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Linear non-threshold (LNT) fails numerous toxicological stress tests: Implications for continued policy use. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhou X, Speer RM, Volk L, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Arsenic co-carcinogenesis: Inhibition of DNA repair and interaction with zinc finger proteins. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:86-98. [PMID: 33984503 PMCID: PMC8578584 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is widely present in the environment and is associated with various population health risks including cancers. Arsenic exposure at environmentally relevant levels enhances the mutagenic effect of other carcinogens such as ultraviolet radiation. Investigation on the molecular mechanisms could inform the prevention and intervention strategies of arsenic carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis. Arsenic inhibition of DNA repair has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism, and certain DNA repair proteins have been identified to be extremely sensitive to arsenic exposure. This review will summarize the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis, including DNA damage induction and ROS generation, particularly how arsenic inhibits DNA repair through an integrated molecular mechanism which includes its interactions with sensitive zinc finger DNA repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Rachel M Speer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lindsay Volk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Burchiel SW, Lauer FT, Factor-Litvak P, Liu X, Santella RM, Islam T, Eunus M, Alam N, Islam T, Rahman M, Ahmed A, Ahsan H, Graziano J, Parvez F. An increase in circulating B cells and B cell activation markers in peripheral blood is associated with cigarette smoking in a male cohort in Bangladesh. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 384:114783. [PMID: 31669812 PMCID: PMC6886671 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In a cohort of approximately 200 Bangladeshi men, equally divided into smokers and non-smokers and equally divided by exposure to high and low levels of drinking water arsenic, we examined ex vivo a series of immune markers and immune function tests in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). These immune parameters included PBMC cell surface markers (CSM) for B, T, monocytes, and NK cells, activated T and B cell markers, cytokine production in vitro, and analysis of CD4 subsets (Th1, Th2, Treg, and Th17 cells). We found that the effects of cigarette smoke were quite different than those associated with arsenic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts. Cigarette smoking was associated with a significant increase in the number of PAH-DNA adducts as well as an increase in urinary levels of 1-hydropxypyrene (1-OHP). After correcting for arsenic exposure and PAH-DNA adducts, we found that cigarette smoking was associated with an increase in the percentage of CD19+ B cells, as well as the percentage of activated B cells (CD19+, HLA-DRbright cells) found in PBMC. These findings demonstrate activation of the immune system during chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, which is a known risk factor for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Burchiel
- The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America.
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States of America
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Tariqul Islam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Eunus
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Nur Alam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Tariqul Islam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Mizanour Rahman
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Alauddin Ahmed
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Joseph Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
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Lauer FT, Parvez F, Factor-Litvak P, Liu X, Santella RM, Islam T, Eunus M, Alam N, Hasan AKMR, Rahman M, Ahsan H, Graziano J, Burchiel SW. Changes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (HPBMC) populations and T-cell subsets associated with arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures in a Bangladesh cohort. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220451. [PMID: 31365547 PMCID: PMC6668812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposures to environmental arsenic (As) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been shown to independently cause dysregulation of immune function. Little data exists on the associations between combined exposures to As and PAH with immunotoxicity in humans. In this work we examined associations between As and PAH exposures with lymphoid cell populations in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as alterations in differentiation and activation of B and T cells. Two hundred men, participating in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Bangladesh, were selected for the present study based on their exposure to As from drinking water and their cigarette smoking status. Blood and urine samples were collected from study participants. We utilized multiparameter flow cytometry in PBMC to identify immune cells (B, T, monocytes, NK) as well as the T-helper (Th) cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs) following ex vivo activation. We did not find evidence of interactions between As and PAH exposures. However, individual exposures (As or PAH) were associated with changes to immune cell populations, including Th cell subsets. Arsenic exposure was associated with an increase in the percentage of Th cells, and dose dependent changes in monocytes, NKT cells and a monocyte subset. Within the Th cell subset we found that Arsenic exposure was also associated with a significant increase in the percentage of circulating proinflammatory Th17 cells. PAH exposure was associated with changes in T cells, monocytes and T memory (Tmem) cells and with changes in Th, Th1, Th2 and Th17 subsets all of which were non-monotonic (dose dependent). Alterations of immune cell populations caused by environmental exposures to As and PAH may result in adverse health outcomes, such as changes in systemic inflammation, immune suppression, or autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredine T. Lauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Regina M. Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tariqul Islam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Eunus
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nur Alam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mizanour Rahman
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Joseph Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Scott W. Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Parvez F, Lauer FT, Factor-Litvak P, Liu X, Santella RM, Islam T, Eunus M, Alam N, Sarwar G, Rahman M, Ahsan H, Graziano J, Burchiel SW. Assessment of arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures on immune function among males in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216662. [PMID: 31095595 PMCID: PMC6522035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are environmental pollutants to which people around the world are exposed through water, food and air. In mouse and in vitro studies of human cells, both of these chemicals have been shown to modulate the immune system. In some experimental studies, a synergistic disruption of immune function was observed by a combined exposure to arsenic and PAH. However, a joint effect of arsenic and PAH on immune function has not been studied in humans. We have conducted an epidemiological investigation to examine effects of chronic arsenic and PAH exposures on immune function. We assessed T-cell proliferation (TCP) and cytokine production of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulated lymphocytes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (HPBMC) among 197 healthy men enrolled to the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal (HEALS) cohort in Bangladesh. By design, approximately half were active smokers and the rest were never smokers. Our analyses demonstrated that IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 were significantly stimulated as a function of urinary arsenic levels in models adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status and PAH-DNA adducts. After correcting for false detection rate (FDR), only IL-1b remained statistically significant. We found a U-shaped dose response relationship between urinary arsenic and IL-1b. On the other hand, PAH-DNA adducts were associated with an inhibition of TCP and appeared as an inverted U-shape curve. Dose response curves were non-monotonic for PAH-DNA adduct exposures and suggested that cytokine secretion of IFNg, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-10 and IL17A followed a complex pattern. In the majority of donors, there was a trend towards a decrease in cytokine associated with PAH-DNA adducts. We did not observe any interaction between urinary arsenic and PAH-DNA adducts on immune parameters. Our results indicate that long-term exposures to arsenic and PAH have independent, non-monotonic associations with TCP and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Fredine T. Lauer
- University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Regina M. Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tariqul Islam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nur Alam
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Sarwar
- University of Chicago Field Research Office, Bangladesh
| | | | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Joseph Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Scott W. Burchiel
- University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Monomethylarsonous acid: Induction of DNA damage and oxidative stress in mouse natural killer cells at environmentally-relevant concentrations. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 832-833:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xu H, Medina S, Lauer FT, Douillet C, Liu KJ, Hudson LG, Stýblo M, Aleksunes LM, Burchiel SW. Efflux Transporters Regulate Arsenite-Induced Genotoxicity in Double Negative and Double Positive T Cells. Toxicol Sci 2017; 158:127-139. [PMID: 28472378 PMCID: PMC6257016 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenite (As+3) exposure is known to cause immunotoxicity in human and animal models. Our previous studies demonstrated that As+3 at 50-500 nM concentrations induced both genotoxicity and nongenotoxicity in mouse thymus cells. Developing T cells at CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) stage, the first stage after early T cells are transported from bone marrow to thymus, were found to be more sensitive to As+3 toxicity than the T cells at CD4 + CD8 + double positive (DP) stage in vitro. Induction of Mdr1 (Abcb1) and Mrp1 (Abcc1), 2 multidrug resistance transporters and exporters of As+3, was associated with the reversal of As+3-induced double strand breaks and DNA damage. In order to confirm that the thymus cell populations have different sensitivity to As+3in vivo, male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 0, 100, and 500 ppb As+3 in drinking water for 30 d. A significant decrease in DN cell percentage was observed with exposure to 500 ppb As+3. Low to moderate concentrations of As+3 were shown to induce higher genotoxicity in sorted DN than DP cells in vitro. Calcein AM uptake and Mdr1/Mrp1 mRNA quantification results revealed that DN cells not only had limited As+3 exporter activity, but also lacked the ability to activate these exporters with As+3 treatments, resulting in a higher accumulation of intracellular As+3. Knockdown study of As+3 exporters in the DN thymic cell line, D1 using siRNA, demonstrated that Mdr1 and Mrp1 regulate intracellular As+3 accumulation and genotoxicity. Taken together, the results indicate that transporter regulation is an important mechanism for differential genotoxicity induced by As+3 in thymocytes at different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Sebastian Medina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Fredine T. Lauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Christelle Douillet
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Laurie G. Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Miroslav Stýblo
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Scott W. Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Xu H, Lauer FT, Liu KJ, Hudson LG, Burchiel SW. Editor's Highlight: Interactive Genotoxicity Induced by Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Benzo(a)Pyrene Metabolites and Arsenite in Mouse Thymus Cells. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:153-161. [PMID: 27503386 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures affect many people worldwide leading to cancer and other diseases. Arsenite (As+3) and certain PAHs are known to cause genotoxicity. However, there is limited information on the interactions between As+3 and PAHs at environmentally relevant concentrations. The thymus is the primary immune organ for T cell development in mammals. Our previous studies showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of As+3 induce genotoxicity in mouse thymus cells through Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Certain PAHs, such as the metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), are known to cause DNA damage by forming DNA adducts. In the present study, primary mouse thymus cells were examined for DNA damage following 18 hr in vitro treatments with 5 or 50 nM As+3 and 100 nM BaP, benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (BP-Diol), or benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE). An interactive increase in genotoxicity and apoptosis were observed following treatments with 5 nM As + 3 + 100 nM BP-diol and 50 nM As + 3 + 100 nM BPDE. We attribute the increase in DNA damage to inhibition of PARP inhibition leading to decreased DNA repair. To further support this hypothesis, we found that a PARP inhibitor, 3,4-dihydro-5[4-(1-piperindinyl) butoxyl]-1(2H)-isoquinoline (DPQ), also interacted with BP-diol to produce an increase in DNA damage. Interestingly, we also found that As+3 and BP-diol increased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression, suggesting that increased PAH metabolism may also contribute to genotoxicity. In summary, these results show that the suppression of PARP activity and induction of CYP1A1/CYP1B1 may act together to increase DNA damage produced by As+3 and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
| | - Scott W Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, New Mexico 87131
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Ezeh PC, Xu H, Wang SC, Medina S, Burchiel SW. Evaluation of Toxicity in Mouse Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 67:18.9.1-18.9.12. [PMID: 26828331 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1809s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of blood cells through hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow (BM), and can be adversely impacted by various substances and/or conditions ranging from known therapeutic, intentionally administered xenobiotics to unintentional food additives and exposure to environmental chemicals. The principles underlying the techniques for evaluating toxicity to BM progenitors (erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid) exploit changes in the normal hematopoietic process, biochemical cell surface and intracellular markers, as well as components of the BM microenvironment. Toxicological investigations following in vivo exposures of mice or in vitro exposures of mouse primary BM cell cultures allow the assessment of the developmental and functional integrity of BM cells, cell population shifts, and adverse biochemical effects due to toxicity. Colony forming unit (CFU) assays and flow cytometry are indispensable techniques in these toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peace C Ezeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Huan Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Shu Chun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sebastian Medina
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Scott W Burchiel
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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