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Cheng P, Yang J, Wu S, Xie L, Xu Y, Xu N, Xu Y. Temporal modulation of inflammation and chondrogenesis through dendritic nanoparticle-mediated therapy with diclofenac surface modification and strontium ion encapsulation. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:2049-2067. [PMID: 38994903 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2366080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering holds great promise for efficient cartilage regeneration. However, early inflammatory reactions to seed cells and/or scaffolds impede this process. Consequently, managing inflammation is of paramount importance. Moreover, due to the body's restricted chondrogenic capacity, inducing cartilage regeneration becomes imperative. Thus, a controlled platform is essential to establish an anti-inflammatory microenvironment before initiating the cartilage regeneration process. In this study, we utilized fifth-generation polyamidoamine dendrimers (G5) as a vehicle for drugs to create composite nanoparticles known as G5-Dic/Sr. These nanoparticles were generated by surface modification with diclofenac (Dic), known for its potent anti-inflammatory effects, and encapsulating strontium (Sr), which effectively induces chondrogenesis, within the core. Our findings indicated that the G5-Dic/Sr nanoparticle exhibited selective Dic release during the initial 9 days and gradual Sr release from days 3 to 15. Subsequently, these nanoparticles were incorporated into a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel, resulting in GelMA@G5-Dic/Sr. In vitro assessments demonstrated GelMA@G5-Dic/Sr's biocompatibility with bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). The enclosed nanoparticles effectively mitigated inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and significantly augmented chondrogenesis in BMSCs cocultures. Implanting BMSCs-loaded GelMA@G5-Dic/Sr hydrogels in immunocompetent rabbits for 2 and 6 weeks revealed diminished inflammation and enhanced cartilage formation compared to GelMA, GelMA@G5, GelMA@G5-Dic, and GelMA@G5/Sr hydrogels. Collectively, this study introduces an innovative strategy to advance cartilage regeneration by temporally modulating inflammation and chondrogenesis in immunocompetent animals. Through the development of a platform addressing the temporal modulation of inflammation and the limited chondrogenic capacity, we offer valuable insights to the field of cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Xie
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nanjian Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ningbo Sixth Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yafeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Nhan J, Strebel N, Virah Sawmy K, Yin J, St-Pierre JP. Characterization of Calcium- and Strontium-Polyphosphate Particles Toward Drug Delivery into Articular Cartilage. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300345. [PMID: 37777870 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery into articular cartilage poses many challenges due in part to its lack of vasculature. While intra-articular injections are effective for the local administration of drugs, small molecules are rapidly cleared from the synovial fluid. As such, there is a need to develop effective drug delivery strategies to improve the residence times of bioactive molecules in the joint and elicit a sustained therapeutic effect. In this study, calcium- and strontium-polyphosphate particles are synthesized and characterized as potential drug carriers into articular cartilage. Physicochemical characterization reveals that the particles exhibit a spherical morphology, have a negative zeta potential, and are nanoscale in size. Biological characterization in chondrocytes confirms cellular uptake of the particles and demonstrates both size and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity at high concentrations. Furthermore, treatment of chondrocytes with these particles results in a reduction in cell proliferation and metabolic activity, confirming biological effects. Finally, incubation with cartilage tissue explants suggests successful uptake, despite the particles exhibiting a negative surface charge. Therefore, from the results of this study, these polyphosphate-based particles have potential as a drug carrier into articular cartilage and warrant further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Nhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis-Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Strebel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis-Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Khushnouma Virah Sawmy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis-Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jordan Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis-Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe St-Pierre
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis-Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
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3
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Gao H, Wang L, Lin Z, Jin H, Lyu Y, Kang Y, Zhu T, Zhao J, Jiang J. Bi-lineage inducible and immunoregulatory electrospun fibers scaffolds for synchronous regeneration of tendon-to-bone interface. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100749. [PMID: 37545569 PMCID: PMC10400930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitating regeneration of the tendon-to-bone interface can reduce the risk of postoperative retear after rotator cuff repair. Unfortunately, undesirable inflammatory responses following injury, difficulties in fibrocartilage regeneration, and bone loss in the surrounding area are major contributors to suboptimal tendon-bone healing. Thus, the development of biomaterials capable of regulating macrophage polarization to a favorable phenotype and promoting the synchronous regeneration of the tendon-to-bone interface is currently a top priority. Here, strontium-doped mesoporous bioglass nanoparticles (Sr-MBG) were synthesized through a modulated sol-gel method and Bi-lineage Inducible and Immunoregulatory Electrospun Fibers Scaffolds (BIIEFS) containing Sr-MBG were fabricated. The BIIEFS were biocompatible, showed sustained release of multiple types of bioactive ions, enhanced osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and facilitated macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype in vitro. The implantation of BIIEFS at the torn rotator cuff resulted in greater numbers of M2 macrophages and the synchronous regeneration of tendon, fibrocartilage, and bone at the tendon-to-bone interface, leading to a significant improvement in the biomechanical strength of the supraspinatus tendon-humerus complexes. Our research offers a feasible strategy to fabricate immunoregulatory and multi-lineage inducible electrospun fibers scaffolds incorporating bioglass nanoparticles for the regeneration of soft-to-hard tissue interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Gao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Regenerative Sports Medicine and Translational Youth Science and Technology Innovation Workroom, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liren Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Regenerative Sports Medicine and Translational Youth Science and Technology Innovation Workroom, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhiqi Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Haocheng Jin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yangbao Lyu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yuhao Kang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Tonghe Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Non-coding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Rd., Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Regenerative Sports Medicine Lab of the Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration Building 3, Langu Science and Technology Park, Lane 70, Haiji 6th Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Regenerative Sports Medicine Lab of the Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Liu S, Shen B, Loor JJ, Jiang Q, Yuan Y, Kong Y, Tan P, Zeng F, Zhao C, Zhu X, Wang J. Strontium Regulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Isolated Primary Bovine Chondrocytes via the TGFβ/SMAD Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925302. [PMID: 35712700 PMCID: PMC9197245 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of strontium (Sr) on proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes isolated from dairy cows, and whether Sr exerts its effects via transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. The chondrocytes were isolated from patellar cartilage from newborn Holstein bull calves (n = 3, 1 day old, 38.0 ± 2.8 kg, fasting) within 15 min after euthanasia, and treated with different concentrations of Sr (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/ml, as SrCl2·6H2O). After pretreatment with or without activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor (10 μM SB-505124) for 4 h, chondrocytes were incubated with Sr for another 4 h. Overall effects of Sr were evaluated relative to NaCl as the control. In contrast, the 1 μg/ml Sr-treated group served as the control to determine effects of preincubating with SB-505124. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used for measuring expression of proliferation-, differentiation-, and TGFβ1-responsive factors. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in GraphPad Prism 7.0. Incubation with all doses of Sr increased TGFβ1/ALK5-induced SMAD3 phosphorylation, and at 10 μg/ml it inhibited ALK1-induced SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation. Expression of mRNA and protein of the proliferation-responsive factors type Ⅱ Collagen α1 (COL2A1) and aggrecan (ACAN) was induced by Sr at 1 μg/ml. In contrast, Sr at 10 μg/ml inhibited the expression of differentiation-responsive factors type Ⅹ Collagen α1 (COL10A1) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and at 1 μg/ml it had the same effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) mRNA and protein levels. Cells were stained with PI/RNase Staining buffer to assess cell cycle activity using flow-cytometry. Incubation with Sr at 1 and 10 μg/ml induced an increase in the number of cells in the S-phase, leading to an increase in the proliferation index. Incubation with SB-505124 inhibited phosphorylation of SMAD3. Abundance of ACAN and COL2A1 mRNA and protein was lower when cells were pre-incubated with SB-505124. Overall, data indicated that Sr promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of primary chondrocytes by directing TGFβ1 signaling towards SMAD3 phosphorylation rather than SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation. Whether these effects occur in vivo remains to be determined and could impact future application of Sr as an experimental tool in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Bingyu Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yezi Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Panpan Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Fangyuan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianguo Wang,
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Su S, Chen W, Zheng M, Lu G, Tang W, Huang H, Qu D. Facile Fabrication of 3D-Printed Porous Ti6Al4V Scaffolds with a Sr-CaP Coating for Bone Regeneration. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8391-8402. [PMID: 35309469 PMCID: PMC8928158 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To improve osseointegration caused by the stress-shielding effect and the inert nature of titanium-based alloys, in this work, we successfully constructed a strontium calcium phosphate (Sr-CaP) coating on three-dimensional (3D)-printed Ti6Al4V scaffolds to address this issue. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the coatings with and without Sr doping mainly consisted of CaHPO4. The bonding strength of Sr doping coating met the required ISO 13 779-4-2018 standard (≥15 MPa). The in vitro results suggested that the Sr-CaP-modified Ti6Al4V scaffolds were found to effectively promote mice bone-marrow stem cell (mBMSC) adhesion, spreading, and osteogenesis. The in vivo experiments also showed that the Sr-CaP-modified Ti6Al4V scaffolds could significantly improve bone regeneration and osseointegration. More importantly, Sr-doped CaP-coated Ti6Al4V scaffolds were found to accelerate bone healing in comparison to CaP-coated Ti6Al4V scaffolds. The Sr-CaP-modified Ti6Al4V scaffolds are considered a promising strategy to develop bioactive surfaces for enhancing the osseointegration between the implant and bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Su
- Division
of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Division
of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- Division
of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zengcheng Branch of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 511338 Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozan Lu
- Guangzhou
Huatai 3D Material Manufacture Ltd., Co., 511300 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department
of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian
Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Haihong Huang
- Division
of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongbin Qu
- Division
of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zengcheng Branch of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 511338 Guangzhou, China
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Sumsuzzman DM, Choi J, Khan ZA, Kamenos G, Hong Y. Melatonin Maintains Anabolic-Catabolic Equilibrium and Regulates Circadian Rhythm During Osteoarthritis Development in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:714974. [PMID: 34603028 PMCID: PMC8484877 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.714974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The driving force behind osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis is an anabolic-catabolic (a/c) imbalance. Melatonin (MT) is a key player in maintaining a/c stability and mitigates OA pathogenesis, but mechanisms underlying its effects remain poorly understood. Objectives: We performed a systematic review analyzing the experimental data that support the clinical applicability of MT in the treatment of OA pathogenesis, placing particular emphasis on the regulation of circadian rhythms and a/c balance. Methods: Major electronic databases and grey literature were used to identify related original articles. Methodological quality of all selected studies was evaluated using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. Pooled mean differences (MDs)/standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the effect size. Results: Eleven trials were included in this systematic review. Compared with the control group, MT significantly decreased the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β; SMD = −5.45; 95% CI [−6.78, −4.12]; p < 0.00001, and histological grading scale (SMD = −3.46; 95% CI, [−5.24, −1.68]; p < 0.0001). MT significantly increased the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1; SMD = 1.17; 95% CI [0.31, 2.03]; p < 0.0007). Furthermore, core circadian clock genes Per2 and Cry1 mRNA levels were regulated by MT treatment in OA progression. Conclusion: MT may maintain a/c balance and regulate circadian rhythms during OA development. MT could be used in as adjunct with other interventions to manage pain and OA severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewan Md Sumsuzzman
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science and Engineering, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Choi
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science and Engineering, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science and Engineering, Gimhae, Korea
| | - George Kamenos
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Ubiquitous Healthcare and Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science and Engineering, Gimhae, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MAUnited States
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Strontium gluconate potently promotes osteoblast development and restores bone formation in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 554:33-40. [PMID: 33774277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) has emerged as a challenge after long-term glucocorticoid administration during the clinical therapy of diverse diseases. Although some candidates for GIOP treatment have been explored, there is still a lack of reliable drugs for GIOP prevention. In this study, rat bone marrow stem cells (rBMSCs) were utilized to investigate the feasibility of applying strontium gluconate (GluSr), which displays mild activity, easy absorption and good biocompatibility, for GIOP prevention. Thirty-two SD rats were divided into 4 groups to explore the effects of GluSr on osteoporosis rescue in vivo. Our results suggested that GluSr markedly alleviated dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis of osteoblast precursor cells and rBMSCs and enhanced rBMSC osteogenesis differentiation in vitro. GluSr also effectively promoted osteoblast survival, inhibited osteoclast differentiation and restored bone formation in GIOP rat models. Microarray analysis of the femora from GIOP rats treated with GluSr revealed that the signalling pathways of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), oestrogen receptor gene (ESR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) were involved in bone restoration by GluSr. In summary, our study proved that GluSr enhanced osteoblast differentiation and suppressed osteoclast activity both in vitro and in vivo. GluSr might function as a novel strontium reagent for GIOP prevention.
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