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Chaudhary S, Parvez S. Neuroprotective Effects of Natural Antioxidants Against Branched-Chain Fatty Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Cortex and Cerebellum Regions of the Rat Brain. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38269-38276. [PMID: 36340064 PMCID: PMC9631910 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is short branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) derived from valeric acids which are naturally produced by Valeriana officinalis (flowering plant). Neurotoxicity caused by BCFA-like VPA may be mediated by oxidative stress, according to research involving the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. In the present study, we explored the possible protective effect of different antioxidants such as melatonin, quercetin, and piperine on VPA exposure by using a supernatant preparation of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum regions of the rat brain. The present study revealed that melatonin, quercetin, and piperine significantly prevented VPA-induced oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum regions. VPA was also observed to lower the level of reduced glutathione, and this effect was significantly mitigated by these antioxidants. Melatonin, quercetin, and piperine also ameliorated and altered the activities of AChE, Na+, K+ATPase, and MAO in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Results of this study also suggest that prior treatment of antioxidants like melatonin, quercetin, and piperine helps in combating the oxidative stress induced by VPA in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum region of the rat brain. Thus, sufficient dietary intake of these antioxidants by individuals at high risk of VPA exposure could prove beneficial in combating the adverse effect of VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhel Parvez
- . Phone: +91 11 26059688x5573. Fax: +91 11 26059663
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Zhao Y, Pogue AI, Alexandrov PN, Butler LG, Li W, Jaber VR, Lukiw WJ. Alteration of Biomolecular Conformation by Aluminum-Implications for Protein Misfolding Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:5123. [PMID: 36014365 PMCID: PMC9412470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural element aluminum possesses a number of unique biochemical and biophysical properties that make this highly neurotoxic species deleterious towards the structural integrity, conformation, reactivity and stability of several important biomolecules. These include aluminum's (i) small ionic size and highly electrophilic nature, having the highest charge density of any metallic cation with a Z2/r of 18 (ionic charge +3, radius 0.5 nm); (ii) inclination to form extremely stable electrostatic bonds with a tendency towards covalency; (iii) ability to interact irreversibly and/or significantly slow down the exchange-rates of complex aluminum-biomolecular interactions; (iv) extremely dense electropositive charge with one of the highest known affinities for oxygen-donor ligands such as phosphate; (v) presence as the most abundant metal in the Earth's biosphere and general bioavailability in drinking water, food, medicines, consumer products, groundwater and atmospheric dust; and (vi) abundance as one of the most commonly encountered intracellular and extracellular metallotoxins. Despite aluminum's prevalence and abundance in the biosphere it is remarkably well-tolerated by all plant and animal species; no organism is known to utilize aluminum metabolically; however, a biological role for aluminum has been assigned in the compaction of chromatin. In this Communication, several examples are given where aluminum has been shown to irreversibly perturb and/or stabilize the natural conformation of biomolecules known to be important in energy metabolism, gene expression, cellular homeostasis and pathological signaling in neurological disease. Several neurodegenerative disorders that include the tauopathies, Alzheimer's disease and multiple prion disorders involve the altered conformation of naturally occurring cellular proteins. Based on the data currently available we speculate that one way aluminum contributes to neurological disease is to induce the misfolding of naturally occurring proteins into altered pathological configurations that contribute to the neurodegenerative disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | | | - Leslie G. Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Wenhong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangxi University of TCM, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Vivian R. Jaber
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Alchem Biotek Research, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 113152 Moscow, Russian
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department Neurology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Roy J, Wong KY, Aquili L, Uddin MS, Heng BC, Tipoe GL, Wong KH, Fung ML, Lim LW. Role of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease: From preclinical studies to novel melatonin-based therapies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 65:100986. [PMID: 35167824 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin and novel melatonin-based therapies such as melatonin-containing hybrid molecules, melatonin analogues, and melatonin derivatives have been investigated as potential therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. In this review, we examine the developmental trends of melatonin therapies for AD from 1997 to 2021. We then highlight the neuroprotective mechanisms of melatonin therapy derived from preclinical studies. These mechanisms include the alleviation of amyloid-related burden, neurofibrillary tangle accumulation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired neuroplasticity and neurotransmission. We further illustrate the beneficial effects of melatonin on behavior in animal models of AD. Next, we discuss the clinical effects of melatonin on sleep, cognition, behavior, psychiatric symptoms, electroencephalography findings, and molecular biomarkers in patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD. We then explore the effectiveness of novel melatonin-based therapies. Lastly, we discuss the limitations of current melatonin therapies for AD and suggest two emerging research themes for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Roy
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kan Yin Wong
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Luca Aquili
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - George Lim Tipoe
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kah Hui Wong
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Man Lung Fung
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Jin X, Guo JL, Wang L, Zhong X, Yao WF, Gao H, Liu MY. Natural products as pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial dysfunctions for the treatments of Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113401. [PMID: 33831779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and cognitive impairment that harshly affect the elderly individuals. Currently, the available anti-AD pharmacological approaches are purely symptomatic to alleviate AD symptoms, and the curative effects of novel anti-AD drugs focused on Aβ target are disappointing. Hence, there is a tremendous need to adjust AD therapeutic targets and discover novel anti-AD agents. In AD, mitochondrial dysfunction gradually triggers neuronal death from different aspects and worsens the occurrence and progress of AD. Consequently, it has been proposed that the intervention of impaired mitochondria represents an attractive breakthrough point for AD treatments. Due to chemical diversity, poly-pharmacological activities, few adverse effects and multiple targeting, natural products (NPs) have been identified as a valuable treasure for drug discovery and development. Multiple lines of studies have scientifically proven that NPs display ameliorative benefits in AD treatment in relation to mitochondrial dysfunction. This review surveys the complicated implications for mitochondrial dysregulation and AD, and then summarizes the potentials of NPs and their underlying molecular mechanisms against AD via reducing or improving mitochondrial dysfunction. It is expected that this work may open the window to speed up the development of innovative anti-AD drugs originated from NPs and improve upcoming AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Ling Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Fan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Division of Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Promyo K, Iqbal F, Chaidee N, Chetsawang B. Aluminum chloride-induced amyloid β accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in rat brain are averted by melatonin. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111829. [PMID: 33130240 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of aluminium (Al) in the brain is known to be a toxic insult that result in neurodegenerative diseases and melatonin is known to have neuroprotective role. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of melatonin for aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Twelve-week old male Wistar rats were orally received 175 mg/kg AlCl3 with or without 5 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneal pretreatment. Group 3 intraperitoneally recieved 5 mg/kg melatonin and group 4 rats were orally treated with saline solution for 8 weeks. A series of behavioral tests, biochemical analysis and expression of AD-associated proteins in the brain were determined after 7 weeks of all treatments. Our results indicated that AlCl3 treatment tends to induce memory and cognitive impairment. However, melatonin treatment attenuated amyloid beta (Aβ) (1-42) level by decreasing β-secretase, augmented low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, and neprilysin protein expression. Moreover, AlCl3 -induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress was attenuated by melatonin supplementation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate a protective role of melatonin against Aβ peptide accumulation, ER stress and oxidative stress in the AlCl3 -treated AD model. Hence, the melatonin supplement might be an alternative way to alleviate the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitipong Promyo
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand; School of Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Furhan Iqbal
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand; Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Nutthika Chaidee
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Banthit Chetsawang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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Esparza JL, Gómez M, Domingo JL. Role of Melatonin in Aluminum-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders: a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 188:60-67. [PMID: 29732485 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al), a potentially neurotoxic element, provokes various adverse effects on human health such as dialysis dementia, osteomalacia, and microcytic anemia. It has been also associated with serious neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinsonism dementia of Guam. The "aluminum hypothesis" of AD assumes that the metal complexes can potentiate the rate of aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ), enhancing the toxicity of this peptide, and being able of contributing to the pathogenesis of AD. It has been supported by a number of analytical, epidemiological, and neurotoxicological studies. On the other hand, melatonin (Mel) is a potent direct free radical scavenger and indirect antioxidant, which acts increasing the activity of important related antioxidant enzymes, and preventing oxidative stress and cell death of neurons exposed to Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, Mel might be useful in the treatment of AD by reducing the Aβ generation and by inhibiting mitochondrial cell death pathways. The present review on the role of Mel in Al-related neurodegenerative disorders concludes that the protective effects of this hormone, together with its low toxicity, support the administration of Mel as a potential supplement in the treatment of neurological disorders, in which oxidative stress is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Esparza
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gómez
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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Yang MH, Chen SC, Lin YF, Lee YC, Huang MY, Chen KC, Wu HY, Lin PC, Gozes I, Tyan YC. Reduction of aluminum ion neurotoxicity through a small peptide application - NAP treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:551-564. [PMID: 30987727 PMCID: PMC9296191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in late life. It is difficult to precisely diagnose AD at early stages, making biomarker search essential for further developments. The objective of this study was to identify protein biomarkers associated with aluminum ions toxicity (AD-like toxicity) in a human neuroblastoma cell model, SH-SY5Y and assess potential prevention by NAP (NAPVSIPQ). Complete proteomic techniques were implemented. Four proteins were identified as up-regulated with aluminum ion treatment, CBP80/20-dependent translation initiation factor (CTIF), Early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), Leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein 4 (LRRN4) and Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta (PI3KR2). Of these four proteins, EEA1 and PI3KR2 were down-regulated after NAP-induced neuroprotective activity in neuroblastoma cells. Thus, aluminum ions may increase the risk for neurotoxicity in AD, and the use of NAP is suggested as a treatment to provide additional protection against the effects of aluminum ions, via EEA1 and PI3KR2, associated with sorting and processing of the AD amyloid precursor protein (APP) through the endosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan; Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Chen
- Office of Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Lee
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Illana Gozes
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Adams Super Center for Brain Studies and Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Sahin Z, Ozkaya A, Yilmaz O, Yuce A, Gunes M. Investigation of the role of α-lipoic acid on fatty acids profile, some minerals (zinc, copper, iron) and antioxidant activity against aluminum-induced oxidative stress in the liver of male rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:355-361. [PMID: 28306527 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have investigated the effects of α-lipoic acid (LA), a powerful antioxidant, on the fatty acid (FA) profiles, aluminum accumulation, antioxidant activity and some minerals such as zinc, copper and iron against aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. METHODS Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as control, LA, AlCl3 and LA+AlCl3. For 30 days, LA was intraperitoneally administrated (50 mg/kg) and AlCl3 was given via orogastric gavage (1600 ppm) every other day. RESULTS AlCl3-treated animals exhibited higher hepatic malondialdehyde concentration and lower glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity, whereas these alterations were restored by the LA supplementation. Total saturated FA of the AlCl3-treated group was higher than the LA supplementation groups. Moreover, total unsaturated FA level of the LA+AlCl3 group was higher than the AlCl3-treated group. Hepatic zinc level of the AlCl3-treated group was lower than the control group, whereas it was higher in the LA and the LA+AlCl3 groups. Hepatic copper levels did not significantly change in the experimental groups. Iron level was lower in the LA and LA+AlCl3 groups compared with the AlCl3-treated group. Moreover, the liver Al concentration was found to be lower in the LA and LA+AlCl3 groups compared to the AlCl3 group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that AlCl3 treatment can induce oxidative stress in the liver. LA supplementation has a beneficial effect on the AlCl3-induced alterations such as high lipid peroxidation, Al accumulation, FA profile ratios and mineral concentrations.
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Pogue AI, Dua P, Hill JM, Lukiw WJ. Progressive inflammatory pathology in the retina of aluminum-fed 5xFAD transgenic mice. J Inorg Biochem 2015. [PMID: 26213226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
At least 57 murine transgenic models for Alzheimer's disease (Tg-AD) have been developed to overexpress the 42 amino acid amyloid-beta (Aβ42) peptide in the central nervous system (CNS). These 'humanized murine Tg-AD models' have greatly expanded our understanding of the contribution of Aβ42 peptide-mediated pro-inflammatory neuropathology to the AD process. A number of independent laboratories using different amyloid-overexpressing Tg-AD models have shown that supplementation of murine Tg-AD diets and/or drinking water with aluminum significantly enhances Aβ42 peptide-mediated inflammatory pathology and AD-type cognitive change compared to animals receiving control diets. In humans AD-type pathology appears to originate in the limbic system and progressively spreads into primary processing and sensory regions such as the retina. In these studies, for the first time, we assess the propagation of Aβ42 and inflammatory signals into the retina of 5xFAD Tg-AD amyloid-overexpressing mice whose diets were supplemented with aluminum. The two most interesting findings were (1) that similar to other Tg-AD models, there was a significantly accelerated development of Aβ42 and inflammatory pathology in 5xFAD Tg-AD mice fed aluminum; and (2) in aluminum-supplemented animals, markers for inflammatory pathology appeared in both the brain and the retina as evidenced by an evolving presence of Aβ42 peptides, and accompanied by inflammatory markers - cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The results indicate that in the 5xFAD Tg-AD model aluminum not only enhances an Aβ42-mediated inflammatory degeneration of the brain but also appears to induce AD-type pathology in an anatomically-linked primary sensory area that involves vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Pogue
- Alchem Biotech, Toronto ON M5S 1A8 CANADA
| | - P Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University, Ruston, LA, USA
| | - J M Hill
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - W J Lukiw
- Alchem Biotech, Toronto ON M5S 1A8 CANADA; Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Di Paolo C, Cabré M, Domingo JL, Gómez M. Melatonin does not modify the concentration of different metals in AβPP transgenic mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 70:252-9. [PMID: 24907622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metals such as aluminum, iron, copper, and zinc have been implicated in the etiology of certain neurodegenerative disorders. On the other hand, it is well known that citric acid enhances Al absorption through the diet, while melatonin may bind such metals and decrease ROS production. In this study, we determined the concentrations of Al, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in various tissues of Tg2576 Al-treated mice. Female mice and wild type littermates were exposed to 1mg Al/g plus 3.2% of citric acid and melatonin 10mg/kg/day for 15months. At 18months of age, metal concentrations were measured in bone, liver, kidney and spleen, as well as in three brain regions. In the citric plus Al group, Al levels were higher in hippocampus than in cortex and cerebellum, while Al concentration in bone was higher than those in kidney, liver and spleen, The current results show that exposure to Al plus citric acid did not produce relevant changes in metal levels related with genotype. Moreover, co-administration of melatonin with Al did not modify significantly metal concentrations in tissues. The present results do not support that melatonin can diminish Al or Fe concentrations in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Di Paolo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, "Rovira i Virgili University", Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Biochemical Unit, "Rovira i Virgili University", Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Cabré
- Biochemical Unit, "Rovira i Virgili University", Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, "Rovira i Virgili University", Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gómez
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, "Rovira i Virgili University", Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Biochemical Unit, "Rovira i Virgili University", Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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Romero A, Ramos E, de Los Ríos C, Egea J, Del Pino J, Reiter RJ. A review of metal-catalyzed molecular damage: protection by melatonin. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:343-70. [PMID: 24628077 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metal exposure is associated with several toxic effects; herein, we review the toxicity mechanisms of cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, aluminum, chromium, iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and molybdenum as these processes relate to free radical generation. Free radicals can be generated in cells due to a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous processes, causing modifications in DNA bases, enhancing lipid peroxidation, and altering calcium and sulfhydryl homeostasis. Melatonin, an ubiquitous and pleiotropic molecule, exerts efficient protection against oxidative stress and ameliorates oxidative/nitrosative damage by a variety of mechanisms. Also, melatonin has a chelating property which may contribute in reducing metal-induced toxicity as we postulate here. The aim of this review was to highlight the protective role of melatonin in counteracting metal-induced free radical generation. Understanding the physicochemical insights of melatonin related to the free radical scavenging activity and the stimulation of antioxidative enzymes is of critical importance for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against the toxic action of these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kumar V, Gill KD. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in aluminium neurotoxicity and its amelioration: a review. Neurotoxicology 2014; 41:154-66. [PMID: 24560992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium is light weight and toxic metal present ubiquitously on earth which has gained considerable attention due to its neurotoxic effects. The widespread use of products made from or containing aluminium is ensuring its presence in our body. There is prolonged retention of a fraction of aluminium that enters the brain, suggesting its potential for accumulation with repeated exposures. There is no known biological role for aluminium within the body but adverse physiological effects of this metal have been observed in mammals. The generation of oxidative stress may be attributed to its toxic consequences in animals and humans. The oxidative stress has been implicated in pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Though it remains unclear whether oxidative stress is a major cause or merely a consequence of cellular dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative diseases, an accumulating body of evidence implicates that impaired mitochondrial energy production and increased mitochondrial oxidative damage is associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Being involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, aluminium may impair mitochondrial bioenergetics and may lead to the generation of oxidative stress. In this review, we have discussed the oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions occurring in Al neurotoxicity. In addition, the ameliorative measures undertaken in aluminium induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Kiran Dip Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India; Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Ahmed MAE, Ahmed HI, El-Morsy EM. Melatonin protects against diazinon-induced neurobehavioral changes in rats. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2227-36. [PMID: 23979727 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diazinon is an organophosphorous pesticide with a prominent toxicity on many body organs. Multiple mechanisms contribute to diazinon-induced deleterious effects. Inhibition of acetyl-cholinesterase, cholinergic hyperstimulation, and formation of reactive oxygen species may play a role. On the other hand, melatonin is a pineal hormone with a well-known potent antioxidant activity and a remarkable modulatory effect on many behavioral processes. The present study revealed that oral diazinon administration (25 mg/kg) increased anxiety behavior in rats subjected to elevated plus maze and open-field tests possibly via the induction of changes in brain monoamines levels (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Additionally, brain lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were elevated, while the activity of brain glutathione peroxidase enzyme was reduced by diazinon. Co-administration of oral melatonin (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the anxiogenic activity of diazinon, rebalanced brain monoamines levels, decreased brain MDA and TNF-α levels, and increased the activity of brain glutathione peroxidase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt,
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14
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Ashkenazi L, Haim A. Effect of Light at Night on oxidative stress markers in Golden spiny mice (Acomys russatus) liver. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 165:353-7. [PMID: 23608365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Light at Night (LAN) suppresses melatonin (MLT) production, and effects metabolism, hormone secretion, gene expression and enzyme activity. Changes in antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), can be used as an indication for oxidative stress level. We assayed activity and expression of these enzymes in the liver of Acomys russatus exposed to LAN and treated with MLT. Short day (SD)-acclimated A. russatus, was exposed to 30min of LAN for two, seven or 21 nights. MLT impact was assessed simultaneously with two and seven nights of LAN exposure. GPx and SOD activities were measured. Gpx1 expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. There was a significant increase in GPx activity following LAN exposure for all acclimation durations, GPx activity was elevated after two nights of LAN and MLT treatment, Gpx1 expression was elevated by MLT after seven nights of LAN. SOD activity increased after two nights of LAN in MLT-treated A. russatus, GPx activity increased with the duration of LAN acclimation, indicating changes in liver redox status. Our results suggest that LAN is a stressor that influences oxidative stress. As in the other studies, MLT increases antioxidant activities, presumably attenuating stress response, in order to restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Ashkenazi
- The Israeli Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Chronobiology, Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
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15
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Esparza JL, Garcia T, Gómez M, Nogués MR, Giralt M, Domingo JL. Role of deferoxamine on enzymatic stress markers in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease after chronic aluminum exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 141:232-45. [PMID: 20455029 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the chelator deferoxamine (DFO) on the activity of enzymatic stress markers was assessed in amyloid beta peptide (AβPP) transgenic mice, an animal model of Alzheimer's disease, after oral aluminum (Al) exposure for 6 months. AβPP transgenic (Tg2576) and C57BL6/SJL wild-type mice of 5 months of age were fed a diet supplemented with Al lactate (1 mg of Al/g food). Four groups of Tg2576 and wild-type animals were used: control, Al only, DFO only, and Al plus DFO. Mice in the DFO-treated groups received also subcutaneous injections of 0.20 mmol/kg/d of this chelating agent twice a week until the end of the study at 11 months of age. The hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex were removed and processed to examine a number of oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, the expression of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Aluminum levels in the hippocampus of Tg2576 mice were higher than those found in cerebellum and cortex, while the main oxidative effects were evidenced in the presence of DFO only. Oral Al exposure of AβPP transgenic mice would have some potential to promote pro-oxidant events, while DFO administration would not help in preventing these deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Esparza
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, IISPV, School of Medicine Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain
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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M. Link between Aluminum and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: The Integration of the Aluminum and Amyloid Cascade Hypotheses. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:276393. [PMID: 21423554 PMCID: PMC3056430 DOI: 10.4061/2011/276393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst being environmentally abundant, aluminum is not essential for life. On the contrary, aluminum is a widely recognized neurotoxin that inhibits more than 200 biologically important functions and causes various adverse effects in plants, animals, and humans. The relationship between aluminum exposure and neurodegenerative diseases, including dialysis encephalopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism dementia in the Kii Peninsula and Guam, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested. In particular, the link between aluminum and Alzheimer's disease has been the subject of scientific debate for several decades. However, the complex characteristics of aluminum bioavailability make it difficult to evaluate its toxicity and therefore, the relationship remains to be established. Mounting evidence has suggested that significance of oligomerization of β-amyloid protein and neurotoxicity in the molecular mechanism of AD pathogenesis. Aluminum may play crucial roles as a cross-linker in β-amyloid oligomerization. Here, we review the detailed characteristics of aluminum neurotoxicity based on our own studies and the recent literatures. Our aim is to revisit the link between aluminum and AD and to integrate aluminum and amyloid cascade hypotheses in the context of β-amyloid oligomerization and the interactions with other metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan
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Reiter RJ, Manchester LC, Tan DX. Neurotoxins: free radical mechanisms and melatonin protection. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 8:194-210. [PMID: 21358970 PMCID: PMC3001213 DOI: 10.2174/157015910792246236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins that pass through the blood-brain barrier put neurons and glia in peril. The damage inflicted is usually a consequence of the ability of these toxic agents to induce free radical generation within cells but especially at the level of the mitochondria. The elevated production of oxygen and nitrogen-based radicals and related non-radical products leads to the oxidation of essential macromolecules including lipids, proteins and DNA. The resultant damage is referred to as oxidative and nitrosative stress and, when the molecular destruction is sufficiently severe, it causes apoptosis or necrosis of neurons and glia. Loss of brain cells compromises the functions of the central nervous system expressed as motor, sensory and cognitive deficits and psychological alterations. In this survey we summarize the publications related to the following neurotoxins and the protective actions of melatonin: aminolevulinic acid, cyanide, domoic acid, kainic acid, metals, methamphetamine, polychlorinated biphenyls, rotenone, toluene and 6-hydroxydopamine. Given the potent direct free radical scavenging activities of melatonin and its metabolites, their ability to indirectly stimulate antioxidative enzymes and their efficacy in reducing electron leakage from mitochondria, it would be expected that these molecules would protect the brain from oxidative and nitrosative molecular mutilation. The studies summarized in this review indicate that this is indeed the case, an action that is obviously assisted by the fact that melatonin readily crosses the blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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