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Silva DLF, Crispim SP, Silva GB, Azevedo FM, de Novaes JF, de Carvalho CA, da Silva DG, Fontes EAF, de Souza Macedo M, do Carmo Castro Franceschini S. Iodine Intake and its Interindividual Variability in Brazilian Pregnant Women: EMDI Brazil Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3025-3036. [PMID: 37874447 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Data on pregnant women's iodine intake are limited in Brazil. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of foods, food groups, and food subgroups to the Brazilian pregnant women's iodine intake, and identify which food items explain the interindividual variability of their intake. A cross-sectional study with food consumption data of 2247 pregnant women from 24-h recalls was developed. Food items were classified according to the FAO/WHO GIFT classification, and their contribution to iodine intake and interindividual variability was assessed by the proportion of means method and linear regression, respectively. The mean usual iodine intake was 163.1 mcg (95% CI: 162.9-163.2). The food groups "spices and condiments," "cereals and their products," and "milk and milk products"; and the food subgroups "herbs and spices," "wheat and wheat-based products," "milk: fresh and processed," "dough-based sweets," and "eggs: fresh and processed" contributed to at least 80% of the iodine intake. Of these, only the food subgroups "milk," "dough-based sweets," and "eggs" did not explain the higher proportion (> 80%) of the interindividual variability. The contribution of "salt," "white French bread," "fluid whole milk," and "rice" to the iodine intake and its interindividual variability is highlighted. This study confirms the importance of "salt" as a dietary source of iodine and that few food groups and subgroups explained the difference in the iodine intake among pregnant women. Despite that, Brazilian staple foods, such as "rice," "beans," "eggs," "milk," and "bread" were identified as important for iodine intake and could be included in nutritional guidelines targeted to Brazilian pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Letícia Frizzi Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Nutrição, Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas II, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Patricia Crispim
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner 632, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Beraldi Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentação e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner 632, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - Francilene Maria Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Nutrição, Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas II, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Farias de Novaes
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas II, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Abreu de Carvalho
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Rua Barão de Itapary, 155, São Luís, MA, 65020-070, Brazil
| | - Danielle Góes da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Edimar Aparecida Filomeno Fontes
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Souza Macedo
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Alto da Jacuba, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus II, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Nº 5000, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Sylvia do Carmo Castro Franceschini
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas II, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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HPLC Analysis of the Urinary Iodine Concentration in Pregnant Women. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226797. [PMID: 34833891 PMCID: PMC8619590 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is an essential component for fetal neurodevelopment and maternal thyroid function. Urine iodine is the most widely used indicator of iodine status. In this study, a novel validated ion-pair HPLC-UV method was developed to measure iodine concentration in clinical samples. A sodium thiosulfate solution was added to the urine sample to convert the total free iodine to iodide. Chromatographic separation was achieved in a Pursuit XRs C8 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and a water phase containing 18-crown-6-ether, octylamine and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Validation parameters, such as accuracy, precision, limits of detection and quantification, linearity and stability, were determined. Urinary samples from pregnant women were used to complete the validation and confirm the method's applicability. In the studied population of 93 pregnant women, the median UIC was lower in the group without iodine supplementation (117 µg/L, confidence interval (%CI): 95; 138) than in the supplement group (133 µg/L, %CI: 109; 157). In conclusion, the newly established ion-pair HPLC-UV method was adequately precise, accurate and fulfilled validation the criteria for analyzing compounds in biological fluids. The method is less complicated and expensive than other frequently used assays and permits the identification of the iodine-deficient subjects.
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Machamba AAL, Azevedo FM, Fracalossi KO, do C C Franceschini S. Effect of iodine supplementation in pregnancy on neurocognitive development on offspring in iodine deficiency areas: a systematic review. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:352-367. [PMID: 34191411 PMCID: PMC10065350 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of iodine supplementation during gestation on the neurocognitive development of children in areas where iodine deficiency is common. Methods Based on the PRISMA methodology, we conducted the search for articles in the PubMed, LILACS and Scopus databases, between March and April 2020, without limitation of dates. We used descriptors in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, without filters. Four clinical trials and four cohort articles were included in the review. Results The maximum supplementation was 300 μg of potassium iodide per day. The Bayley scale and Children's Communication Checklist-Short were used to assess neurodevelopment in children. There was no significant improvement in the children's mental development index and behavioural development index in the supplemented group; however, the psychomotor development index (PDI) showed improvement in the poorer gross motor skills. We found differences in the response time to sound in the supplemented group living in mild deficiency areas. Conclusion Daily supplementation with iodine can improve poor psychomotor development of children living in mild to moderate iodine deficiency areas. Thus, it is necessary to perform further studies to assess the effect of supplementation on neurodevelopment before, during and after gestation in mild to moderate iodine deficiency areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almeida A L Machamba
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brasil,
| | - Francilene M Azevedo
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Karen O Fracalossi
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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