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Harvey DJ. NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF N-LINKED GLYCANS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:586-679. [PMID: 32329121 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans from glycoproteins are complex, branched structures whose structural determination presents many analytical problems. Mass spectrometry, usually conducted in positive ion mode, often requires extensive sample manipulation, usually by derivatization such as permethylation, to provide the necessary structure-revealing fragment ions. The newer but, so far, lesser used negative ion techniques, on the contrary, provide a wealth of structural information not present in positive ion spectra that greatly simplify the analysis of these compounds and can usually be conducted without the need for derivatization. This review describes the use of negative ion mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of N-linked glycans and emphasises the many advantages that can be gained by this mode of operation. Biosynthesis and structures of the compounds are described followed by methods for release of the glycans from the protein. Methods for ionization are discussed with emphasis on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and methods for producing negative ions from neutral compounds. Acidic glycans naturally give deprotonated species under most ionization conditions. Fragmentation of negative ions is discussed next with particular reference to those ions that are diagnostic for specific features such as the branching topology of the glycans and substitution positions of moieties such as fucose and sulfate, features that are often difficult to identify easily by conventional techniques such as positive ion fragmentation and exoglycosidase digestions. The advantages of negative over positive ions for this structural work are emphasised with an example of a series of glycans where all other methods failed to produce a structure. Fragmentation of derivatized glycans is discussed next, both with respect to derivatives at the reducing terminus of the molecules, and to methods for neutralization of the acidic groups on sialic acids to both stabilize them for MALDI analysis and to produce the diagnostic fragments seen with the neutral glycans. The use of ion mobility, combined with conventional mass spectrometry is described with emphasis on its use to extract clean glycan spectra both before and after fragmentation, to separate isomers and its use to extract additional information from separated fragment ions. A section on applications follows with examples of the identification of novel structures from lower organisms and tables listing the use of negative ions for structural identification of specific glycoproteins, glycans from viruses and uses in the biopharmaceutical industry and in medicine. The review concludes with a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Mu Y, Schulz BL, Ferro V. Applications of Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102557. [PMID: 30301275 PMCID: PMC6222328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate analyses are often challenging due to the structural complexity of these molecules, as well as the lack of suitable analytical tools for distinguishing the vast number of possible isomers. The coupled technique, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), has been in use for two decades for the analysis of complex biomolecules, and in recent years it has emerged as a powerful technique for the analysis of carbohydrates. For carbohydrates, most studies have focused on the separation and characterization of isomers in biological samples. IM-MS is capable of separating isomeric ions by drift time, and further characterizing them by mass analysis. Applications of IM-MS in carbohydrate analysis are extremely useful and important for understanding many biological mechanisms and for the determination of disease states, although efforts are still needed for higher sensitivity and resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Mu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Morrison KA, Clowers BH. Contemporary glycomic approaches using ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 42:119-129. [PMID: 29248736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of complex oligosaccharides has historically required extensive sample handling and separations before analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron impact mass spectra following hydrolysis, derivatization, and gas chromatographic separation. Advances in liquid chromatography separations and tandem mass spectrometry have expanded the range of intact glycan analysis, but carbohydrate structure and conformation-integral chemical characteristics-are often difficult to assess with minimal amounts of sample in a rapid fashion. Because ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separates analytes based upon an effective 'size-to-charge' ratio, IMS is, by extension, highly applicable to glycomics. Furthermore, the speed of IMS, its growing levels of separation efficiency, and direct compatibility with all forms of mass spectrometry, illustrates is core role in the future of glycomics efforts. This review assesses the current state of ion mobility-mass spectrometry applied to glycan, glycoprotein, and glycoconjugate analysis. Currently, assessing optimal ion polarity and adduct type for a glycan class along with the appropriate tandem mass spectrometry technique underpin many of the current glycan analysis efforts using ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMMS). Once determined, these parameters have enabled a growing and impressive range of glycomics campaigns employing this technique. Additionally, the combination of IMS with tandem mass spectrometry, and even spectroscopic methods, further expands the dimensionality of hybrid instrumentation to provide a more comprehensive assessment of glycan structure across a wide dynamic range. Continued computational efforts to complement experimental and instrumental advancements also serve as a core component of IMMS workflows applied to glycomics and promise to maximize the information gained from mobility separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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Electrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry provides novel insights into the pattern and activity of fetal hippocampus gangliosides. Biochimie 2017; 139:81-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Harvey DJ, Scarff CA, Edgeworth M, Struwe WB, Pagel K, Thalassinos K, Crispin M, Scrivens J. Travelling-wave ion mobility and negative ion fragmentation of high-mannose N-glycans. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:219-35. [PMID: 26956389 PMCID: PMC4821469 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The isomeric structure of high-mannose N-glycans can significantly impact biological recognition events. Here, the utility of travelling-wave ion mobility mass spectrometry for isomer separation of high-mannose N-glycans is investigated. Negative ion fragmentation using collision-induced dissociation gave more informative spectra than positive ion spectra with mass-different fragment ions characterizing many of the isomers. Isomer separation by ion mobility in both ionization modes was generally limited, with the arrival time distributions (ATD) often showing little sign of isomers. However, isomers could be partially resolved by plotting extracted fragment ATDs of the diagnostic fragment ions from the negative ion spectra, and the fragmentation spectra of the isomers could be extracted by using ions from limited areas of the ATD peak. In some cases, asymmetric ATDs were observed, but no isomers could be detected by fragmentation. In these cases, it was assumed that conformers or anomers were being separated. Collision cross sections of the isomers in positive and negative fragmentation mode were estimated from travelling-wave ion mobility mass spectrometry data using dextran glycans as calibrant. More complete collision cross section data were achieved in negative ion mode by utilizing the diagnostic fragment ions. Examples of isomer separations are shown for N-glycans released from the well-characterized glycoproteins chicken ovalbumin, porcine thyroglobulin and gp120 from the human immunodeficiency virus. In addition to the cross-sectional data, details of the negative ion collision-induced dissociation spectra of all resolved isomers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Charlotte A. Scarff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
- Current address, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Matthew Edgeworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
| | - Weston B. Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse. 3, 14159 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jim Scrivens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
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Sarbu M, Zhu F, Peter-Katalinić J, Clemmer DE, Zamfir AD. Application of ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry to compositional and structural analysis of glycopeptides extracted from the urine of a patient diagnosed with Schindler disease. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1929-1937. [PMID: 26443390 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schindler disease is caused by the deficient activity of α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, which leads to an abnormal accumulation of O-glycopeptides in tissues and body fluids. In this work the Schindler condition is for the first time approached by ion mobility (IMS) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), for determining urine glycopeptide fingerprints and discriminate isomeric structures. METHODS IMS-MS experiments were conducted on a Synapt G2s mass spectrometer operating in negative ion mode. A glycopeptide mixture extracted from the urine of a patient suffering from Schindler disease was dissolved in methanol and infused into the mass spectrometer by electrospray ionization using a syringe-pump system. MS/MS was performed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) at low energies, after mobility separation in the transfer cell. Data acquisition and processing were performed using MassLynx and Waters Driftscope software. RESULTS IMS-MS data indicated that the attachment of one or two amino acids to the carbohydrate backbone has a minimal influence on the molecule conformation, which limits the discrimination of the free oligosaccharides from the glycosylated amino acids and dipeptides. The structural analysis by CID MS/MS in combination with IMS-MS of species exhibiting the same m/z but different configurations demonstrated for the first time the presence of positional isomers for some of the Schindler disease biomarker candidates. CONCLUSIONS The IMS-MS and CID MS/MS platform was for the first time optimized and applied to Schindler disease glycourinome. By this approach the separation and characterization of Neu5Ac positional isomers was possible. IMS CID MS/MS showed the ability to determine the type of the glycopeptide isomers from a series of possible candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Sarbu
- West University of Timisoara, Romania
- Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania
| | - Feifei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Jasna Peter-Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Muenster, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Croatia
| | - David E Clemmer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - Alina D Zamfir
- Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania
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Harvey DJ, Crispin M, Bonomelli C, Scrivens JH. Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for Ion Recovery and Clean-Up of MS and MS/MS Spectra Obtained from Low Abundance Viral Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015. [PMID: 26204966 PMCID: PMC4811024 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many samples of complex mixtures of N-glycans released from small amounts of material, such as glycoproteins from viruses, present problems for mass spectrometric analysis because of the presence of contaminating material that is difficult to remove by conventional methods without involving sample loss. This study describes the use of ion mobility for extraction of glycan profiles from such samples and for obtaining clean CID spectra when targeted m/z values capture additional ions from those of the target compound. N-glycans were released enzymatically from within SDS-PAGE gels, from the representative recombinant glycoprotein, gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus, and examined by direct infusion electrospray in negative mode followed by ion mobility with a Waters Synapt G2 mass spectrometer (Waters MS-Technologies, Manchester, UK). Clean profiles of singly, doubly, and triply charged N-glycans were obtained from samples in cases where the raw electrospray spectra displayed only a few glycan ions as the result of low sample concentration or the presence of contamination. Ion mobility also enabled uncontaminated CID spectra to be obtained from glycans when their molecular ions displayed coincidence with ions from fragments or multiply charged ions with similar m/z values. This technique proved to be invaluable for removing extraneous ions from many CID spectra. The presence of such ions often produces spectra that are difficult to interpret. Most CID spectra, even those from abundant glycan constituents, benefited from such clean-up, showing that the extra dimension provided by ion mobility was invaluable for studies of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Camille Bonomelli
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jim H Scrivens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
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Vakhrushev SY, Dadimov D, Peter-Katalinić J. Software Platform for High-Throughput Glycomics. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3252-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Vakhrushev
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Biomedical Analysis, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - D. Dadimov
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Biomedical Analysis, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - J. Peter-Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Biomedical Analysis, University of Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Zhang H, Cotter RJ. Glycoproteomics: New Technology Developments and Applications Provide Renewed Interest in Glycoproteins. Clin Proteomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12014-008-9020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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