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Sarimov RM, Serov DA, Gudkov SV. Biological Effects of Magnetic Storms and ELF Magnetic Fields. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1506. [PMID: 38132332 PMCID: PMC10740910 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields are a constant and essential part of our environment. The main components of ambient magnetic fields are the constant part of the geomagnetic field, its fluctuations caused by magnetic storms, and man-made magnetic fields. These fields refer to extremely-low-frequency (<1 kHz) magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). Since the 1980s, a huge amount of data has been accumulated on the biological effects of magnetic fields, in particular ELF-MFs. However, a unified picture of the patterns of action of magnetic fields has not been formed. Even though a unified mechanism has not yet been generally accepted, several theories have been proposed. In this review, we attempted to take a new approach to analyzing the quantitative data on the effects of ELF-MFs to identify new potential areas for research. This review provides general descriptions of the main effects of magnetic storms and anthropogenic fields on living organisms (molecular-cellular level and whole organism) and a brief description of the main mechanisms of magnetic field effects on living organisms. This review may be of interest to specialists in the fields of biology, physics, medicine, and other interdisciplinary areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.M.S.); (D.A.S.)
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Durif CMF, Nyqvist D, Taormina B, Shema SD, Skiftesvik AB, Freytet F, Browman HI. Magnetic fields generated by submarine power cables have a negligible effect on the swimming behavior of Atlantic lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) juveniles. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14745. [PMID: 36710861 PMCID: PMC9879148 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Submarine power cables carry electricity over long distances. Their geographic distribution, number, and areal coverage are increasing rapidly with the development of, for example, offshore wind facilities. The flow of current passing through these cables creates a magnetic field (MF) that can potentially affect marine organisms, particularly those that are magnetosensitive. The lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is a migratory species that is widely distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean and Barents Sea. It migrates between coastal spawning grounds and pelagic offshore feeding areas. We tested whether lumpfish respond to MFs of the same intensity as those emitted by high voltage direct current (HVDC) submarine power cables. Laboratory experiments were conducted by placing juvenile lumpfish in an artificial MF gradient generated by a Helmholtz coil system. The intensity of the artificial MF used (230 µT) corresponded to the field at 1 m from a high-power submarine cable. The fish were filmed for 30 min with the coil either on or off. Swimming speeds, and presence in the different parts of a raceway, were extracted from the videos and analyzed. Juvenile lumpfish activity, defined as the time that the fish spent swimming relative to stationary pauses (attached to the substrate), and the distance travelled, were unaffected by exposure to the artificial MF. The swimming speed of juvenile lumpfish was reduced (by 16%) when the coil was on indicating that the fish could either sense the MF or the induced electric field created by the movement of the fish through the magnetic field. However, it seems unlikely that a 16% decrease in swimming speed occurring within 1 m of HVDC cables would significantly affect Atlantic lumpfish migration or homing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Nyqvist
- Ingegneria dell’Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Howard I. Browman
- Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Institute of Marine Research, Storebø, Norway
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Levitt BB, Lai HC, Manville AM. Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Part 2 impacts: how species interact with natural and man-made EMF. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:327-406. [PMID: 34243228 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient levels of nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) have risen sharply in the last five decades to become a ubiquitous, continuous, biologically active environmental pollutant, even in rural and remote areas. Many species of flora and fauna, because of unique physiologies and habitats, are sensitive to exogenous EMF in ways that surpass human reactivity. This can lead to complex endogenous reactions that are highly variable, largely unseen, and a possible contributing factor in species extinctions, sometimes localized. Non-human magnetoreception mechanisms are explored. Numerous studies across all frequencies and taxa indicate that current low-level anthropogenic EMF can have myriad adverse and synergistic effects, including on orientation and migration, food finding, reproduction, mating, nest and den building, territorial maintenance and defense, and on vitality, longevity and survivorship itself. Effects have been observed in mammals such as bats, cervids, cetaceans, and pinnipeds among others, and on birds, insects, amphibians, reptiles, microbes and many species of flora. Cyto- and geno-toxic effects have long been observed in laboratory research on animal models that can be extrapolated to wildlife. Unusual multi-system mechanisms can come into play with non-human species - including in aquatic environments - that rely on the Earth's natural geomagnetic fields for critical life-sustaining information. Part 2 of this 3-part series includes four online supplement tables of effects seen in animals from both ELF and RFR at vanishingly low intensities. Taken as a whole, this indicates enough information to raise concerns about ambient exposures to nonionizing radiation at ecosystem levels. Wildlife loss is often unseen and undocumented until tipping points are reached. It is time to recognize ambient EMF as a novel form of pollution and develop rules at regulatory agencies that designate air as 'habitat' so EMF can be regulated like other pollutants. Long-term chronic low-level EMF exposure standards, which do not now exist, should be set accordingly for wildlife, and environmental laws should be strictly enforced - a subject explored in Part 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry C Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert M Manville
- Advanced Academic Programs, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Policy, Johns Hopkins University, Washington DC Campus, USA
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Harishkumar R, Christopher JG, Ravindran R, Selvaraj CI. Nuciferine Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:947-963. [PMID: 34401977 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs are a known factor that impairs the system of life due to their severe side effects. A more worrying fact is that the patients administered with doxorubicin fall under the risk of cardiotoxicity. The evolution of exploring plant-derived compounds is a possible way to combat health issues in therapeutic applications. Hence, this study focuses on the protective effect of plant-based compound nuciferine (NFN) against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in both in vitro and in vivo models. In this investigation, nuciferine significantly reduces DOX-mediated cardiotoxicity by mitigating reactive oxygen species, thereby preventing DNA fragmentation, regulating apoptosis genes and reducing the caspase 3/7 levels in vitro. Besides, nuciferine has shown significant protection against DOX-induced cardiac impairment and the upregulation of cardiogenic markers in vivo. The DOX-induced oxidative stress can be mitigated via enhancing the endogenous antioxidants, thereby controlling ROS-mediated apoptosis. In virtue of these potential features, nuciferine can be a budding candidate to address therapeutic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Harishkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), SBST, Vellore Institute Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Johnsamuel Godwin Christopher
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Rajan Ravindran
- Department of Physiology, Dr A.L.M. PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), SBST, Vellore Institute Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Formicki K, Korzelecka-Orkisz A, Tański A. The Effect of an Anthropogenic Magnetic Field on the Early Developmental Stages of Fishes-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031210. [PMID: 33530555 PMCID: PMC7865662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of sources of anthropogenic magnetic and electromagnetic fields generated by various underwater facilities, industrial equipment, and transferring devices in aquatic environment is increasing. These have an effect on an array of fish life processes, but especially the early developmental stages. The magnitude of these effects depends on field strength and time of exposure and is species-specific. We review studies on the effect of magnetic fields on the course of embryogenesis, with special reference to survival, the size of the embryos, embryonic motor function, changes in pigment cells, respiration hatching, and directional reactions. We also describe the effect of magnetic fields on sperm motility and egg activation. Magnetic fields can exert positive effects, as in the case of the considerable extension of sperm capability of activation, or have a negative influence in the form of a disturbance in heart rate or developmental instability in inner ear organs.
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Karimi A, Ghadiri Moghaddam F, Valipour M. Insights in the biology of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields exposure on human health. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5621-5633. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Su L, Zhu L, Liu Z, Lou J, Han B, Lin C, Li D, Qian J, Zhao X, Chen G. The decreased permittivity of zebrafish embryos culture medium by magnetic fields did not affect early development of zebrafish embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 193:110350. [PMID: 32114242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown associations between exposure to environmental extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and health effects, but the mechanisms of ELF-MF induced biological effects remain unclear. We hypothesized that ELF-MF may regulate functions of tissues or cells via its effects on surrounding environment, e.g., culture medium. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of 50 Hz MF on the relative permittivity of zebrafish embryos culture medium as well as of MF-exposed medium on zebrafish embryos development. The responses of medium to 50 Hz MF exposure were evaluated by a phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system. The results demonstrated that MF treatment decreased relative permittivity of zebrafish embryos medium in a dose and time-dependent way. Interestingly, the decreased permittivity induced by MF exposure gradually recovered and approached to the base level when the exposure was removed off. However, MF-exposed medium did not trigger adverse consequences of embryos during zebrafish embryonic development, including mortality, malformation, hatching and heart rate when the MF pre-exposed medium was subjected to one cell-stage embryos. Moreover, the MF-exposed medium did not induce apoptosis of zebrafish embryos at 48 and 72 h post fertilization. Our data demonstrated that the relative permittivity of zebrafish embryos medium was decreased by MF exposure, whereas this decrease failed to result in abnormal development of zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Su
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, 334000, China
| | - Longtao Zhu
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenchao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation (Zhejiang University), Centre for Optical and Electromagnetics Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianyao Lou
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bing Han
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation (Zhejiang University), Centre for Optical and Electromagnetics Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation (Zhejiang University), Centre for Optical and Electromagnetics Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Piccinetti CC, De Leo A, Cosoli G, Scalise L, Randazzo B, Cerri G, Olivotto I. Measurement of the 100 MHz EMF radiation in vivo effects on zebrafish D. rerio embryonic development: A multidisciplinary study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:268-279. [PMID: 29477917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The augmented exposure of both environment and human being to electromagnetic waves and the concomitant lack of an unequivocal knowledge about biological consequences of these radiations, raised public interest on electromagnetic pollution. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the biological effects on zebrafish (ZF) embryos of 100 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure through a multidisciplinary protocol. Because of the shared synteny between human and ZF genomes that validated its use in biomedical research, toxicology and developmental biology studies, ZF was here selected as experimental model and a measurement protocol and biological analyses have been set up to clearly discriminate between RF-EMF biological and thermal effects. The results showed that a 100 MHz EMF was able to affect ZF embryonic development, from 24 to 72 h post fertilization (hpf) in all the analyzed pathways. Particularly, at the 48 hpf stage, a reduced growth, an increased transcription of oxidative stress genes, the onset of apoptotic/autophagic processes and a modification in cholesterol metabolism were detected. ZF embryos faced stress induced by EMF radiation by triggering detoxification mechanisms and at 72 hpf they partially recovered from stress reaching the hatching time in a comparable way respect to the control group. Data here obtained showed unequivocally the in vivo effects of RF-EMF on an animal model, excluding thermal outcomes and thus represents the starting point for more comprehensive studies on dose response effects of electromagnetic fields radiations consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Carla Piccinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alfredo De Leo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloria Cosoli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Scienze Matematiche, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scalise
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Scienze Matematiche, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Graziano Cerri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Muñoz S, Sebastián JL, Antoranz P, García-Cambero JP, Sanchis-Otero A. Toxicity assessment of biological suspensions using the dielectric impedance spectroscopy technique. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:944-950. [PMID: 29431558 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1439196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article studies the variation of the electromagnetic parameters of a suspension of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to assess its potential applications to toxicological and biomedical research areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose, the dielectric impedance spectroscopy technique is applied to a modified coaxial line enclosing the biological suspension to be characterized in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 100 MHz. The electrical parameters of the suspension under test were obtained by fitting the impedance spectra to the resulted from the simulation of the test fixture using finite elements (FE). RESULTS Variation of the complex permittivity of the suspensions makes possible to identify viable and non-viable embryos after a toxic exposure, as well as different stages during the blastula period of embryonic development of the zebrafish. CONCLUSIONS The approach presented here, combining experimental and simulation techniques, may provide a basis for a non-invasive method to assess toxicity in any biological suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muñoz
- a Department of Applied Physics III (Electricity and Electronic) , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - J L Sebastián
- a Department of Applied Physics III (Electricity and Electronic) , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - P Antoranz
- a Department of Applied Physics III (Electricity and Electronic) , Complutense University of Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - J P García-Cambero
- b Area of Environmental Toxicology, National Centre of Environmental Health , Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - A Sanchis-Otero
- c Radioprotection Service, National Centre of Environmental Health , Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
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Zeng Y, Shen Y, Hong L, Chen Y, Shi X, Zeng Q, Yu P. Effects of Single and Repeated Exposure to a 50-Hz 2-mT Electromagnetic Field on Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:299-306. [PMID: 28265899 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of domestic and industrial electrical appliances has raised concerns about the health risk of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). At present, the effects of ELF-MFs on the central nervous system are still highly controversial, and few studies have investigated its effects on cultured neurons. Here, we evaluated the biological effects of different patterns of ELF-MF exposure on primary cultured hippocampal neurons in terms of viability, apoptosis, genomic instability, and oxidative stress. The results showed that repeated exposure to 50-Hz 2-mT ELF-MF for 8 h per day after different times in culture decreased the viability and increased the production of intracellular reactive oxidative species in hippocampal neurons. The mechanism was potentially related to the up-regulation of Nox2 expression. Moreover, none of the repeated exposure patterns had significant effects on DNA damage, apoptosis, or autophagy, which suggested that ELF-MF exposure has no severe biological consequences in cultured hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zeng
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunyun Shen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ling Hong
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaofang Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qunli Zeng
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Peilin Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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