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Cao XW, Yang H, Liu XM, Lou SY, Kong LP, Rong LQ, Shan JJ, Xu Y, Zhang QX. Blocking postsynaptic density-93 binding to C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 promotes microglial phenotypic transformation during acute ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1033-1039. [PMID: 36254989 PMCID: PMC9827769 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that postsynaptic density-93 mediates neuron-microglia crosstalk by interacting with amino acids 357-395 of C X3 C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) to induce microglia polarization. More importantly, the peptide Tat-CX3CL1 (comprising amino acids 357-395 of CX3CL1) disrupts the interaction between postsynaptic density-93 and CX3CL1, reducing neurological impairment and exerting a protective effect in the context of acute ischemic stroke. However, the mechanism underlying these effects remains unclear. In the current study, we found that the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype increased and the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype decreased at different time points. The M1 phenotype increased at 6 hours after stroke and peaked at 24 hours after perfusion, whereas the M2 phenotype decreased at 6 and 24 hours following reperfusion. We found that the peptide Tat-CX3CL1 (357-395aa) facilitates microglial polarization from M1 to M2 by reducing the production of soluble CX3CL1. Furthermore, the a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain 17 (ADAM17) inhibitor GW280264x, which inhibits metalloprotease activity and prevents CX3CL1 from being sheared into its soluble form, facilitated microglial polarization from M1 to M2 by inhibiting soluble CX3CL1 formation. Additionally, Tat-CX3CL1 (357-395aa) attenuated long-term cognitive deficits and improved white matter integrity as determined by the Morris water maze test at 31-34 days following surgery and immunofluorescence staining at 35 days after stroke, respectively. In conclusion, Tat-CX3CL1 (357-395aa) facilitates functional recovery after ischemic stroke by promoting microglial polarization from M1 to M2. Therefore, the Tat-CX3CL1 (357-395aa) is a potential therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Cao
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Department of Neurology, Lianyungang Municipal Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Ying Lou
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Kong
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang-Qun Rong
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing-Xiu Zhang
- Department of Neurology of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Nanjing Drum Tower Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Nanjing Neurology Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China,Correspondence to: Qing-Xiu Zhang, .
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Wang Y, Leak RK, Cao G. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity after stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:980722. [PMID: 36052339 PMCID: PMC9426757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.980722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide. The immune system plays an important role in determining the condition of the brain following stroke. As the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia are the primary responders in a defense network covering the entire brain parenchyma, and exert various functions depending on dynamic communications with neurons, astrocytes, and other neighboring cells under both physiological or pathological conditions. Microglia activation and polarization is crucial for brain damage and repair following ischemic stroke, and is considered a double-edged sword for neurological recovery. Microglia can exist in pro-inflammatory states and promote secondary brain damage, but they can also secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors and facilitate recovery following stroke. In this review, we focus on the role and mechanisms of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity after ischemia and relevant potential microglia-based interventions for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Guodong Cao Yuan Wang
| | - Rehana K. Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Guodong Cao Yuan Wang
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3
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Zhang Q, He L, Chen M, Yang H, Cao X, Liu X, Hao Q, Chen Z, Liu T, Wei XE, Rong L. PSD-93 mediates the crosstalk between neuron and microglia and facilitates acute ischemic stroke injury by binding to CX3CL1. J Neurochem 2021; 157:2145-2157. [PMID: 33599284 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Post-synaptic density 93 (PSD-93) mediates glutamate excitotoxicity induced by ischemic brain injury, which then induces microglial inflammatory response. However, the underlying mechanisms of how PSD-93 mediates the crosstalk between neurons and microglia in the post-synaptic dense region remain elusive. CX3 chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) is a chemokine specifically expressed in neurons while its receptor CX3CR1 is highly expressed in microglia. In this study, we examined the interaction of PSD-93 and CX3CL1 in the crosstalk between neurons and microglia in acute ischemic stroke. We utilized male C57BL/6 mice to establish the middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO) and designed a fusion small peptide Tat-CX3CL1 (357-395aa) to inhibit PSD-93 and CX3CL1 interaction. The combination peaks of PSD-93 and CX3CL1 at 6 hr after I/R were observed. The binding sites were located at the 420-535 amino acid sequence of PSD-93 and 357-395 amino acid sequence of CX3CL1. Tat-CX3CL1 (357-395aa) could inhibit the interaction of PSD-93 and CX3CL1 and inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and TNF-α expression and provided neuroprotection following reperfusion. Together, these data suggest that PSD-93 binds CX3CL1 to activate microglia and initiate neuroinflammation. Specific blockade of PSD-93-CX3CL1 interaction reduces I/R induced neuronal cell death, and provides a new therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Lab of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi Hao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiu-E Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liangqun Rong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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4
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PSD-93 Interacts with SynGAP and Promotes SynGAP Ubiquitination and Ischemic Brain Injury in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1137-1147. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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5
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MicroRNA-152-3p protects neurons from oxygen-glucose-deprivation/reoxygenation-induced injury through upregulation of Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling by targeting PSD-93. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aleithe S, Blietz A, Mages B, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Michalski D. Transcriptional Response and Morphological Features of the Neurovascular Unit and Associated Extracellular Matrix After Experimental Stroke in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7631-7650. [PMID: 31089963 PMCID: PMC6815284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental stroke studies yielded insights into single reactions of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and associated extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the extent of simultaneous processes caused by ischemia and their underlying transcriptional changes are still poorly understood. Strictly following the NVU and ECM concept, this study explored transcriptional responses of cellular and non-cellular components as well as their morphological characteristics following ischemia. Mice were subjected to 4 or 24 h of unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the neocortex and the striatum, cytoskeletal and glial elements as well as blood-brain barrier and ECM components were analyzed using real-time PCR. Western blot analyses allowed characterization of protein levels and multiple immunofluorescence labeling enabled morphological assessment. Out of 37 genes analyzed, the majority exhibited decreased mRNA levels in ischemic areas, while changes occurred as early as 4 h after ischemia. Down-regulated mRNA levels were predominantly localized in the neocortex, such as the structural elements α-catenin 2, N-cadherin, β-catenin 1, and βIII-tubulin, consistently decreasing 4 and 24 h after ischemia. However, a few genes, e.g., claudin-5 and Pcam1, exhibited increased mRNA levels after ischemia. For several components such as βIII-tubulin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin 1, matching transcriptional and immunofluorescence signals were obtained, whereas a few markers including neurofilaments exhibited opposite directions. In conclusion, the variety in gene regulation emphasizes the complexity of interactions within the ischemia-affected NVU and ECM. These data might help to focus future research on a set of highly sensitive elements, which might prospectively facilitate neuroprotective strategies beyond the traditional single target perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Blietz
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Constance Hobusch
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Ali S, Hoven A, Dress RJ, Schaal H, Alferink J, Scheu S. Identification of a novel Dlg2 isoform differentially expressed in IFNβ-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:194. [PMID: 29703139 PMCID: PMC6389146 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The murine discs large homolog 2 (DLG2; post synaptic density 93 (PSD-93); Chapsyn-110) is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) protein family involved in receptor assembly and associated with signaling enzymes on cell membranes. In neurons, DLG2 protein isoforms derived from alternatively spliced transcripts have been described to bind to NMDA (N-methyl-aspartate) receptors and K channels and to mediate clustering of these channels in the postsynaptic membrane. In myeloid cells of the immune system, such as dendritic cells (DCs), a lack of data exists on the expression or function of DLG2. In cDNA microarray transcriptome analyses, we found Dlg2 highly expressed in a subpopulation of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) stimulated to produce type I interferons (IFNs) such as IFNβ. Results Using RACE- and RT-PCR as well as immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting we characterised the differential expression of the Dlg2 splice variants in IFNβ-producing pDCs. Besides Dlg2ɣ this cell population expressed a novel short Dlg2η transcript we termed Dlg2η3. Our expression data were integrated into information from genome databases to obtain a novel and comprehensive overview of the mouse Dlg2 gene architecture. To elucidate the intracellular localisation pattern of protein isoforms, ectopical expression analysis of fluorescently tagged DLG2 splice variants was performed. Here we found an enrichment of the larger isoform DLG2α1 at the plasma membrane while the newly identified shorter (DLG2η) isoform as well as DLG2ɣ were equally distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Additionally, DLG2η was also found in the nucleus. Analysis of Dlg2-knockout mice previously generated by deleting exon 9 surprisingly revealed that the protein for the novel DLG2η isoform was still expressed in the brain and in bone marrow-derived pDCs from mice carrying the homozygous deletion (Dlg2ΔE9/ΔE9). Conclusion We describe a novel splice variant of the mouse Dlg2 gene termed Dlg2η and define the differential expression pattern of DLG2 isoforms in IFNβ-producing pDCs. The presence of DLG2η protein in the CNS of Dlg2ΔE9/ΔE9 mice might influence the phenotype of these mice and has to be taken into account in the interpretation of results regarding the functional role of DLG2 in neuronal postsynaptic membranes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4573-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaqat Ali
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich, Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Waldeyerstraße 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoven
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich, Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Regine J Dress
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich, Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,BMFZ (Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum), Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Waldeyerstraße 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich, Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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