Seleno-compounds and Carnosic Acid Added to Diets with Rapeseed and Fish Oils Affect Concentrations of Selected Elements and Chemical Composition in the Liver, Heart and Muscles of Lambs

Optimization of high-efficient pre-column sample treatments and C18-UFLC method for selective quantification of selected chemical forms of tocopherol and tocotrienol in diverse foods

The improved pre-column methods followed by gradient elution C18-chromatography (C18-UFLC) with photodiode (DAD) and fluorescence (FLD) detection for analysis of tocotrienols (T3s), tocopherols (Ts), α-tocopheryl acetate and cholesterol in plant, algae and fish oils, milk and animal tissues have been described. C18-chromatography without saponification permitted quantification of T3s and Ts in oils. Quantification of tocols in milk involved saponification followed by C18-chromatography. β-tocol and γ-tocol were unseparated using C18-chromatography. Esterification of hydroxyl group of tocols with trifluoroacetic anhydride allows their satisfactory separation. The combination of esterification of tocols, C18-chromatography and DAD monitoring at 278 and 205 nm provide the suitable analytical tool for quantification of β- and γ-forms of tocols in biological samples. Our original C18-chromatographic methods are satisfactory precise, accurate, repeatable and offer low values of limit of detection (<10 ng/mL) and limit of quantification (<27 ng/mL) for assayed tocols and cholesterol.

Coprecipitation as a One-Step Se Separation for Determination of Isotope Ratios Completed with Revised Uncertainty Evaluation

This study introduces a simplified purification method for analyzing 82Se/78Se isotope ratios in diverse natural samples using hydride generation MC-ICP-MS. Unlike the thiol resin method, which is time-consuming and sensitive to the concentrations of reagents used at individual stages, our proposed alternative is quicker, simpler, and robust. The procedure involves coprecipitation of selenium with iron hydroxide and dissolution in hydrochloric acid. Combining hydride generation and a second cleanup stage achieves sufficient purification for Se isotope ratio measurements. The method is efficient, taking 3-4 h after sample decomposition, utilizing common reagents [HCl, Fe(NO3)3, NH4Cl] without evaporation or clean lab conditions. Results on 82Se/78Se isotope ratios in various matrices are presented, comparing them with literature data. All isotopic results have been subjected to a newly proposed state-of-the-art approach to uncertainty estimation dedicated to isotope ratio measurements. The approach is based on applying Monte Carlo simulations with consideration of different samples' results normalized by the expected value. By doing that, we obtained estimated uncertainty for any Se sample with the influence of particular measurements on the final estimation included. We employ a Monte Carlo simulation-based uncertainty estimation approach for isotope ratio measurements, providing estimated uncertainty for each selenium sample.

Label-Free Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis in Lamb Tissues after Fish Oil, Carnosic Acid, and Inorganic Selenium Supplementation

Simple Summary

Advances in proteomics and bioinformatics analysis offer the potential to investigate nutrients’ influence on protein expression profiles, and consequently on biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. However, knowledge in this area, particular about the exact way selenium modulates protein expression, remains limited. Therefore, in this project, global differential proteomic experiments were carried out in order to identify changes in the expression of proteins in animal tissues obtained from lambs on a specific diet involving the addition of a combination of different supplements, namely, inorganic selenium compounds, fish oil, and carnosic acid. Following inorganic selenium supplementation, a protein-protein interaction network analysis of forty differentially-expressed proteins indicated two significant clusters.

Abstract

Selenium is an essential nutrient, building twenty five identified selenoproteins in humans known to perform several important biological functions. The small amount of selenium in the earth’s crust in certain regions along with the risk of deficiency in organisms have resulted in increasingly popular dietary supplementation in animals, implemented via, e.g., inorganic selenium compounds. Even though selenium is included in selenoproteins in the form of selenocysteine, the dietary effect of selenium may result in the expression of other proteins or genes. Very little is known about the expression effects modulated by selenium. The present study aimed to examine the significance of protein expression in lamb tissues obtained after dietary supplementation with selenium (sodium selenate) and two other feed additives, fish oil and carnosic acid. Label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis was successfully applied to examine the animal tissues. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of forty differently-expressed proteins following inorganic selenium supplementation indicated two significant clusters which are involved in cell adhesion, heart development, actin filament-based movement, plasma membrane repair, and establishment of organelle localization.

Dietary carnosic acid and seleno-compounds change concentrations of fatty acids, cholesterol, tocopherols and malondialdehyde in fat and heart of lambs

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of carnosic acid (CA), selenised yeast (^YSe) and selenate (^VISe) supplemented to diets, including fish oil (FO) and rapeseed oil (RO), on the content of fatty acids, total cholesterol (TCh), tocopherols and malondialdehyde in the fat located between the thigh muscles and the heart in lambs. Twenty-four male Corriedale lambs were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals. Animals were fed a diet with FO and RO (the control diet) or experimental diets containing RO, FO and CA with/without Se (as ^YSe or ^VISe). The experimental diets without/with ^YSe or ^VISe changed concentrations of fatty acids in the fat and heart compared to the control. All experimental diets increased the levels of c11c14C20:2, c5c8c11c14C20:4, c5c8c11c14c17C20:5 and the sums of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LPUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid isomers in the fat compared to the control. The experimental diet containing ^YSe or ^VISe increased the content of Se, TCh, c11c14C20:2, c8c11c14C20:3, c5c8c11c14C20:4, c5c8c11c14c17C20:5, c7c10c13c16c19C22:5, c4c7c10c13c16c19C22:6 and the concentration sum of n-3LPUFA, n-6LPUFA and tocopherols in the heart in comparison with the control diet and the diet containing only CA. Experimental diets reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde in the fat and heart in comparison with the control diet. Our dietary intervention has great potential for future practical and commercial implementations.

Novel Approach for the Accurate Determination of Se Isotope Ratio by Multicollector ICP-MS

In this work, a method for the accurate and precise determination of 82Se/78Se isotope ratio in natural samples of environmental and biological origin, using multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a wet plasma mode without using neither hydride generation nor separation of Se, was developed. It was based on the optimized regression model with standard-sample bracketing (ORM-SSB) to efficiently correct instrumental isotopic fractionation/mass bias and matrix effects. In addition, three mass bias correction models of SSB alone, SSB combined with internal standard (IS-SSB), and ORM-SSB were compared for the Se isotope ratio measurements. NIST SRM 987 Sr was used as an internal standard, and the reproducibility of the results obtained with the proposed method was verified by measuring NIST SRM 3149 standard over different days (nine independent measurement sessions). Delta values of the 82Se/78Se isotope ratio were measured in selenium-enriched yeast-certified reference material SELM-1, natural selenomethionine samples, and model solutions of artificial seawater. Solutions obtained after thiol resin treatment were measured to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in eliminating matrix effects due to residual of thiol resin in the sample solutions. Among three mass bias correction models, ORM-SSB correction model proved to be the best to eliminate the matrix effects and instrumental drift. IS-SSB model offered also a good precision but was slightly less accurate. Both models showed good robustness against effects of different sample matrices. Finally, the SSB alone could not be recommended for Se isotope analysis as it produces inaccurate and imprecise results.

Effects of Parenteral Supplementation with Minerals and Vitamins on Oxidative Stress and Humoral Immune Response of Weaning Calves

Simple Summary

Weaning is a stressful phase for calves; the stress due to separation from the cow results in weight loss and may lead to a decrease in the immune system, making calves more prone to diseases, even in a low-stress (fence-line) weaning system. Mineral and vitamin supplementation can improve the immune system and could therefore be of assistance for calves during weaning. We studied the effects of injectable (subcutaneous) supplementation with copper, zinc, selenium, manganese, and vitamins A and E. Calves were supplemented twice, before weaning and on the day of weaning. We evaluated variables related to the immune status and the immune response to a vaccine containing bovine herpesvirus type 1, as well as body weight and average daily gain. Parenteral supplementation of minerals and vitamins with antioxidant effects in a low-stress weaning system prevented the decrease in variables related to the immune system, improved antibody response, and had positive effects on body weight.

Abstract

We aimed to evaluate the effects of injectable mineral and vitamin supplementation on weaning calves subjected to a low-stress (fence-line) weaning system. Seven-month-old Aberdeen Angus female calves (n = 40, 152 ± 11 kg body weight) from a selenium-deficient area of extensive cattle production on natural grass were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 20 each). One group received subcutaneous supplementation with copper, zinc, selenium, manganese and vitamins A and E (SG), and the other was given sterile saline solution (CG). The animals were supplemented twice, seven days before weaning (day −7) and on the day of weaning (day 0), and they were evaluated 30 (+30) and 60 (+60) days after weaning. Total antioxidant status (TAS), selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, body weight, and average daily gain (ADG) were evaluated. Additionally, antibody titers were assessed prior to and after each immunization with a vaccine containing bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1). On day +30, body weight (p = 0.03) was higher in SG, whereas TAS (p = 0.02) and GPx (p = 0.0038) activity were lower in CG and remained constant in SG. Antibody titers increased in SG and CG following immunization, being higher in SG on days +30 and +60 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, parenteral supplementation of minerals and vitamins with antioxidant effects in a low-stress weaning system prevented the decrease in TAS and GPx activity, improved antibody response and had positive effects on body weight.

Determination of Selenium Species in Muscle, Heart, and Liver Tissues of Lambs Using Mass Spectrometry Methods

Simple Summary

The objective of the project was to evaluate speciation of selenium (Se) in various tissues (the liver, heart, or muscles) obtained from lambs fed with a diet enriched with an inorganic and organic chemical form of Se (i.e., selenite and Se-enriched yeast, respectively).

Abstract

Identification and quantification of the selenium species in biological tissues is imperative, considering the need to properly understand its metabolism and its importance in various field of sciences, especially nutrition science. Although a number of studies deals with the speciation of selenium, speciation analysis is still far from being a routine task, and so far strongly depends on the type of the samples. We present a study aimed to examine speciation analysis of Se in tissues of livers, muscles, and hearts obtained from lambs, namely in liver, muscle, and heart. The studied lambs were fed with the diet enriched with an inorganic (as sodium selenate) and organic chemical form of Se (as Se-enriched yeast) compounds with simultaneous addition of fish oil (FO) and carnosic acid (CA). The first part of the work was focused on the optimization of the extraction procedure of selenium compounds from tissues. Next, hyphenated high performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP–MS) was used for the identification of five seleno-compounds—Se-methionine (SeMet), Se-cystine (SeCys2), Se-methyl-Se-cysteine (SeMetSeCys), and Se(IV) and Se(VI). Verification of the identified seleno-compounds was achieved using triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC–ESI–MS/MS). The applied procedure allowed for quantitative analysis of SeMet, SeCys2, and SeMetSeCys, in biological tissues. The developed analytical protocol is feasible for speciation analysis of small molecular seleno-compounds in animals samples.