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Brysiewicz A, Formicki K. The effect of static magnetic field on melanophores in the sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta Linnaeus, 1758) embryos and larvae. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1680319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Formicki
- Division of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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2
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Yin S, Song N, Yang H. Detection of Velocity and Diffusion Coefficient Change Points in Single-Particle Trajectories. Biophys J 2017; 115:217-229. [PMID: 29241585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The position-time trajectory of a biological subject moving in a complex environment contains rich information about how it interacts with the local setting. Whether the subject be an animal or an intracellular endosomal vesicle, the two primary modes of biological locomotion are directional movement and random walk, respectively characterized by velocity and diffusion coefficient. This contribution introduces a method to quantitatively divide a single-particle trajectory into segments that exhibit changes in the diffusion coefficient, velocity, or both. With the determination of these two physical parameters given by the maximum likelihood estimators, the relative precisions are given as explicit functions of the number of data points and total trajectory time. The method is based on rigorous statistical tests and does not require any presumed kinetics scheme. Results of extensive characterizations, extensions to 2D and 3D trajectories, and applications to common scenarios are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Nancy Song
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Haw Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
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Brysiewicz A, Formicki K, Tański A, Wesołowski P. Magnetic field effect on melanophores of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) and vendace Coregonus albula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Salmonidae) during early embryogenesis. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2016.1272644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Brysiewicz
- West Pomeranian Research Centre, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K. Formicki
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczeci, Poland
| | - A. Tański
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczeci, Poland
| | - P. Wesołowski
- West Pomeranian Research Centre, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Szczecin, Poland
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Chowdary PD, Che DL, Kaplan L, Chen O, Pu K, Bawendi M, Cui B. Nanoparticle-assisted optical tethering of endosomes reveals the cooperative function of dyneins in retrograde axonal transport. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18059. [PMID: 26656461 PMCID: PMC4674899 DOI: 10.1038/srep18059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynein-dependent transport of organelles from the axon terminals to the cell bodies is essential to the survival and function of neurons. However, quantitative knowledge of dyneins on axonal organelles and their collective function during this long-distance transport is lacking because current technologies to do such measurements are not applicable to neurons. Here, we report a new method termed nanoparticle-assisted optical tethering of endosomes (NOTE) that made it possible to study the cooperative mechanics of dyneins on retrograde axonal endosomes in live neurons. In this method, the opposing force from an elastic tether causes the endosomes to gradually stall under load and detach with a recoil velocity proportional to the dynein forces. These recoil velocities reveal that the axonal endosomes, despite their small size, can recruit up to 7 dyneins that function as independent mechanical units stochastically sharing load, which is vital for robust retrograde axonal transport. This study shows that NOTE, which relies on controlled generation of reactive oxygen species, is a viable method to manipulate small cellular cargos that are beyond the reach of current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen D. Chowdary
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daphne L. Che
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luke Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachussets Institute of Technology, 77 Massachussets Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.3, B2-05, Singapore 637459
| | - Moungi Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachussets Institute of Technology, 77 Massachussets Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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De Rossi MC, De Rossi ME, Sued M, Rodríguez D, Bruno L, Levi V. Asymmetries in kinesin-2 and cytoplasmic dynein contributions to melanosome transport. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2763-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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When size does matter: organelle size influences the properties of transport mediated by molecular motors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5095-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bouzat S, Levi V, Bruno L. Transport properties of melanosomes along microtubules interpreted by a tug-of-war model with loose mechanical coupling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43599. [PMID: 22952716 PMCID: PMC3431353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explored theoretically the transport of organelles driven along microtubules by molecular motors of opposed polarities using a stochastic model that considers a Langevin dynamics for the cargo, independent cargo-motor linkers and stepping motion for the motors. It has been recently proposed that the stiffness of the motor plays an important role when multiple motors collectively transport a cargo. Therefore, we considered in our model the recently reported values for the stiffness of the cargo-motor linker determined in living cells (∼0.01 pN/nm, [1]) which is significantly lower than the motor stiffness obtained in in vitro assays and used in previous studies. Our model could reproduce the multimodal velocity distributions and typical trajectory characteristics including the properties of the reversions in the overall direction of motion observed during melanosome transport along microtubules in Xenopus laevis melanophores. Moreover, we explored the contribution of the different motility states of the cargo-motor system to the different modes of the velocity distributions and could identify the microscopic mechanisms of transport leading to trajectories compatible with those observed in living cells. Finally, by changing the attachment and detachment rates, the model could reproduce the different velocity distributions observed during melanosome transport along microtubules in Xenopus laevis melanophores stimulated for aggregation and dispersion. Our analysis suggests that active tug-of-war processes with loose mechanical coupling can account for several aspects of cargo transport along microtubules in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Bouzat
- Centro Atómico Bariloche - Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Valeria Levi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Bruno
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Bruno L, Salierno M, Wetzler DE, Despósito MA, Levi V. Mechanical properties of organelles driven by microtubule-dependent molecular motors in living cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18332. [PMID: 21483765 PMCID: PMC3069964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of the cytoplasm is regulated by molecular motors which transport organelles and other cargoes along cytoskeleton tracks. Melanophores have pigment organelles or melanosomes that move along microtubules toward their minus and plus end by the action of cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin-2, respectively. In this work, we used single particle tracking to characterize the mechanical properties of motor-driven organelles during transport along microtubules. We tracked organelles with high temporal and spatial resolutions and characterized their dynamics perpendicular to the cytoskeleton track. The quantitative analysis of these data showed that the dynamics is due to a spring-like interaction between melanosomes and microtubules in a viscoelastic microenvironment. A model based on a generalized Langevin equation explained these observations and predicted that the stiffness measured for the motor complex acting as a linker between organelles and microtubules is ∼ one order smaller than that determined for motor proteins in vitro. This result suggests that other biomolecules involved in the interaction between motors and organelles contribute to the mechanical properties of the motor complex. We hypothesise that the high flexibility observed for the motor linker may be required to improve the efficiency of the transport driven by multiple copies of motor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Bruno
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Salierno
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana E. Wetzler
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A. Despósito
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Levi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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9
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Jamison DK, Driver JW, Rogers AR, Constantinou PE, Diehl MR. Two kinesins transport cargo primarily via the action of one motor: implications for intracellular transport. Biophys J 2011; 99:2967-77. [PMID: 21044594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of microtubule motors attached to vesicles, organelles, and other subcellular commodities is widely believed to influence their motile properties. There is also evidence that cells regulate intracellular transport by tuning the number and/or ratio of motor types on cargos. Yet, the number of motors responsible for cargo motion is not easily characterized, and the extent to which motor copy number affects intracellular transport remains controversial. Here, we examined the load-dependent properties of structurally defined motor assemblies composed of two kinesin-1 molecules. We found that a group of kinesins can produce forces and move with velocities beyond the abilities of single kinesin molecules. However, such capabilities are not typically harnessed by the system. Instead, two-kinesin assemblies adopt a range of microtubule-bound configurations while transporting cargos against an applied load. The binding arrangement of motors on their filament dictates how loads are distributed within the two-motor system, which in turn influences motor-microtubule affinities. Most configurations promote microtubule detachment and prevent both kinesins from contributing to force production. These results imply that cargos will tend to be carried by only a fraction of the total number of kinesins that are available for transport at any given time, and provide an alternative explanation for observations that intracellular transport depends weakly on kinesin number in vivo.
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Optically resolving individual microtubules in live axons. Structure 2010; 17:1433-41. [PMID: 19913478 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal tracks for cargo transportation in axons and also serve as the primary structural scaffold of neurons. Structural assembly, stability, and dynamics of axonal microtubules are of great interest for understanding neuronal functions and pathologies. However, microtubules are so densely packed in axons that their separations are well below the diffraction limit of light, which precludes using optical microscopy for live-cell studies. Here, we present a single-molecule imaging method capable of resolving individual microtubules in live axons. In our method, unlabeled microtubules are revealed by following individual axonal cargos that travel along them. We resolved more than six microtubules in a 1 microm diameter axon by real-time tracking of endosomes containing quantum dots. Our live-cell study also provided direct evidence that endosomes switch between microtubules while traveling along axons, which has been proposed to be the primary means for axonal cargos to effectively navigate through the crowded axoplasmic environment.
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Holzbaur ELF, Goldman YE. Coordination of molecular motors: from in vitro assays to intracellular dynamics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:4-13. [PMID: 20102789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
New technologies have emerged that enable the tracking of molecular motors and their cargos with very high resolution both in vitro and in live cells. Classic in vitro motility assays are being supplemented with assays of increasing complexity that more closely model the cellular environment. In cells, the introduction of probes such as quantum dots allows the high-resolution tracking of both motors and vesicular cargos. The 'bottom up' enhancement of in vitro assays and the 'top down' analysis of motility inside cells are likely to converge over the next few years. Together, these studies are providing new insights into the coordination of motors during intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L F Holzbaur
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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12
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Brunstein M, Bruno L, Desposito M, Levi V. Anomalous dynamics of melanosomes driven by myosin-V in Xenopus laevis melanophores. Biophys J 2009; 97:1548-57. [PMID: 19751659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of the cytoplasm is regulated by molecular motors, which transport organelles and other cargoes along cytoskeleton tracks. In this work, we use single particle tracking to study the in vivo regulation of the transport driven by myosin-V along actin filaments in Xenopus laevis melanophores. Melanophores have pigment organelles or melanosomes, which, in response to hormones, disperse in the cytoplasm or aggregate in the perinuclear region. We followed the motion of melanosomes in cells treated to depolymerize microtubules during aggregation and dispersion, focusing the analysis on the dynamics of these organelles in a time window not explored before to our knowledge. These data could not be explained by previous models that only consider active transport. We proposed a transport-diffusion model in which melanosomes may detach from actin tracks and reattach to nearby filaments to resume the active motion after a given time of diffusion. This model predicts that organelles spend approximately 70% and 10% of the total time in active transport during dispersion and aggregation, respectively. Our results suggest that the transport along actin filaments and the switching from actin to microtubule networks are regulated by changes in the diffusion time between periods of active motion driven by myosin-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Brunstein
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Marcoussis, France
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13
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Bruno L, Levi V, Brunstein M, Despósito MA. Transition to superdiffusive behavior in intracellular actin-based transport mediated by molecular motors. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 80:011912. [PMID: 19658734 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.011912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular transport of large cargoes, such as organelles, vesicles, or large proteins, is a complex dynamical process that involves the interplay of adenosine triphosphate-consuming molecular motors, cytoskeleton filaments, and the viscoelastic cytoplasm. In this work we investigate the motion of pigment organelles (melanosomes) driven by myosin-V motors in Xenopus laevis melanocytes using a high-spatio-temporal resolution tracking technique. By analyzing the obtained trajectories, we show that the melanosomes mean-square displacement undergoes a transition from a subdiffusive to a superdiffusive behavior. A stochastic theoretical model, which explicitly considers the collective action of the molecular motors, is introduced to generalize the interpretation of our data. Starting from a generalized Langevin equation, we derive an analytical expression for the mean square displacement, which also takes into account the experimental noise. By fitting theoretical expressions to experimental data we were able to discriminate the exponents that characterize the passive and active contributions to the dynamics and to estimate the "global" motor forces correctly. Then, our model gives a quantitative description of active transport in living cells with a reduced number of parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bruno
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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