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Domínguez Romero Y, Montoya Ortiz G, Novoa Herrán S, Osorio Mendez J, Gomez Grosso LA. miRNA Expression Profiles in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes: Insights into Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5272. [PMID: 38791311 PMCID: PMC11121573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for various cancers, is limited in its clinical utility by its cardiotoxic effects. Despite its widespread use, the precise mechanisms underlying DOX-induced cardiotoxicity at the cellular and molecular levels remain unclear, hindering the development of preventive and early detection strategies. To characterize the cytotoxic effects of DOX on isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes, focusing on the expression of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) and their molecular targets associated with endogenous cardioprotective mechanisms such as the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), FOXO1, and GSK3β. We isolated Guinea pig ventricular cardiomyocytes by retrograde perfusion and enzymatic dissociation. We assessed cell morphology, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels, intracellular calcium, and mitochondrial membrane potential using light microscopy and specific probes. We determined the miRNA expression profile using small RNAseq and validated it using stem-loop qRT-PCR. We quantified mRNA levels of some predicted and validated molecular targets using qRT-PCR and analyzed protein expression using Western blot. Exposure to 10 µM DOX resulted in cardiomyocyte shortening, increased ROS and intracellular calcium levels, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, and changes in specific miRNA expression. Additionally, we observed the differential expression of KATP subunits (ABCC9, KCNJ8, and KCNJ11), FOXO1, SIRT1, and GSK3β molecules associated with endogenous cardioprotective mechanisms. Supported by miRNA gene regulatory networks and functional enrichment analysis, these findings suggest that DOX-induced cardiotoxicity disrupts biological processes associated with cardioprotective mechanisms. Further research must clarify their specific molecular changes in DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction and investigate their diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohana Domínguez Romero
- Doctorate in Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
- Molecular Physiology Group, Sub-Direction of Scientific and Technological Research, Direction of Public, Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (G.M.O.); (S.N.H.); (J.O.M.)
| | - Gladis Montoya Ortiz
- Molecular Physiology Group, Sub-Direction of Scientific and Technological Research, Direction of Public, Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (G.M.O.); (S.N.H.); (J.O.M.)
| | - Susana Novoa Herrán
- Molecular Physiology Group, Sub-Direction of Scientific and Technological Research, Direction of Public, Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (G.M.O.); (S.N.H.); (J.O.M.)
| | - Jhon Osorio Mendez
- Molecular Physiology Group, Sub-Direction of Scientific and Technological Research, Direction of Public, Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (G.M.O.); (S.N.H.); (J.O.M.)
- Master in Biochemistry Program, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Luis A. Gomez Grosso
- Molecular Physiology Group, Sub-Direction of Scientific and Technological Research, Direction of Public, Health Research, National Institute of Health, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (G.M.O.); (S.N.H.); (J.O.M.)
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
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Sobhy MH, Ismail A, Abdel-Hamid MS, Wagih M, Kamel M. 2-Methoxyestradiol ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by regulating the expression of GLUT4 and CPT-1B in female rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03073-z. [PMID: 38652282 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The clinical usage of doxorubicin (DOX) is hampered due to cardiomyopathy. Studies reveal that estrogen (E2) modulates DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Yet, the exact mechanism is unclear. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the influence of E2 and more specifically its metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) on cardiac remodeling and the reprogramming of cardiac metabolism in rats subjected to DOX cardiotoxicity. Seventy-two female rats were divided into groups. Cardiotoxicity was induced by administering DOX (2.5 mg/kg three times weekly for 2 weeks). In some groups, the effect of endogenous E2 was abolished by ovariectomy (OVX) or by using the estrogen receptor (ER) blocker Fulvestrant (FULV). The effect of administering exogenous E2 or 2ME in the OVX group was studied. Furthermore, the influence of entacapone (COMT inhibitor) on induced cardiotoxicity was investigated. The evaluated cardiac parameters included ECG, histopathology, cardiac-related enzymes (creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), and lipid profile markers (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)). The expression levels of key metabolic enzymes (glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1B (CPT-1B)) were assessed. Our results displayed that co-treatment of E2 and/or 2ME with DOX significantly reduced DOX-induced cardiomyopathy and enhanced the metabolism of the heart through the maintenance of GLUT4 and CPT-1B enzymes. On the other hand, co-treatment of DOX with OVX, entacapone, or FULV increased the toxic effect of DOX by further reducing these important metabolic enzymes. E2 and 2ME abrogate DOX-induced cardiomyopathy partly through modulation of GLUT 4 and CPT-1B enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Sobhy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Wagih
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marwa Kamel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Nagy A, Börzsei D, Hoffmann A, Török S, Veszelka M, Almási N, Varga C, Szabó R. A Comprehensive Overview on Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: Insights into the Underlying Inflammatory and Oxidative Mechanisms. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024:10.1007/s10557-024-07574-0. [PMID: 38492161 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-024-07574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
While oncotherapy has made rapid progress in recent years, side effects of anti-cancer drugs and treatments have also come to the fore. These side effects include cardiotoxicity, which can cause irreversible cardiac damages with long-term morbidity and mortality. Despite the continuous in-depth research on anti-cancer drugs, an improved knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of cardiotoxicity are necessary for early detection and management of cardiac risk. Although most reviews focus on the cardiotoxic effect of a specific individual chemotherapeutic agent, the aim of our review is to provide comprehensive insight into various agents that induced cardiotoxicity and their underlying mechanisms. Characterization of these mechanisms are underpinned by research on animal models and clinical studies. In order to gain insight into these complex mechanisms, we emphasize the role of inflammatory processes and oxidative stress on chemotherapy-induced cardiac changes. A better understanding and identification of the interplay between chemotherapy and inflammatory/oxidative processes hold some promise to prevent or at least mitigate cardiotoxicity-associated morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Nagy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Denise Börzsei
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Hoffmann
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Török
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Médea Veszelka
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Almási
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Szabó
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
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Li K, Chen W, Ma L, Yan L, Wang B. Approaches for reducing chemo/radiation-induced cardiotoxicity by nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117264. [PMID: 37776941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are fascinating and encouraging carriers for cancer treatment due to their extraordinary properties and potential applications in targeted drug delivery, treatment, and diagnosis. Experimental studies including in vitro and in vivo examinations show that nanoparticles can cause a revolution in different aspects of cancer therapy. Normal tissue toxicity and early and late consequences are the major limitations of cancer therapy by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the delivery of drugs into tumors or reducing the accumulation of drugs in normal tissues can permit a more satisfactory response of malignancies to therapy with more inferior side effects. Cardiac toxicity is one of the major problems for chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, several experimental studies have been performed to minimize the degenerative impacts of cancer treatment on the heart and also enhance the influences of radiotherapy and chemotherapy agents in cancers. This review article emphasizes the benefits of nanoparticle-based drug delivery techniques, including minimizing the exposure of the heart to anticancer drugs, enhancing the accumulation of drugs in cancers, and expanding the effectiveness of radiotherapy. The article also discusses the challenges and problems accompanied with nanoparticle-based drug delivery techniques such as toxicity, which need to be addressed through further research. Moreover, the article emphasizes the importance of developing safe and effective nanoparticle-based therapies that can be translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Wan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Jiulongpo First People's Hospital, Chongqing, 400051, China
| | - Liping Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Laixing Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zouping People's Hospital, Zouping, shandong, 256299, China.
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Liao Y, Meng Q. Protection against cancer therapy-induced cardiovascular injury by planed-derived polyphenols and nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:116896. [PMID: 37586453 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapy-induced heart injury is a significant concern for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and also targeted molecular therapy. The use of these treatments can lead to oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte damage in the heart, which can result in heart failure and other cardiac complications. Experimental studies have revealed that chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide can cause severe side effects such as cardiac fibrosis, electrophysiological remodeling, chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, etc., which may increase risk of cardiac disorders and attacks for patients that underwent chemotherapy. Similar consequences may also be observed for patients that undergo radiotherapy for left breast or lung malignancies. Polyphenols, a group of natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, have shown the potential in protecting against cancer therapy-induced heart injury. These compounds have been found to reduce oxidative stress, necrosis and apoptosis in the heart, thereby preserving cardiac function. In recent years, nanoparticles loaded with polyphenols have also provided for the delivery of these compounds and increasing their efficacy in different organs. These nanoparticles can improve the bioavailability and efficacy of polyphenols while minimizing their toxicity. This review article summarizes the current understanding of the protective effects of polyphenols and nanoparticles loaded with polyphenols against cancer therapy-induced heart injury. The article discusses the mechanisms by which polyphenols protect the heart, including antioxidant and anti-inflammation abilities. The article also highlights the potential benefits of using nanoparticles for the delivery of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshu Liao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Shen J, Wang Q, Mao Y, Gao W, Duan S. Targeting the p53 signaling pathway in cancers: Molecular mechanisms and clinical studies. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e288. [PMID: 37256211 PMCID: PMC10225743 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 can transcriptionally activate downstream genes in response to stress, and then regulate the cell cycle, DNA repair, metabolism, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and other biological responses. p53 has seven functional domains and 12 splice isoforms, and different domains and subtypes play different roles. The activation and inactivation of p53 are finely regulated and are associated with phosphorylation/acetylation modification and ubiquitination modification, respectively. Abnormal activation of p53 is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. While targeted therapy of the p53 signaling pathway is still in its early stages and only a few drugs or treatments have entered clinical trials, the development of new drugs and ongoing clinical trials are expected to lead to the widespread use of p53 signaling-targeted therapy in cancer treatment in the future. TRIAP1 is a novel p53 downstream inhibitor of apoptosis. TRIAP1 is the homolog of yeast mitochondrial intermembrane protein MDM35, which can play a tumor-promoting role by blocking the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. This work provides a systematic overview of recent basic research and clinical progress in the p53 signaling pathway and proposes that TRIAP1 is an important therapeutic target downstream of p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qurui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yunan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang ProvinceSchool of MedicineHangzhou City UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
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7
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Lalani AR, Fakhari F, Radgoudarzi S, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Moloudi K, Khodamoradi E, Taeb S, Najafi M. Immunoregulation by resveratrol; implications for normal tissue protection and tumour suppression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:353-368. [PMID: 36786378 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune reactions are involved in both tumour and normal tissue in response to therapy. Elevated secretion of certain chemokines, exosomes and cytokines triggers inflammation, pain, fibrosis and ulceration among other normal tissue side effects. On the other hand, secretion of tumour-promoting molecules suppresses activity of anticancer immune cells and facilitates the proliferation of malignant cells. Novel anticancer drugs such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) boost anticancer immunity via inducing the proliferation of anticancer cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Certain chemotherapy drugs and radiotherapy may induce anticancer immunity in the tumour, however, both have severe side effects for normal tissues through stimulation of several immune responses. Thus, administration of natural products with low side effects may be a promising approach to modulate the immune system in both tumour and normal organs. Resveratrol is a well-known phenol with diverse effects on normal tissues and tumours. To date, a large number of experiments have confirmed the potential of resveratrol as an anticancer adjuvant. This review focuses on ensuing stimulation or suppression of immune responses in both tumour and normal tissue after radiotherapy or anticancer drugs. Later on, the immunoregulatory effects of resveratrol in both tumour and normal tissue following exposure to anticancer agents will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armineh Rezagholi Lalani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fakhari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shakila Radgoudarzi
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Первый МГМУ им), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nima Rastegar-Pouyani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kave Moloudi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Moro N, Dokshokova L, Perumal Vanaja I, Prando V, Cnudde SJA, Di Bona A, Bariani R, Schirone L, Bauce B, Angelini A, Sciarretta S, Ghigo A, Mongillo M, Zaglia T. Neurotoxic Effect of Doxorubicin Treatment on Cardiac Sympathetic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911098. [PMID: 36232393 PMCID: PMC9569551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOXO) remains amongst the most commonly used anti-cancer agents for the treatment of solid tumors, lymphomas, and leukemias. However, its clinical use is hampered by cardiotoxicity, characterized by heart failure and arrhythmias, which may require chemotherapy interruption, with devastating consequences on patient survival and quality of life. Although the adverse cardiac effects of DOXO are consolidated, the underlying mechanisms are still incompletely understood. It was previously shown that DOXO leads to proteotoxic cardiomyocyte (CM) death and myocardial fibrosis, both mechanisms leading to mechanical and electrical dysfunction. While several works focused on CMs as the culprits of DOXO-induced arrhythmias and heart failure, recent studies suggest that DOXO may also affect cardiac sympathetic neurons (cSNs), which would thus represent additional cells targeted in DOXO-cardiotoxicity. Confocal immunofluorescence and morphometric analyses revealed alterations in SN innervation density and topology in hearts from DOXO-treated mice, which was consistent with the reduced cardiotropic effect of adrenergic neurons in vivo. Ex vivo analyses suggested that DOXO-induced denervation may be linked to reduced neurotrophic input, which we have shown to rely on nerve growth factor, released from innervated CMs. Notably, similar alterations were observed in explanted hearts from DOXO-treated patients. Our data demonstrate that chemotherapy cardiotoxicity includes alterations in cardiac innervation, unveiling a previously unrecognized effect of DOXO on cardiac autonomic regulation, which is involved in both cardiac physiology and pathology, including heart failure and arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lolita Dokshokova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Induja Perumal Vanaja
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Prando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sophie Julie A Cnudde
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Di Bona
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bariani
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Schirone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Barbara Bauce
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Angelini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza, University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Mongillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (T.Z.); Tel.: +39-0497923229 (M.M.); +39-0497923294 (T.Z.); Fax: +39-0497923250 (M.M.); +39-0497923250 (T.Z.)
| | - Tania Zaglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (T.Z.); Tel.: +39-0497923229 (M.M.); +39-0497923294 (T.Z.); Fax: +39-0497923250 (M.M.); +39-0497923250 (T.Z.)
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