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Abstract
Microalgae have become an attractive natural source of a diverse range of biomolecules, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants; nevertheless, economically sustainable production of such compounds from microalgae biomass is still challenging. The main hurdles are: (a) increasing microalgae yield; (b) achieving optimal cultivation conditions; (c) energy-efficient and cost-effective downstream processing (extraction and purification); (d) optimal storage of post-processed antioxidant molecules. This review provides a detailed overview of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the cellular metabolism of the commercially important microalgae Dunaliella, industrial applications of antioxidant enzymes, strategies to enhanced antioxidant accumulation in cells, and the opportunities and limitations of current technologies for antioxidant enzymes production from microalgae biomass as an alternative to common microbial sources.
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Cadmium elicits alterations in mitochondrial morphology and functionality in C3H10T1/2Cl8 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yildirim S, Celikezen FC, Oto G, Sengul E, Bulduk M, Tasdemir M, Ali Cinar D. An Investigation of Protective Effects of Litium Borate on Blood and Histopathological Parameters in Acute Cadmium-Induced Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:287-294. [PMID: 28685242 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the protective effects of lithium borate (LTB) on blood parameters and histopathological findings in experimentally induced acute cadmium (Cd) toxicity in rats. Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats were used, weighing 200-220 g, and they were randomly divided into four groups, including one control and the following three experimental groups: a Cd group (0.025 mmol/kg), a LTB group (15 mg/kg/day orally for 5 days), and a LTB + Cd group (15 mg/kg/day orally for 5 days and Cd 0.025 mmol/kg by intraperitoneal injection on the fifth day). All the rats in the study were anesthetized with ketamine at the end of the sixth day, blood was taken from their hearts, and then the rats were decapitated. The values in the control and LTB group were usually close to each other. White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil %, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels increased in the Cd and LTB + Cd groups while lymphocyte and monocyte levels decreased in a statistically significant manner, in comparison to the other groups. It was determined that the levels of red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit (Htc), and hemoglobin (Hb) did not change in the groups. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the Cd and LTB + Cd groups significantly increased, in comparison to the other groups, while the glucose, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin (ALB), and total protein (TP) levels decreased. According to histopathological findings in the control and LTB groups, the liver and kidney tissues were found to have normal histological structures. In the Cd group, severe necrotic hemorrhagic hepatitis, mild steatosis, and mononuclear cell infiltration were detected in the liver. In the LTB + Cd group, degeneration and mild mononuclear cell infiltration were found in the liver. Regarding the kidney tissue in the Cd group, severe intertubular hyperemia in both kidney cortex and medulla, as well as degeneration and necrosis in the tubulus epithelium, was observed. In the LTB + Cd group, mild interstitial hyperemia and mononuclear cell infiltration was detected. Resultantly, it can be said that LTB at this dose has non-toxic effects and some beneficial effects for liver and kidney damage caused by acute Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Caglar Celikezen
- Department of Chemisty, Faculty of Sciences and Letter Bitlis Eren University, Bitlis, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Oto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Emin Sengul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bulduk
- Ercis Vocational High School, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - M Tasdemir
- Department of Chemisty, Faculty of Sciences and Letter Bitlis Eren University, Bitlis, Turkey
| | - D Ali Cinar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Akar Y, Ahmad N, Khalıd M. The effect of cadmium on the bovine in vitro oocyte maturation and early embryo development. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:S73-S77. [PMID: 30761325 PMCID: PMC6161866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Common pollutants such as heavy metals and cadmium is among those with high environmental concerns. In vivo studies had shown that cadmium (Cd) causes oocyte degeneration and embryo mortality, and lowers pregnancy rates in mammals. However, there is limited information available about direct effects of Cd on oocyte maturation and/or embryo development. This study was aimed to investigate if Cd has any effect on the oocyte maturation and/or embryo development in vitro. Bovine COCs were collected from the slaughter house and cultured for 24 h in serum-free media only (Controls) or supplemented with 0.2, 2.0 and 20.0 μM CdCl2. At 24 h cumulus cell expansion was assessed in all COCs. COCs were either denuded and stained for determination of nuclear maturation or fertilized for assessment of subsequent embryo development. Cd at the lowest concentration (0.2 μM) did not affect any of the parameters studied. However, at higher concentrations (2.0 and 20.0 μM) it significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the percentage of fully-expanded COCs and significantly (P < 0.05) increased the percentage of partially and/or non-expanded COCs compared to controls and 0.2 μM. Cadmium at higher concentrations (2.0 and 20.0 μM) also significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II stage compared to controls and 0.2 μM. Post-fertilization cleavage rate in presumptive zygotes and blastocyst development significantly (P < 0.05) reduced 0.2, 2.0 and 20.0 μM CdCl2 compared to the controls (0.0 μM). In conclusion, these results suggest that Cd had direct detrimental effects on the bovine oocyte maturation and its developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaşar Akar
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, Talas, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Deparment of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalıd
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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Karoui-Kharrat D, Kaddour H, Hamdi Y, Mokni M, Amri M, Mezghani S. Response of antioxidant enzymes to cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Open Life Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biol-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCadmium (Cd) accumulates in the brain and can damage neurons via complex processes involving oxidative stress induction. In this study we used a homogenous population of neurons which are cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) to investigate damage induced by Cd and its effects on antioxidant enzyme activity. The exposure of CGNs to increasing concentrations of Cd (2.5 μM-100 μM) during 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h led to the induction of neuronal death in a dose- and exposure time-dependent manner. The necrotic and/or apoptotic pathway involved in the cell death trigged by Cd seems to depend on the concentration of Cd and the exposure time. In addition to its cell damage, Cd was shown to affect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) depending on the concentration of Cd and the exposure time. We also found that the exposure to Cd induces a bigger change in SOD activity than in CAT activity. Taken together, our findings explain, in part, the mechanism of Cd toxicity in a specific type of neuron which can provide information related to neurological pathologies ascribed to Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhouha Karoui-Kharrat
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hadhemi Kaddour
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Hamdi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meherzia Mokni
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sana Mezghani
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR/11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
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Puente-Sánchez F, Olsson S, Aguilera A. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Response of Dunaliella acidophila (Chlorophyta) to Short-Term Cadmium and Chronic Natural Metal-Rich Water Exposures. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:595-607. [PMID: 27484342 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are toxic compounds known to cause multiple and severe cellular damage. However, acidophilic extremophiles are able to cope with very high concentrations of heavy metals. This study investigated the stress response under natural environmental heavy metal concentrations in an acidophilic Dunaliella acidophila. We employed Illumina sequencing for a de novo transcriptome assembly and to identify changes in response to high cadmium concentrations and natural metal-rich water. The photosynthetic performance was also estimated by pulse amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorescence. Transcriptomic analysis highlights a number of processes mainly related to a high constitutive expression of genes involved in oxidative stress and response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), even in the absence of heavy metals. Photosynthetic activity seems to be unaltered under short-term exposition to Cd and chronic exposure to natural metal-rich water, probably due to an increase in the synthesis of structural photosynthetic components preserving their functional integrity. An overrepresentation of Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to metabolic activities, transcription, and proteosomal catabolic process was observed when D. acidophila grew under chronic exposure to natural metal-rich water. GO terms involved in carbohydrate metabolic process, reticulum endoplasmic and Golgi bodies, were also specifically overrepresented in natural metal-rich water library suggesting an endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Puente-Sánchez
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Madrid, Spain
- Present address: Systems Biology Program. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC). c/ Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sanna Olsson
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA, Forest Research Centre, Carretera A Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Aguilera
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Carretera de Ajalvir Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Madrid, Spain.
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Cd-Resistant Strains of B. cereus S5 with Endurance Capacity and Their Capacities for Cadmium Removal from Cadmium-Polluted Water. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151479. [PMID: 27077388 PMCID: PMC4831789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify Cd-resistant bacterial strains with endurance capacity and to evaluate their ability to remove cadmium ions from cadmium-polluted water. The Bacillus cereusS5 strain identified in this study had the closest genetic relationship with B. cereus sp. Cp1 and performed well in the removal of Cd2+ions from solution. The results showed that both the live and dead biomasses of the Cd2+-tolerant B. cereus S5 strain could absorb Cd2+ ions in solution but that the live biomass of the B. cereus S5 strain outperformed the dead biomass at lower Cd2+concentrations. An analysis of the cadmium tolerance genes of B. cereus S5 identified ATPase genes that were associated with cadmium tolerance and involved in the ATP pumping mechanism. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of amino, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the pristine biomass and indicated that the cadmium ion removal ability was related to the structure of the strain. The maximum absorption capacity of the B. cereus S5 strain in viable spore biomass was 70.16 mg/g (dry weight) based on a pseudo-second-order kinetic model fit to the experimental data. The Langmuir and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm adsorption models fit the cadmium ion adsorption data well, and the kinetic curves indicated that the adsorption rate was second-order. For Cd2+ concentrations (mg/L) of 1–109 mg/L, good removal efficiency (>80%) was achieved using approximately 3.48–10.3 g/L of active spore biomass of the B. cereus S5 strain. A cadmium-tolerant bacteria-activated carbon-immobilized column could be used for a longer duration and exhibited greater treatment efficacy than the control column in the treatment of cadmium-polluted water. In addition, a toxicity assessment using mice demonstrated that the biomass of the B. cereus S5 strain and its fermentation products were non-toxic. Thus, the isolated B. cereus S5 strain can be considered an alternative biological adsorbent for use in emergency responses to severe cadmium pollution and in the routine treatment of trace cadmium pollution.
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Chen BY, Chen CY, Guo WQ, Chang HW, Chen WM, Lee DJ, Huang CC, Ren NQ, Chang JS. Fixed-bed biosorption of cadmium using immobilized Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N cells on loofa (Luffa cylindrica) sponge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 160:175-181. [PMID: 24581862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A continuous fixed-bed biosorption process was established for cadmium (Cd) removal by Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N (isolated from southern Taiwan) cells immobilized onto loofa sponge. This immobilized-cell biosorption process allows better recovery and reusability of the microalgal biomass. The growth of microalgae on the matrix support with appropriate nutrient supplementation could enhance the overall metal removal activity. Major operating parameters (e.g., feeding flow rate, cycle number of medium replacement, and particle diameter of the sponge) were studied for treatability evaluation. The most promising cell growth on the sponge support was obtained at a flow rate of 0.284 bed volume (BV)/min, sponge particle diameter of 1 cm, and with one cycle of medium replacement. The performance of fixed-bed biosorption (adsorption capacity of 38.4 mg, breakthrough time at 15.5 h) was achieved at a flow rate of 5 ml/min with an influent concentration of 7.5 mg Cd/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Yann Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National I-Lan University, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Qian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Hao-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Rd., Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chen Huang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Veličkov A, Jančić N, Điniđić N, Rančić I, Bojanić N, Krstić M. HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RAT MYOCARDIUM IN CADMIUM TOXICOSIS. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2013. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2013.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Singh R, Bishnoi NR, Kirrolia A, Kumar R. Synergism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fe0 for treatment of heavy metal contaminated effluents using small scale laboratory reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 127:49-58. [PMID: 23131622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study Pseudomonas aeruginosa a metal tolerant strain was not only applied for heavy metal removal but also to the solublization performance of the precipitated metal ions during effluent treatment. The synergistic effect of the isolate and Fe(0) enhanced the metal removal potential to 72.97% and 87.63% for Cr(VI) and cadmium, respectively. The decrease in cadmium ion removal to 43.65% (aeration+stirring reactors), 21.33% (aerated reactors), and 18.95% (without aerated+without stirring) with an increase in incubation period not only indicate the presence of soluble less toxic complexes, but also help in exploration of the balancing potential for valuable metal recovery. A relatively best fit and significant values of the correlation coefficient 0.912, 0.959, and 0.9314 for mixed effluent (Paint Industry effluent+CETP Wazirpur, effluent), CETP, Wazirpur, and control effluents, respectively, indicating first-order formulation and provide a reasonable description of COD kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Singh
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
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Chen CY, Chang HW, Kao PC, Pan JL, Chang JS. Biosorption of cadmium by CO(2)-fixing microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 105:74-80. [PMID: 22178497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An efficient CO(2)-fixing indigenous microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N was used as the biosorbent to remove cadmium from aqueous solution. The microalga was grown with continuous feeding of 2.5% CO(2), achieving a maximum CO(2) consumption rate of 495 mg/l/d and a biomass production of 2.56 g/l. Cadmium (Cd) biosorption by S. obliquus CNW-N was optimal at pH 6.0 and 30 °C. For an initial cadmium concentration of 50mg/l, the biosorption capacity tended to decrease with an increase in biosorbent, while the cadmium removal efficiency was nearly 100% when the biosorbent loading was higher than 0.6g. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order adsorption model. The adsorption equilibrium obeys Langmuir isotherm with an estimated maximum capacity of 68.6 mg/g and a saturation coefficient of 0.101 l/mg. The cadmium-loaded microalgal biomass could be regenerated preferably with 0.05 M CaCl(2), as the regenerated biosorbent retained good adsorption capability after five consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Chen
- Microalgae Biotechnology and Bioengineering Laboratory, University Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Luparello C, Sirchia R, Longo A. Cadmium as a transcriptional modulator in human cells. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 41:75-82. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.529104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Cadmium and mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2009; 9:377-84. [PMID: 19706341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) a pollutant associated with several modern industrial processes, is absorbed in significant quantities from cigarette smoke, water, food and air contaminations. It is known to have numerous undesirable effects on health in both experimental animals and humans, targeting kidney, liver and vascular system. The molecular mechanism accounting for most of the biological effects of Cd are not well-understood and the toxicity targets are largely unidentified. The present review focuses on important recent advances about the effects of cadmium on mitochondria of mammalian cells. Mitochondria are the proverbial powerhouses of the cell, running the fundamental biochemical processes that produce energy from nutrients using oxygen. They are among the key intracellular targets for different stressors including Cd. This review provides new additional informations on the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction between Cd and cells, emphasizing alterations of mitochondria as important events in Cd cytotoxicity, thus representing an important basis for understanding the mechanisms of cadmium effect on the cells.
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