Toxicity of Nanocomplexes Containing Gadolinium Orthovanadate Nanoparticles and Cholesterol

The Pivotal Role of Preclinical Animal Models in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery and Personalized Cancer Therapy Strategies

The establishment and utilization of preclinical animal models constitute a pivotal aspect across all facets of cancer research, indispensably contributing to the comprehension of disease initiation and progression mechanisms, as well as facilitating the development of innovative anti-cancer therapeutic approaches. These models have emerged as crucial bridges between basic and clinical research, offering multifaceted support to clinical investigations. This study initially focuses on the importance and benefits of establishing preclinical animal models, discussing the different types of preclinical animal models and recent advancements in cancer research. It then delves into cancer treatment, studying the characteristics of different stages of tumor development and the development of anti-cancer drugs. By integrating tumor hallmarks and preclinical research, we elaborate on the path of anti-cancer drug development and provide guidance on personalized cancer therapy strategies, including synthetic lethality approaches and novel drugs widely adopted in the field. Ultimately, we summarize a strategic framework for selecting preclinical safety experiments, tailored to experimental modalities and preclinical animal species, and present an outlook on the prospects and challenges associated with preclinical animal models. These models undoubtedly offer new avenues for cancer research, encompassing drug development and personalized anti-cancer protocols. Nevertheless, the road ahead continues to be lengthy and fraught with obstacles. Hence, we encourage researchers to persist in harnessing advanced technologies to refine preclinical animal models, thereby empowering these emerging paradigms to positively impact cancer patient outcomes.

Oxidative stress and potential effects of metal nanoparticles: A review of biocompatibility and toxicity concerns

Metal nanoparticles (M-NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties, driving diverse applications across packaging, biomedicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. However, the potential health risks associated with M-NPs must not be disregarded. M-NPs' ability to accumulate in organs and traverse the blood-brain barrier poses potential health threats to animals, humans, and the environment. The interaction between M-NPs and various cellular components, including DNA, multiple proteins, and mitochondria, triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), influencing several cellular activities. These interactions have been linked to various effects, such as protein alterations, the buildup of M-NPs in the Golgi apparatus, heightened lysosomal hydrolases, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, cell membrane impairment, cytoplasmic disruption, and fluctuations in ATP levels. Despite the evident advantages M-NPs offer in diverse applications, gaps in understanding their biocompatibility and toxicity necessitate further research. This review provides an updated assessment of M-NPs' pros and cons across different applications, emphasizing associated hazards and potential toxicity. To ensure the responsible and safe use of M-NPs, comprehensive research is conducted to fully grasp the potential impact of these nanoparticles on both human health and the environment. By delving into their intricate interactions with biological systems, we can navigate the delicate balance between harnessing the benefits of M-NPs and minimizing potential risks. Further exploration will pave the way for informed decision-making, leading to the conscientious development of these nanomaterials and safeguarding the well-being of society and the environment.