The Variation with Age of 67 Macro- and Microelement Contents in Nonhyperplastic Prostate Glands of Adult and Elderly Males Investigated by Nuclear Analytical and Related Methods

A Systematic Review of the Zinc Content of the Normal Human Prostate Gland

The prostate gland is subject to various disorders. The etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are not well understood. Moreover, despite technological advancements, the differential diagnosis of prostate disorders has become progressively more complex and controversial. It was suggested that the Zn level in prostatic tissue plays an important role in prostatic carcinogenesis and its measurement may be useful as a cancer biomarker. These suggestions promoted more detailed studies of the Zn content in the prostatic tissue of healthy subjects. The present study evaluated by systematic analysis presents the published data for Zn content analyzed in prostatic tissue of "normal" glands. This evaluation reviewed 1885 studies, all of which were published in the years from 1921 to 2020 and were located by searching the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Elsevier-Embase, and Cochrane Library. In addition, the personal archive of the author collected from 1966 to 2020 was also used. The articles were analyzed and "median of means" and "range of means" were used to examine heterogeneity of the measured Zn content in prostates of apparently healthy men. The objective analysis was performed on data from the 105 studies, which included 3735 subjects. It was found that the range of means of prostatic Zn content reported in the literature for "normal" gland varies widely from 17 to 547 mg/kg with median of means 109 mg/kg on a wet mass basis. The Zn content depends on many factors such as analytical method, age, level of androgens, dietary Zn intake, and the prostatic region and fraction of prostate tissue being studied. Finally, because of small sample size and high data heterogeneity, we recommend other primary studies be performed.

Age-Related Changes in Zinc, Copper and Selenium Levels in the Human Prostate

Pathophysiological changes in the prostate gland-benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa)-are closely related to the age of men. In the prostate gland, zinc is of particular importance for its proper functioning, especially with regard to the effects of hormonal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate zinc, copper and selenium concentrations in different parts of the prostate gland in relation to age and the nature of pathological changes. Zinc and copper were determined by the AAS method and selenium by the spectrofluorometric method. The concentration of zinc in the central part of the prostate increases with age, and in patients over 36 years it is twice as high as in the peripheral part, where no increase in the level of this element was observed with the age of patients. The above data confirm a possible influence of zinc on the formation of PCa (located mostly in the peripheral part of the prostate, with low levels of zinc) and BPH in the central part where the levels of this element are the highest. The results apparently confirm the disturbed homeostasis of zinc and other essential elements in the etiology of BPH and PCa.

Oxidative Stress Markers and Metal Ions are Correlated With Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease

We investigated oxidative stress markers and metal ions in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The serum levels of ceruloplasmin (CER), C-reactive protein (CRP), uric acid (UA), homocysteine (Hcy), copper, iron, and zinc were determined in 125 patients with AD (mild, n = 2 8; moderate, n = 42; and severe, n = 55) and 40 healthy control (HC) participants. Compared to HC, CER and UA levels were significantly lower in moderate and severe AD groups, whereas CRP and Hcy levels were significantly higher in the severe AD group. Copper level was significantly higher in moderate and severe AD groups than the other groups. Compared to HC, iron level was significantly higher in patients with AD, whereas zinc level was significantly lower in patients with AD. In patients with AD, the severity of cognitive impairment was positively correlated with CER, UA, and zinc levels, whereas it was negatively correlated with copper level. Taken together, our findings provide a novel approach to assess AD progression.