1
|
Alejandro-Vega S, Suárez-Marichal D, Niebla-Canelo D, Gutiérrez-Fernández ÁJ, Rubio-Armendáriz C, Hardisson A, Paz-Montelongo S. Fluoride Exposure from Ready-To-Drink Coffee Consumption. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101615. [PMID: 36295050 PMCID: PMC9604900 DOI: 10.3390/life12101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is present in various foods ingested daily. It has been demonstrated that the intake of high concentrations of fluoride, both in adults and children, can cause pathologies, among which dental fluorosis, osteoporosis and damage to the central nervous system stand out. The objective of this study was to determine the fluoride concentrations in 60 samples of ready-to-drink cold brewed coffee of different brands and types (expresso, cappuccino, macchiato and decaffeinated) by the fluoride ion-selective potentiometric method. A statistical analysis was also performed to discern the existence of differences between these categories. The highest fluoride concentration (1.465 mg/L) was found in espresso coffee followed by Macchiato (1.254 mg/L). Decaffeinated coffee is the one that presented the lowest fluoride concentration with 0.845 mg/L. The risk assessment was conducted considering different consumption scenarios (250, 500 and 750 mL/day). The UL (upper level) established by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) at 7 mg/day was used. The consumption of three servings poses no health risk; however, it confers a significant value of fluoride contribution to the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Alejandro-Vega
- Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Daniel Suárez-Marichal
- Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Daniel Niebla-Canelo
- Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Ángel J. Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio-Armendáriz
- Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz-Montelongo
- Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-634541612
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Das G, Tirth V, Arora S, Algahtani A, Kafeel M, Alqarni AHG, Saluja P, Vij H, Bavabeedu SS, Tirth A. Effect of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water on Dental Fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113914. [PMID: 32492867 PMCID: PMC7312808 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study was intended to evaluate the fluoride concentration in drinking water and its effect on dental fluorosis in Southwest Saudi Arabia. Water samples were gathered rom wells, filtration plants and commercial brands (bottled water) in distinct urban and rural areas of Asir region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Overall, 63 water samples were collected from 12 locations and 9 brands of bottled water. ExStik® FL700Fluoridemeter was used in the analysis of water samples for fluoride levels. The total number of screened patients for dental fluorosis, aged between 9 and 50 years, was 1150; among them, 609 were males and 541 were females. Dean's index criteria were used to examine the patients for dental fluorosis. The results revealed that fluoride levels varied between 0.03 and 3.8 ppm. People who drank well water displayed increased fluoride levels (>0.81 ppm). The prevalence of dental fluorosis was established to be 20.43% among the total number of examined patients. The findings of this study show very mild to moderate dental fluorosis prevail among the patients who consume well water in the Asir region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gotam Das
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-593280973
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering & Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia; (V.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Suraj Arora
- Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Ali Algahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering & Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia; (V.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohammed Kafeel
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Priyanka Saluja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JCD Dental College, Vidyapeeth, Sirsa 125055, Haryana, India;
| | - Hitesh Vij
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu
- Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.B.)
| | - Amit Tirth
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Center, Moradabad, 244001 UP, India;
| |
Collapse
|