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Wagatsuma T, Suzuki E, Shiotsu M, Sogo A, Nishito Y, Ando H, Hashimoto H, Petris MJ, Kinoshita M, Kambe T. Pigmentation and TYRP1 expression are mediated by zinc through the early secretory pathway-resident ZNT proteins. Commun Biol 2023; 6:403. [PMID: 37072620 PMCID: PMC10113262 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2 (TYRP1 and TYRP2) are essential for pigmentation. They are generally classified as type-3 copper proteins, with binuclear copper active sites. Although there is experimental evidence for a copper cofactor in TYR, delivered via the copper transporter, ATP7A, the presence of copper in TYRP1 and TYRP2 has not been demonstrated. Here, we report that the expression and function of TYRP1 requires zinc, mediated by ZNT5-ZNT6 heterodimers (ZNT5-6) or ZNT7-ZNT7 homodimers (ZNT7). Loss of ZNT5-6 and ZNT7 function results in hypopigmentation in medaka fish and human melanoma cells, and is accompanied by immature melanosomes and reduced melanin content, as observed in TYRP1 dysfunction. The requirement of ZNT5-6 and ZNT7 for TYRP1 expression is conserved in human, mouse, and chicken orthologs. Our results provide novel insights into the pigmentation process and address questions regarding metalation in tyrosinase protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Wagatsuma
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eisuke Suzuki
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Miku Shiotsu
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akiko Sogo
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yukina Nishito
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideya Ando
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Michael J Petris
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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2
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Ma EZ, Zhou AE, Hoegler KM, Khachemoune A. Oculocutaneous albinism: epidemiology, genetics, skin manifestation, and psychosocial issues. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:107-116. [PMID: 35217926 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of rare, inherited disorders associated with reduced melanin biosynthesis. Clinical manifestations of the eight known subtypes of OCA include hypopigmented skin, eyes, and hair and ocular manifestations, such as decreased visual acuity and nystagmus. OCA affects people globally but is most prevalent in African countries. Individuals with oculocutaneous albinism lack UV protection and are prone to skin damage and skin cancers. For many African albino individuals, there are significant challenges in seeking treatment for skin cancer and preventing sun damage due to psychosocial factors and poor education. This review summarizes the current understanding of the epidemiology, genetics, and clinical manifestations of OCA. We also discuss the medical and psychosocial challenges that affect individuals with OCA and the current landscape of albinism treatment modalities. The extent of the psychosocial challenges needs to be better understood and additional educational interventions may improve quality of life for people with albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Z Ma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Albert E Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karl M Hoegler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amor Khachemoune
- Brooklyn Campus of the VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, FACMS, 800 Poly Place, Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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3
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Dolinska MB, Anderson DE, Sergeev YV. In vitro characterization of the intramelanosomal domain of human recombinant TYRP1 and its oculocutaneous albinism type 3-related mutant variants. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4518. [PMID: 36412553 PMCID: PMC9793978 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1) is the most abundant melanosomal protein of the melanocyte, where plays an important role in the synthesis of eumelanin, possibly catalyzing the oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid to 5,6-quinone-2-carboxylic acid. Mutations to the TYRP1 gene can result in oculocutaneous albinism type 3 (OCA3), a rare disease characterized by reduced synthesis of melanin in skin, hair, and eyes. To investigate the effect of genetic mutations on the TYRP1 structure, function, and stability, we engineered the intramelanosomal domain of TYRP1 and its mutant variants mimicking either OCA3-related changes, C30R, H215Y, D308N, and R326H or R87G mutant variant, analogous to OCA1-related pathogenic effect in tyrosinase. Proteins were produced in Trichoplusia Ni larvae, then purified, and analyzed by biochemical methods. Data shows that D308N and R326H mutants keep the native conformations and demonstrate no change in their stability and enzymatic activity. In contrast, mutations C30R and R87G localized in the Cys-rich domain show the variants misfolding during the purification process. The H215Y variant disrupts the binding of Zn2+ in the active site and thus reduces the strength of the enzyme/substrate interactions. Our results, consistent with the clinical and in silico studies, show that mutations at the protein surface are expected to have a negligible phenotype change compared to that of TYRP1. For the mutations with severe phenotype changes, which were localized in the Cys-rich domain or the active site, we confirmed a complete or partial protein misfolding as the possible mechanism of protein malfunction caused by OCA3 inherited mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Anderson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Yuri V. Sergeev
- National Eye InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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Ullah MI. Clinical and Mutation Spectrum of Autosomal Recessive Non-Syndromic Oculocutaneous Albinism (nsOCA) in Pakistan: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061072. [PMID: 35741834 PMCID: PMC9222488 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive syndromic and non-syndromic defect with deficient or a complete lack of the melanin pigment. The characteristics of OCA appears in skin, hair, and eyes with variable degree of pigmentation. Clinical manifestations of OCA include nystagmus, photophobia, reduced visual acuity, hypo-plastic macula, and iris trans-illumination. There are eight OCA types (OCA1–8) documented with non-syndromic characteristics. Molecular studies identified seven genes linked to the OCA phenotype (TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, C10orf11, and DCT) and one locus (OCA5) in consanguineous and sporadic albinism. The complications of OCA result in skin cancer and variable syndromes such as Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) Chediak–Higashi syndrome (CHS). In the Pakistani population, autosomal recessive non-syndromic OCA is common and is associated with a large number of consanguineous families, and mutations in genes of non-syndromic types are reported. This review highlights the updates on the genetic mutation of OCA genes reported from Pakistani families. Several studies reported the genetic mutations in OCA1, OCA2, OCA3, OCA4, and OCA6 albinism in Pakistani families. A locus, OCA5, was also reported from the Pakistani population, but the gene has not been identified. A new type of OCA8 was identified due to the DCT gene mutation, and it is also reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 75471, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Zhang J, Fan M, Chen M, Wang H, Miao N, Yu H, Zhang L, Deng Q, Yi C. Identification of a novel mutation in CYBB gene in a Chinese neonate with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28875. [PMID: 35451380 PMCID: PMC8913083 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) is an X-linked recessive disorder of the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase system that can cause primary immunodeficiency. Mutations in the CYBB gene located in Xp21.1 were accounting for X-CGD disease. More than 600 mutations have been identified as the cause of X-CGD in various populations worldwide. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS In this study, the proband suffered from elevated white blood cells (WBC, 23.65 × 109/L), mainly in neutral (16.4 × 109/L). The neutrophil oxidative index of the patient was 2.13, which was extremely low, whereas his mother was 69.0 (Ref >100). Next, next-generation sequencing of the primary immunodeficiency diseases -related gene panel was performed. One novel mutation was identified in the CYBB gene in the CGD case: c.55C>G in exon 2. The mutation was verified by Sanger sequencing. The mother of the patient was heterozygous for the c.55C>G mutation, and the father was normal. These mutations were not present in the 100 unrelated normal controls. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES The patient died from severe and uncontrollable pulmonary infection at 3 months of age. LESSONS The identification of these mutations in this study further expands the spectrum of known CYBB gene mutations and contributes to the genetic counseling and prenatal molecular diagnosis of X-CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Organization and Personnel Section, Jinan Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Shandong University), Jinan 250022, China
| | - Meili Fan
- Enuresis Clinic of Tuina Department, Jinan Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Shandong University), Jinan 250022, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Shandong University), Jinan 250022, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Trauma Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Na Miao
- Department of Obstetrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Haihua Yu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Jinan Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Shandong University), Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lehai Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Shandong University), Jinan 250022, China
| | - Qianqian Deng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Lingcheng District's Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Dezhou 253500, China
| | - Changying Yi
- Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Shandong University), Jinan 250022, China
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Tyrp1 Mutant Variants Associated with OCA3: Computational Characterization of Protein Stability and Ligand Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910203. [PMID: 34638544 PMCID: PMC8508144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type 3 (OCA3) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the TYRP1 gene. Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) is involved in eumelanin synthesis, catalyzing the oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase (DHICA) to 5,6-indolequinone-2-carboxylic acid (IQCA). Here, for the first time, four OCA3-causing mutations of Tyrp1, C30R, H215Y, D308N, and R326H, were investigated computationally to understand Tyrp1 protein stability and catalytic activity. Using the Tyrp1 crystal structure (PDB:5M8L), global mutagenesis was conducted to evaluate mutant protein stability. Consistent with the foldability parameter, C30R and H215Y should exhibit greater instability, and two other mutants, D308N and R326H, are expected to keep a native conformation. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis of the purified recombinant proteins confirmed that the foldability parameter correctly predicted the effect of mutations critical for protein stability. Further, the mutant variant structures were built and simulated for 100 ns to generate free energy landscapes and perform docking experiments. Free energy landscapes formed by Y362, N378, and T391 indicate that the binding clefts of C30R and H215Y mutants are larger than the wild-type Tyrp1. In docking simulations, the hydrogen bond and salt bridge interactions that stabilize DHICA in the active site remain similar among Tyrp1, D308N, and R326H. However, the strengths of these interactions and stability of the docked ligand may decrease proportionally to mutation severity due to the larger and less well-defined natures of the binding clefts in mutants. Mutational perturbations in mutants that are not unfolded may result in allosteric alterations to the active site, reducing the stability of protein-ligand interactions.
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7
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Dumitrescu AV, Tran J, Pfeifer W, Bhattarai SV, Kemerley A, Dunn TV, Wang K, Scheetz TE, Drack A. Clinical albinism score, presence of nystagmus and optic nerves defects are correlated with visual outcome in patients with oculocutaneous albinism. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:539-552. [PMID: 34251969 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1933544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To correlate clinical features, molecular genetic findings, and visual acuity in a cohort of patients clinically diagnosed with oculocutaneous albinism.Design: Retrospective chart reviewMethods: 58 charts met the inclusion criteria. Clinical examination, ancillary testing, and molecular genetic diagnoses were extracted. A novel clinical albinism score (CAS) was developed.Results: A least one likely pathogenic mutation was found in 44/58 (75.9%) patients. Mutations in the OCA1 gene were the most common (52.3%), followed by OCA2 (34%), OCA4 (2.3%), OA1 (6.8%), and HPS (4.5%). Thirty-four percentage of patients had a complete genotype, 41% had one mutation found and 24% had negative genetic testing. CAS was statistically significantly higher in patients with complete genotype, versus patients with one or no mutations found (p < .01). Better visual acuity was associated with lower CAS and fewer disease-causing mutations (p < .01). Foveal defects and iris transillumination were associated with a higher number of mutations (p < .01). Patients with nystagmus or anomalous optic nerves had worse visual acuity than those who did not (p < .01, p < .05).Conclusions: Patients with a complete genotype were more likely to have higher CAS. Vision loss correlated with complete phenotype and higher CAS, the presence of nystagmus and anomalous optic nerves. Patients with features of albinism in whom an incomplete genotype was found had better vision than those with complete genotype, suggesting a mild occult mutation or modifier variant. Genetic diagnosis is vital for complete diagnosis, counseling, and family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina V Dumitrescu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Johnny Tran
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wanda Pfeifer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sajag V Bhattarai
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew Kemerley
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Taylor V Dunn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tod E Scheetz
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Arlene Drack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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8
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Current and emerging treatments for albinism. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 66:362-377. [PMID: 33129801 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a group of rare inherited disorders arising from impairment of melanin biosynthesis. The reduction of melanin synthesis leads to hypopigmentation of the skin and eyes. A wide range of ophthalmic manifestations arise from albinism, including reduction of visual acuity, nystagmus, strabismus, iris translucency, foveal hypoplasia, fundus hypopigmentation, and abnormal decussation of retinal ganglion cell axons at the optic chiasm. Currently, albinism is incurable, and treatment aims either surgically or pharmacologically to optimize vision and protect the skin; however, novel therapies that aim to directly address the molecular errors of albinism, such as l-dihydroxyphenylalanine and nitisinone, are being developed and have entered human trials though with limited success. Experimental gene-based strategies for editing the genetic errors in albinism have also met early success in animal models. The emergence of these new therapeutic modalities represents a new era in the management of albinism. We focus on the known genetic subtypes, clinical assessment, and existing and emerging therapeutic options for the nonsyndromic forms of albinism.
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Onojafe IF, Megan LH, Melch MG, Aderemi JO, Alur RP, Abu-Asab MS, Chan CC, Bernardini IM, Albert JS, Cogliati T, Adams DR, Brooks BP. Minimal Efficacy of Nitisinone Treatment in a Novel Mouse Model of Oculocutaneous Albinism, Type 3. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4945-4952. [PMID: 30347088 PMCID: PMC6181301 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oral nitisinone has been shown to increase fur and ocular pigmentation in a mouse model of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) due to hypomorphic mutations in tyrosinase (TYR), OCA1B. This study determines if nitisinone can improve ocular and/or fur pigmentation in a mouse model of OCA type 3 (OCA3), caused by mutation of the tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1) gene. Methods Mice homozygous for a null allele in the Tyrp1 gene (C57BL/6J-Tyrp1 b-J/J) were treated with 8 mg/kg nitisinone or vehicle every other day by oral gavage. Changes in fur and ocular melanin pigmentation were monitored. Mature ocular melanosome number and size were quantified in pigmented ocular structures by electron microscopy. Results C57BL/6J-Tyrp1 b-J/J mice carry a novel c.403T>A; 404delG mutation in Tyrp1, predicted to result in premature truncation of the TYRP1 protein. Nitisinone treatment resulted in an approximately 7-fold increase in plasma tyrosine concentrations without overt toxicity. After 1 month of treatment, no change in the color of fur or pigmented ocular structures was observed. The distribution of melanosome cross-sectional area was unchanged in ocular tissues. There was no significant difference in the number of pigmented melanosomes in the RPE/choroid of nitisinone-treated and control groups. However, there was a significant difference in the number of pigmented melanosomes in the iris. Conclusions Treatment of a mouse model of OCA3 with oral nitisinone did not have a favorable clinical effect on melanin production and minimally affected the number of pigmented melanosomes in the iris stroma. As such, treatment of OCA3 patients with nitisinone is unlikely to be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ighovie F Onojafe
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lucyanne H Megan
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Madeline G Melch
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Joseph O Aderemi
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ramakrishna P Alur
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Isa M Bernardini
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jessica S Albert
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Tiziana Cogliati
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - David R Adams
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Li J, Bed’hom B, Marthey S, Valade M, Dureux A, Moroldo M, Péchoux C, Coville J, Gourichon D, Vieaud A, Dorshorst B, Andersson L, Tixier‐Boichard M. A missense mutation in
TYRP1
causes the chocolate plumage color in chicken and alters melanosome structure. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:381-390. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Bertrand Bed’hom
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Sylvain Marthey
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Mathieu Valade
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Audrey Dureux
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Marco Moroldo
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Christine Péchoux
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Jean‐Luc Coville
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | | | - Agathe Vieaud
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA Université Paris‐Saclay Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Ben Dorshorst
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia
| | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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Krause A, Seymour H, Ramsay M. Common and Founder Mutations for Monogenic Traits in Sub-Saharan African Populations. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2018; 19:149-175. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights molecular genetic studies of monogenic traits where common pathogenic mutations occur in black families from sub-Saharan Africa. Examples of founder mutations have been identified for oculocutaneous albinism, cystic fibrosis, Fanconi anemia, and Gaucher disease. Although there are few studies from Africa, some of the mutations traverse populations across the continent, and they are almost all different from the common mutations observed in non-African populations. Myotonic dystrophy is curiously absent among Africans, and nonsyndromic deafness does not arise from mutations in GJB2 and GJB7. Locus heterogeneity is present for Huntington disease, with two common triplet expansion loci in Africa, HTT and JPH3. These findings have important clinical consequences for diagnosis, treatment, and genetic counseling in affected families. We currently have just a glimpse of the molecular etiology of monogenic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, a proverbial “ears of the hippo” situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heather Seymour
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Lin TF, Gerth-Kahlert C, Hanson JVM, Straumann D, Huang MYY. Spontaneous Nystagmus in the Dark in an Infantile Nystagmus Patient May Represent Negative Optokinetic Afternystagmus. Front Neurol 2018; 9:151. [PMID: 29593643 PMCID: PMC5861190 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal projection of the optic nerves to the wrong cerebral hemisphere transforms the optokinetic system from its usual negative feedback loop to a positive feedback loop with characteristic ocular motor instabilities including directional reversal of the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and spontaneous nystagmus, which are common features of infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS). Visual input plays a critical role in INS linked to an underlying optic nerve misprojection such as that often seen in albinism. However, spontaneous nystagmus often continues in darkness, making the visual, sensory-driven etiology questionable. We propose that sensorimotor adaptation during the constant nystagmus of patients in the light could account for continuing nystagmus in the dark. The OKN is a stereotyped reflexive eye movement in response to motion in the surround and serves to stabilize the visual image on the retina, allowing high resolution vision. Robust negative optokinetic afternystagmus (negative OKAN), referring to the continuous nystagmus in the dark with opposite beating direction of the preceding OKN, has been identified in various non-foveated animals. In humans, a robust afternystagmus in the same direction as previous smooth-pursuit movements (the eye's continuous tracking and foveation of a moving target) induced by visual stimuli has been known to commonly mask negative OKAN. Some INS patients are often associated with ocular hypopigmentation, foveal hypoplasia, and compromised smooth pursuit. We identified an INS case with negative OKAN in the dark, in contrast to the positive afternystagmus in healthy subjects. We hypothesize that spontaneous nystagmus in the dark in INS patients may be attributable to sensory adaptation in the optokinetic system after a sustained period of spontaneous nystagmus with directional visual input in light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Feng Lin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - James V M Hanson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Clinic for Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Straumann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melody Ying-Yu Huang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Marti A, Lasseaux E, Ezzedine K, Léauté-Labrèze C, Boralevi F, Paya C, Coste V, Deroissart V, Arveiler B, Taieb A, Morice-Picard F. Lessons of a day hospital: Comprehensive assessment of patients with albinism in a European setting. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 31:318-329. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Marti
- Paediatric Dermatology Unit; National Reference Center for Rare Skin Disorders; Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants; Bordeaux University Hospitals; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology; AP-HP; Hôpital Henri-Mondor; Créteil France
| | - Christine Léauté-Labrèze
- Paediatric Dermatology Unit; National Reference Center for Rare Skin Disorders; Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants; Bordeaux University Hospitals; Bordeaux France
| | - Franck Boralevi
- Paediatric Dermatology Unit; National Reference Center for Rare Skin Disorders; Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants; Bordeaux University Hospitals; Bordeaux France
| | - Clément Paya
- Ophthalmology Department; CHU de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | | | - Vincent Deroissart
- Institute of Public Health; Epidemiology and Development “ISPED”; Bordeaux University; Bordeaux France
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory; CHU de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
- Unité INSERM U1211; Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme; Bordeaux France
| | - Alain Taieb
- Paediatric Dermatology Unit; National Reference Center for Rare Skin Disorders; Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants; Bordeaux University Hospitals; Bordeaux France
- Unité INSERM 1035; BMGIC; Immuno-dermatology ATIP-AVENIR; University of Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
| | - Fanny Morice-Picard
- Paediatric Dermatology Unit; National Reference Center for Rare Skin Disorders; Hôpital Pellegrin-Enfants; Bordeaux University Hospitals; Bordeaux France
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory; CHU de Bordeaux; Bordeaux France
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Mutational analysis of a Chinese family with oculocutaneous albinism type 2. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70345-70355. [PMID: 29050284 PMCID: PMC5642559 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypopigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes accompanied with ophthalmologic abnormalities. Molecular genetic test can confirm the diagnosis of the four subtypes of OCA (OCA1-4). Herein, we report a Chinese family with two patients affected by OCA. Mutations of TYR, OCA2, TYRP1, and SLC45A2 were examined by using PCR-sequencing. Large deletions or duplications of TYR and OCA2 were examined by Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) assay. Compound heterozygous mutations of OCA2, (c.808-3C>G and c.2080-2A>G), were identified in both patients characterized with yellow hair and milky skin, heterochromia iridis, and nystagmus. Several computer-assisted approaches predicted that c.808-3C>G and c.2080-2A>G in OCA2 might potentially be pathogenic splicing mutations. No exon rearrangement (deletion/duplication) of TYR and OCA2 was observed in the patients by MLPA analysis. This study suggests that compound heterozygous mutations, (c.808-3C>G and c.2080-2A>G), in OCA2 may be responsible for partial clinical manifestations of OCA.
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15
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Khordadpoor-Deilamani F, Akbari MT, Karimipoor M, Javadi GR. Homozygosity mapping in albinism patients using a novel panel of 13 STR markers inside the nonsyndromic OCA genes: introducing 5 novel mutations. J Hum Genet 2016; 61:373-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Wei AH, Zang DJ, Zhang Z, Yang XM, Li W. Prenatal Genotyping of Four Common Oculocutaneous Albinism Genes in 51 Chinese Families. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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McCafferty BK, Wilk MA, McAllister JT, Stepien KE, Dubis AM, Brilliant MH, Anderson JL, Carroll J, Summers CG. Clinical Insights Into Foveal Morphology in Albinism. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2015; 52:167-72. [PMID: 26053207 PMCID: PMC4948980 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20150427-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A hallmark of albinism is foveal hypoplasia. However, literature suggests variable foveal development. This study evaluates the association between ocular phenotype and foveal morphology to demonstrate the broad structural and functional spectrum. METHODS Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), nystagmus, angle kappa, stereoacuity, iris transillumination, macular melanin presence, foveal avascular zone, and annular reflex were recorded in 14 patients with albinism. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography provided macular images. RESULTS The clinical phenotype was broad, with BCVA varying from 20/20 to 20/100. Better BCVA was associated with a preserved foveal avascular zone, annular macular reflex, stereoacuity, and macular melanin. Imaging demonstrated a continuum of foveal development correlating with BCVA. Individuals with a rudimentary pit had normal inner and outer segment lengthening and better BCVA. CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of ocular structure and visual function in albinism is broad, suggesting a possible diagnosis of albinism in a patient with an even more normal clinical presentation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged, 80 and over
- Albinism, Ocular/diagnosis
- Albinism, Ocular/genetics
- Albinism, Ocular/physiopathology
- Albinism, Oculocutaneous/diagnosis
- Albinism, Oculocutaneous/genetics
- Albinism, Oculocutaneous/physiopathology
- Child
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Depth Perception/physiology
- Evoked Potentials, Visual
- Eye Abnormalities/diagnosis
- Eye Abnormalities/genetics
- Eye Abnormalities/physiopathology
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Fovea Centralis/abnormalities
- Fovea Centralis/pathology
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Nystagmus, Pathologic/diagnosis
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Prospective Studies
- Tomography, Optical Coherence
- Visual Acuity/physiology
- Young Adult
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Kumar CV, Swetha RG, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A. Tryptophan to Glycine mutation in the position 116 leads to protein aggregation and decreases the stability of the LITAF protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:1695-709. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.968211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Okamura K, Yoshizawa J, Abe Y, Hanaoka K, Higashi N, Togawa Y, Nakagawa S, Kambe N, Funasaka Y, Ohko K, Hozumi Y, Suzuki T. Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) in Japanese patients: Five novel mutations. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 74:173-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vinay Kumar C, Kumar KM, Swetha R, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A. Protein aggregation due to nsSNP resulting in P56S VABP protein is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Theor Biol 2014; 354:72-80. [PMID: 24681403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAPB) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder. The VAPB gene is mapped to chromosome number 20 and can be found at cytogenetic location 20q13.33 of the chromosome. VAPB is seen to play a significant role in the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a process that suppresses the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Earlier studies have reported two points; which we have analyzed in our study. Firstly, the mutation P56S in the VAPB is seen to increase the stability of the protein and secondly, the mutation P56S in VAPB is seen to interrupt the functioning of the gene and loses its ability to be involved in the activation of the IRE1/XBP1 pathway which leads to ALS. With correlation on the previous research studies on the stability of this protein, we carried out Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. We analyzed the SNP results of 17 nsSNPs obtained from dbSNP using SIFT, polyphen, I-Mutant, SNP&GO, PhDSNP and Mutpred to predict the role of nsSNPs in VAPB. MD simulation is carried out and plots for RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, H-bond and PCA are obtained to check and prove the stability of the wild type and the mutant protein structure. The protein is checked for its aggregation and the results obtained show changes in the protein structure that might result in the loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chundi Vinay Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K M Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rayapadi Swetha
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudha Ramaiah
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Anbarasu
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Loss of Otx2 in the adult retina disrupts retinal pigment epithelium function, causing photoreceptor degeneration. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9890-904. [PMID: 23761884 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1099-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors are specialized neurons of the retina that receive nursing from the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Frequent in the elderly, photoreceptor loss can originate from primary dysfunction of either cell type. Despite intense interest in the etiology of these diseases, early molecular actors of late-onset photoreceptor degeneration remain elusive, mostly because of the lack of dedicated models. Conditional Otx2 ablation in the adult mouse retina elicits photoreceptor degeneration, providing a new model of late-onset neuronal disease. Here, we use this model to identify the earliest events after Otx2 ablation. Electroretinography and gene expression analyses suggest a nonautonomous, RPE-dependent origin for photoreceptor degeneration. This is confirmed by RPE-specific ablation of Otx2, which results in similar photoreceptor degeneration. In contrast, constitutive Otx2 expression in RPE cells prevents degeneration of photoreceptors in Otx2-ablated retinas. We use chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massive sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis to identify the molecular network controlled in vivo by Otx2 in RPE cells. We uncover four RPE-specific functions coordinated by Otx2 that underpin the cognate photoreceptor degeneration. Many direct Otx2 target genes are associated with human retinopathies, emphasizing the significance of the model. Importantly, we report a secondary genetic response after Otx2 ablation, which largely precedes apoptosis of photoreceptors, involving inflammation and stress genes. These findings thus provide novel general markers for clinical detection and prevention of neuronal cell death.
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In silico screening and molecular dynamics simulation of disease-associated nsSNP in TYRP1 gene and its structural consequences in OCA3. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:697051. [PMID: 23862152 PMCID: PMC3703794 DOI: 10.1155/2013/697051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type III (OCA3), caused by mutations of TYRP1 gene, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by reduced biosynthesis of melanin pigment in the hair, skin, and eyes. The TYRP1 gene encodes a protein called tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp1). Tyrp1 is involved in maintaining the stability of tyrosinase protein and modulating its catalytic activity in eumelanin synthesis. Tyrp1 is also involved in maintenance of melanosome structure and affects melanocyte proliferation and cell death. In this work we implemented computational analysis to filter the most probable mutation that might be associated with OCA3. We found R326H and R356Q as most deleterious and disease associated by using PolyPhen 2.0, SIFT, PANTHER, I-mutant 3.0, PhD-SNP, SNP&GO, Pmut, and Mutpred tools. To understand the atomic arrangement in 3D space, the native and mutant (R326H and R356Q) structures were modelled. Finally the structural analyses of native and mutant Tyrp1 proteins were investigated using molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) approach. MDS results showed more flexibility in native Tyrp1 structure. Due to mutation in Tyrp1 protein, it became more rigid and might disturb the structural conformation and catalytic function of the structure and might also play a significant role in inducing OCA3. The results obtained from this study would facilitate wet-lab researches to develop a potent drug therapies against OCA3.
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Yamada M, Sakai K, Hayashi M, Hozumi Y, Abe Y, Kawaguchi M, Ihn H, Suzuki T. Oculocutaneous albinism type 3: A Japanese girl with novel mutations in TYRP1 gene. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:217-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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