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Bogdanova M, Zabirnyk A, Malashicheva A, Semenova D, Kvitting JPE, Kaljusto ML, Perez MDM, Kostareva A, Stensløkken KO, Sullivan GJ, Rutkovskiy A, Vaage J. Models and Techniques to Study Aortic Valve Calcification in Vitro, ex Vivo and in Vivo. An Overview. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:835825. [PMID: 35721220 PMCID: PMC9203042 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.835825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis secondary to aortic valve calcification is the most common valve disease in the Western world. Calcification is a result of pathological proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of resident valve interstitial cells. To develop non-surgical treatments, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathological calcification must be revealed. In the current overview, we present methods for evaluation of calcification in different ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo situations including imaging in patients. The latter include echocardiography, scanning with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Particular emphasis is on translational studies of calcific aortic valve stenosis with a special focus on cell culture using human primary cell cultures. Such models are widely used and suitable for screening of drugs against calcification. Animal models are presented, but there is no animal model that faithfully mimics human calcific aortic valve disease. A model of experimentally induced calcification in whole porcine aortic valve leaflets ex vivo is also included. Finally, miscellaneous methods and aspects of aortic valve calcification, such as, for instance, biomarkers are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bogdanova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arsenii Zabirnyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Semenova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Mari-Liis Kaljusto
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Woman and Children Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth J Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub - Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arkady Rutkovskiy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Colleville B, Perzo N, Avinée G, Dumesnil A, Ziegler F, Billoir P, Eltchaninoff H, Richard V, Durand E. Impact of high-fat diet and vitamin D 3 supplementation on aortic stenosis establishment in waved-2 epidermal growth factor receptor mutant mice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 17:107-114. [PMID: 30792149 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of animal models of aortic stenosis (AS) remains essential to further elucidate its pathophysiology and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies. The waved-2 mouse AS model has been proposed; data have indicated that while aortic regurgitation (AR) is effectively induced, development of AS is rare. We aimed to evaluate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) and vitamin D3 supplementation in this model. METHODS HFD and subcutaneous vitamin D3 injections were initiated at the age of 6 weeks until the age of 6 (n = 16, 6-month treatment group) and 9 (n = 11, 9-month treatment group) months. Twelve waved-2 mice without supplementation were used as control. Echocardiography was performed at 3, 6 and 9 months. Blood serum analysis (calcium, 1,25(OH)2D3 and cholesterol), histology and immunohistochemistry (CD-31, CD-68 and osteopontin) were evaluated at the end of the experiment (6 or 9 months). RESULTS Total cholesterol and 1,25(OH)2D3 were significantly increased relative to the control group. HFD and vitamin D3 supplementation did result in improvements to the model, since AS was only detected in 6 (15.3%) mice (2 in the 3 groups) and AR was developed in the remaining animals. Echocardiographic parameters, fibrosis, thickness, inflammation and valvular calcification, were not significantly different between the 6-month treatment and control groups. Similar results were also observed in the 9-month treatment group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that HFD and vitamin D3 supplementation have no effect in the waved-2 mouse model. This model essentially mimics AR and rarely AS. Further studies are needed to find a reliable animal model of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice Colleville
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Perzo
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France
| | - Guillaume Avinée
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France; Department of Cardiology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Anaïs Dumesnil
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France
| | - Frederic Ziegler
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1073 (Nutrition, Inflammation et Dysfonction de l'axe Intestin-Cerveau), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Institute for Clinical Biology-General Biochemistry Unit, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Paul Billoir
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France; Department of Vascular Hemostasis, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Eltchaninoff
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France; Department of Cardiology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Richard
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France
| | - Eric Durand
- Department of Biology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1096 (Endothélium, Valvulopathies et Insuffisance Cardiaque), Normandie University, Unirouen, 76000 Rouen, France; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire REMODeling in Valvulopathy and Heart Failure, Rouen, France; Department of Cardiology, Rouen University Hospital, 76031 Rouen Cedex, France.
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Gillis K, Bala G, Roosens B, Hernot S, Remory I, Scheirlynck E, Geers J, Droogmans S, Cosyns B. Clinical validation of an ultrasound quantification score for aortic valve calcifications. Int J Cardiol 2018; 252:68-71. [PMID: 29249440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kris Gillis
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium; In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Building K, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium.
| | - Gezim Bala
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium; In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Building K, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Bram Roosens
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium; In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Building K, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Building K, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Isabel Remory
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Building K, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Esther Scheirlynck
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium; In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Building K, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Jolien Geers
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium; In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Building K, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Steven Droogmans
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium; In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Building K, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium; In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Building K, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
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Gillis K, Roosens B, Bala G, Remory I, Hernot S, Delvenne P, Mestrez F, Droogmans S, Cosyns B. Interaction of renal failure and dyslipidaemia in the development of calcific aortic valve disease in rats. Acta Cardiol 2017; 72:537-546. [PMID: 28657494 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2017.1311138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is currently the most common heart valve disease worldwide and is known to be an active process. Both renal failure and dyslipidaemia are considered to be promoting factors for the development of valvular calcifications. The aim of this study is to prospectively evaluate the respective contribution and interaction of renal failure and dyslipidaemia on CAVD in a rat model, using echocardiography and compared with histology. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty-eight male Wistar rats were prospectively divided in eight groups, each fed a different diet to induce renal failure alone and combined with hyperlipidaemia or hypercholesterolemia. CAVD was detected and quantified by calibrated integrated backscatter of ultrasound (cIB) and compared with the histological calcium score. The study follow-up was 20 weeks. At the end of the study, the cIB value and the calcium score of the aortic valve were significantly increased in the group with isolated renal failure but not with dyslipidaemia. The combination of renal failure with high cholesterol or high-fat diet did not significantly increase calcifications further. CONCLUSIONS Renal failure alone does induce aortic valve calcifications in a rat model of CAVD, whereas dyslipidaemia alone does not. The combination of renal failure with dyslipidaemia does not increase calcification further. These findings suggest that a combination of atherosclerotic and calcifying factors is not required to induce aortic valve calcifications in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Gillis
- Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Jette, Belgium
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Bram Roosens
- Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Jette, Belgium
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Gezim Bala
- Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Jette, Belgium
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Isabel Remory
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital (CHU) of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Mestrez
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital (CHU) Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium
| | - Steven Droogmans
- Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Jette, Belgium
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Centrum voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Jette, Belgium
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
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Gillis K, Bala G, Roosens B, Remory I, Hernot S, Droogmans S, Cosyns B. Quantification of Calcium Amount in a New Experimental Model: A Comparison between Ultrasound and Computed Tomography. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148904. [PMID: 26859304 PMCID: PMC4747484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Calcification is an important prognostic factor in aortic valve stenosis. However, there is no ultrasound (US) method available to accurately quantify calcification in this setting to date. We aimed to validate a new US method for measuring the amount of calcium in an in vitro model, and compare it to computed tomography (CT), the current imaging gold standard. Materials and Methods An agar phantom (2% agar) was made, containing 9 different amounts of calcium-hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH (2 to 50mg). The phantoms were imaged with micro-CT and US (10 MHz probe). The calcium area (areacalcium) and its maximum pixel value (PVmax) were obtained. These values were summed to calculate CT and US calcium scores (∑(areacalcium × PVmax)) and volumes (∑areacalcium). Both US- and CT-calcium scores were compared with the calcium amounts, and with each other. Results Both calcium scores correlated significantly with the calcium amount (R2 = 0.9788, p<0.0001 and R2 = 0.8154, p<0.0001 for CT and US respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between US and CT for calcium volumes (R2 = 0.7392, p<0.0001) and scores (R2 = 0.7391, p<0.0001). Conclusion We developed a new US method that accurately quantifies the amount of calcium in an in vitro model. Moreover it is strongly correlated with CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Gillis
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI) laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), Department of Cardiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussel, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Gezim Bala
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI) laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), Department of Cardiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussel, Belgium
| | - Bram Roosens
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI) laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), Department of Cardiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussel, Belgium
| | - Isabel Remory
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI) laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI) laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Droogmans
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI) laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), Department of Cardiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussel, Belgium
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI) laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Centrum voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), Department of Cardiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussel, Belgium
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Gillis K, Bala G, Roosens B, Remory I, De Raeve H, Tierens S, Hernot S, Van Camp G, Droogmans S, Cosyns B. Echocardiographic integrated backscatter for the differentiation between aortic valve calcification and valvular myxoid degeneration in rats. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15:1042-7. [PMID: 24787702 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Calcification is an independent predictor of mortality in aortic valve (AV) stenosis. Echocardiographic calibrated integrated backscatter (cIB) is a promising parameter for quantifying AV calcification. However, the ability of cIB to differentiate between calcification and valvular thickening has been questioned. Therefore, we aimed to use cIB to study AV calcification compared with non-calcified AV thickening in rats, with histology as reference. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty male Wistar rats were studied. Group 1 (N = 6) received subcutaneous (SC) serotonin injections (60 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks to induce myxoid non-calcified AV thickening. Group 2 (N = 7) received vitamin D3 (25,000 UI/kg/day) SC to induce AV calcification, and Group 3 (N = 7) received only vehicle SC for 10 weeks. cIB of the AV was calculated at the end of the study, followed by measurement of the percentage of the histological AV calcification. At the end of the study, cIB values and calcification percentages were significantly higher in vitamin D3-injected rats compared with serotonin-injected rats and controls. There was no significant difference in cIB values between serotonin-injected rats and controls (vitamin D3: 21.5 ± 3.0 dB*; serotonin: 11.8 ± 3.1 dB; control: 10.3 ± 3.4 dB; *P < 0.05). The percentage of histological calcification was significantly higher in the vitamin D3 group compared with the other groups. Serotonin-injected rats developed significant AV thickening. CONCLUSION Increased cIB values of the AV are related to increased calcification at histology and not to myxoid non-calcified valvular thickening. Therefore, cIB may be considered as a sensitive technique to quantify calcification of AV rather than for detecting non-calcified valvular thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Gillis
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Gezim Bala
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Bram Roosens
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Isabel Remory
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | | | - Simon Tierens
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Steven Droogmans
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
| | - Bernard Cosyns
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart-en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Jette, Belgium
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Roosens B, Bala G, Droogmans S, Hostens J, Somja J, Delvenne E, Schiettecatte J, Delvenne P, Caveliers V, Lahoutte T, Van Camp G, Cosyns B. Echocardiographic integrated backscatter for assessing reduction of aortic valve calcifications by R-568 in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:2075-2083. [PMID: 23932280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and secondary hyper-parathyroidism are associated with calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Innovative modalities for imaging CAVD are warranted. Our aim was to use echocardiographic calibrated integrated backscatter (cIB) to quantitatively determine the preventive effect of the calcimimetic R-568 on CAVD in a CKD rat model, and to compare the results with those of micro-computed tomography and histology. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were followed for 7 wk. Rats were divided into four groups with respect to treatment: (1) adenine 0.5% to induce CKD + vehicle; (2) adenine + R-568 (30 mg/kg/d); (3) control, normal diet + vehicle; (4) controls, normal diet + R-568. At week 7, cIB values of the aortic valve were significantly lower in R-568-treated group 2 than in vehicle-treated group 1. This was confirmed by the significantly lower calcified volume observed on micro-computed tomography and the calcified area observed on histology. There were no significant differences in fractional area change and aortic valve area between groups. In conclusion, echocardiographic cIB was able to quantitatively assess a reduction in CAVD by R-568 in a rat model of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Roosens
- Centrum Voor Hart- en Vaatziekten, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Roosens B, Bala G, Gillis K, Remory I, Droogmans S, Somja J, Delvenne E, De Nayer J, Schiettecatte J, Delvenne P, Lancellotti P, Van Camp G, Cosyns B. Echocardiographic integrated backscatter for detecting progression and regression of aortic valve calcifications in rats. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2013; 11:4. [PMID: 23351880 PMCID: PMC3598438 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcification is an independent predictor of mortality in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of non-invasive, non-ionizing echocardiographic calibrated integrated backscatter (cIB) for monitoring progression and subsequent regression of aortic valvular calcifications in a rat model of reversible renal failure with CAVD, compared to histology. Methods 28 male Wistar rats were prospectively followed during 21 weeks. Group 1 (N=14) was fed with a 0.5% adenine diet for 9 weeks to induce renal failure and CAVD. Group 2 (N=14) received a standard diet. At week 9, six animals of each group were killed. The remaining animals of group 1 (N=8) and group 2 (N=8) were kept on a standard diet for an additional 12 weeks. cIB of the aortic valve was calculated at baseline, 9 and 21 weeks, followed by measurement of the calcified area (Ca Area) on histology. Results At week 9, cIB values and Ca Area of the aortic valve were significantly increased in the adenine-fed rats compared to baseline and controls. After 12 weeks of adenine diet cessation, cIB values and Ca Area of group 1 decreased compared to week 9, while there was no longer a significant difference compared to age-matched controls of group 2. Conclusions cIB is a non-invasive tool allowing quantitative monitoring of CAVD progression and regression in a rat model of reversible renal failure, as validated by comparison with histology. This technique might become useful for assessing CAVD during targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Roosens
- Department of Cardiology, Centrum Voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Roosens B, Bala G, Droogmans S, Hostens J, Somja J, Delvenne E, Schiettecatte J, Delvenne P, Lahoutte T, Van Camp G, Cosyns B. Occurrence of cardiovascular calcifications in normal, aging rats. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:614-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sverdlov AL, Ngo DT, Chan WP, Chirkov YY, Gersh BJ, McNeil JJ, Horowitz JD. Determinants of aortic sclerosis progression: implications regarding impairment of nitric oxide signalling and potential therapeutics. Eur Heart J 2012; 33:2419-25. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Roosens B, Bala G, Droogmans S, Van Camp G, Breyne J, Cosyns B. Animal models of organic heart valve disease. Int J Cardiol 2012; 165:398-409. [PMID: 22475840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heart valve disease is a frequently encountered pathology, related to high morbidity and mortality rates in industrialized and developing countries. Animal models are interesting to investigate the causality, but also underlying mechanisms and potential treatments of human valvular diseases. Recently, animal models of heart valve disease have been developed, which allow to investigate the pathophysiology, and to follow the progression and the potential regression of disease with therapeutics over time. The present review provides an overview of animal models of primary, organic heart valve disease: myxoid age-related, infectious, drug-induced, degenerative calcified, and mechanically induced valvular heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Roosens
- Centrum Voor Hart- en Vaatziekten (CHVZ), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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