Liu Q, Yu F, Wu S, Jin C, Lu X, Zhang L, Du Y, Xi Q, Cai Y. Lanthanum chloride impairs spatial learning and memory and downregulates NF-κB signalling pathway in rats. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:2105-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cheng Z, Li N, Cheng J, Hu R, Gao G, Cui Y, Gong X, Wang L, Hong F. Signal pathway of hippocampal apoptosis and cognitive impairment of mice caused by cerium chloride. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:707-18. [PMID: 21384496 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies have demonstrated that lanthanides could impair cognitive functions of children and animals, but very little is known about the hippocampal apoptosis and its molecular mechanism. The study investigated the signal pathway of hippocampal apoptosis induced by intragastric administration of CeCl(3) for 60 consecutive days. It showed that cerium had been significantly accumulated in the mouse hippocampus, and CeCl(3) caused hippocampal apoptosis and impairment of spatial recognition memory of mice. CeCl(3) effectively activated caspase-3 and -9, inhibited Bcl-2, and increased the levels of Bax and cytochrome c, promoted accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the mouse hippocampus. It implied that CeCl(3)-induced apoptosis in the mouse hippocampus could be triggered via mitochondrion-mediated pathway. Our findings suggest the need for great caution to handle the lanthanides for workers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cheng
- Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Effects of lanthanum chloride on glutamate level, intracellular calcium concentration and caspases expression in the rat hippocampus. Biometals 2012; 26:43-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Zhao H, Cheng Z, Cheng J, Hu R, Che Y, Cui Y, Wang L, Hong F. The toxicological effects in brain of mice following exposure to cerium chloride. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:872-84. [PMID: 21465281 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cerium (Ce) compounds are now widely applied in medicine, agriculture, animal breeding, and daily life; however, the effects of Ce on human body, especially on the central nervous system, are still unclear. In order to investigate whether Ce exposure cause neurotoxicological effects, ICR mice were exposed to CeCl(3) through intragastric administration at 0, 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg body weight doses everyday for 60 days. The behaviors of spatial recognition memory, brain histopathology, the brain elements and neurochemicals, as well as enzymes activities in mice were determined. The Y-maze test showed that CeCl(3) exposure could significantly impair the behaviors of spatial recognition memory. Specifically, in these Ln(3+)-treated mice, the contents of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, and Zn in brain were significantly altered, the activities of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)-ATPase, Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-ATPase, acetylcholine esterase, and nitric oxide synthase were significantly inhibited; monoamines neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine were significantly decreased, while the contents of acetylcholine, glutamate, and nitric oxide were significantly increased. These results indicated that CeCl(3) exposure could impair the learning ability, which is attributed to the disturbance of the homeostasis of trace elements, enzymes, and neurotransmitter systems in the mouse brain. Therefore, our study aroused the attention of Ln application and long-term exposure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
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Che Y, Xing R, Zhu Y, Cui Y, Jiang X. Effects of lanthanum chloride administration on detouring learning in chicks. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:274-80. [PMID: 20878364 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum cations are well known for their inhibitory actions on calcium channels, and calcium cations are indispensable for the development of brain. Lanthanum may interfere with the developing central nervous system. Detour learning task in chicks is an excellent model to study the development of central nervous system. In the present study, we examined the effects of lanthanum chloride exposure on the development of spatial cognition using the detour learning task. The data suggest that the chicks injected with lanthanum chloride (10 or 5 mM) had significantly delayed the response latency of detour learning but not the chicks injected with lanthanum chloride (1 mM). The effect of lanthanum exposure on the development of spatial cognition is dose relative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Che
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Zhao H, Cheng Z, Hu R, Chen J, Hong M, Zhou M, Gong X, Wang L, Hong F. Oxidative injury in the brain of mice caused by lanthanid. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 142:174-89. [PMID: 20614199 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The organ toxicity of lanthanides (Ln) on organisms had been recognized, but very little is known about the oxidative injury of brain caused by Ln. In order to study the mechanisms underlying the effects of Ln on the brain, ICR mice were injected with a single 20 mg/kg body weight dose of LaCl(3), CeCl(3), and NdCl(3) into the abdominal cavity daily for 14 days. We then examined the coefficient of the brain, the brain pathological changes and oxidative stress-mediated responses, and the accumulation of Ln and levels of neurochemicals in the brain. The results showed that CeCl(3) and NdCl(3) could induce some neurons to turn inflammatory cells and slight edema but did not observe the brain pathological changes from LaCl(3)-treated group. The concentrations of La, Ce, and Nd in the brain were significantly different and ranked in the order of Ce, Nd, and La. The injury of the brain and oxidative stress occurred as Ln appeared to trigger a cascade of reactions such as lipid peroxidation, the decreases of the total antioxidation capacity and activities of antioxidative enzymes, the excessive release of nitric oxide, the increase of glutamic acid, and the downregulated level of acetylcholinesterase activities. Furthermore, both Ce(3+) and Nd(3+) exhibited higher oxidative stress and toxicity on brain than La(3+), and Ce(3+) caused more severe brain injuries and oxidative stress than Nd(3+), implying that the differences in the brain injuries caused by Ln might be related to the number of 4f electrons of Ln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Lanthanum chloride impairs memory, decreases pCaMK IV, pMAPK and pCREB expression of hippocampus in rats. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:208-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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