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Abstract
In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and advanced scientific research topic. The development of treatment methods has evoked great expectations. This paper is a review focused on the discovery of different stem cells and the potential therapies based on these cells. The genesis of stem cells is followed by laboratory steps of controlled stem cell culturing and derivation. Quality control and teratoma formation assays are important procedures in assessing the properties of the stem cells tested. Derivation methods and the utilization of culturing media are crucial to set proper environmental conditions for controlled differentiation. Among many types of stem tissue applications, the use of graphene scaffolds and the potential of extracellular vesicle-based therapies require attention due to their versatility. The review is summarized by challenges that stem cell therapy must overcome to be accepted worldwide. A wide variety of possibilities makes this cutting edge therapy a turning point in modern medicine, providing hope for untreatable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Zakrzewski
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterials Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, Wrocław, 50-345 Poland
| | - Maciej Dobrzyński
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics, Krakowska 26, Wrocław, 50-425 Poland
| | - Maria Szymonowicz
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterials Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, Wrocław, 50-345 Poland
| | - Zbigniew Rybak
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Biomaterials Research, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, Wrocław, 50-345 Poland
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2
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Healy LE. Acquisition and Reception of Primary Tissues, Cells, or Other Biological Specimens. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1590:17-27. [PMID: 28353260 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6921-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use and banking of biological material for research or clinical application is a well-established practice. The material can be of human or non-human origin. The processes involved in this type of activity, from the sourcing to receipt of materials, require adherence to a set of best practice principles that assure the ethical and legal procurement, traceability, and quality of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn E Healy
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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Canham MA, Van Deusen A, Brison DR, De Sousa PA, Downie J, Devito L, Hewitt ZA, Ilic D, Kimber SJ, Moore HD, Murray H, Kunath T. The Molecular Karyotype of 25 Clinical-Grade Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17258. [PMID: 26607962 PMCID: PMC4660465 DOI: 10.1038/srep17258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derivatives to regenerative medicine is now becoming a reality. Although the vast majority of hESC lines have been derived for research purposes only, about 50 lines have been established under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions. Cell types differentiated from these designated lines may be used as a cell therapy to treat macular degeneration, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, diabetes, osteoarthritis and other degenerative conditions. It is essential to know the genetic stability of the hESC lines before progressing to clinical trials. We evaluated the molecular karyotype of 25 clinical-grade hESC lines by whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis. A total of 15 unique copy number variations (CNVs) greater than 100 kb were detected, most of which were found to be naturally occurring in the human population and none were associated with culture adaptation. In addition, three copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) regions greater than 1 Mb were observed and all were relatively small and interstitial suggesting they did not arise in culture. The large number of available clinical-grade hESC lines with defined molecular karyotypes provides a substantial starting platform from which the development of pre-clinical and clinical trials in regenerative medicine can be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice A Canham
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy Van Deusen
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel R Brison
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A De Sousa
- Roslin Cells Limited, Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janet Downie
- Roslin Cells Limited, Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liani Devito
- Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zoe A Hewitt
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dusko Ilic
- Stem Cell Laboratories, Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Harry D Moore
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helen Murray
- Roslin Cells Limited, Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Bubela T, McCabe C, Archibald P, Atkins H, Bradshaw SE, Kefalas P, Mujoomdar M, Packer C, Piret J, Raxworthy M, Soares M, Viswanathan S. Bringing regenerative medicines to the clinic: the future for regulation and reimbursement. Regen Med 2015; 10:897-911. [PMID: 26565607 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant investments in regenerative medicine necessitate discussion to align evidentiary requirements and decision-making considerations from regulatory, health system payer and developer perspectives. Only with coordinated efforts will the potential of regenerative medicine be realized. We report on discussions from two workshops sponsored by NICE, University of Alberta, Cell Therapy Catapult and Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine. We discuss methods to support the assessment of value for regenerative medicine products and services and the synergies that exist between market authorization and reimbursement regulations and practices. We discuss the convergence in novel adaptive licensing practices that may promote the development and adoption of novel therapeutics that meet the needs of healthcare payers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Bubela
- School of Public Health, 3-279 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 736 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T4, Canada
| | - Peter Archibald
- Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Regenerative Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3GR, UK
| | - Harold Atkins
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Box 926, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | | | - Panos Kefalas
- Catapult Cell Therapy, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Claire Packer
- The NIHR Horizon Scanning Centre, School of Health & Population Sciences, Public Health building, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mike Raxworthy
- Neotherix Ltd, Research Centre, York Science Park, York, YO10 5DF, UK
| | - Marta Soares
- Centre for Health Economics, Alcuin 'A' Block, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Philip S Orsino Cell Therapy Facility, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Suite 5-303, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
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5
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Andrews PW, Baker D, Benvinisty N, Miranda B, Bruce K, Brüstle O, Choi M, Choi YM, Crook JM, de Sousa PA, Dvorak P, Freund C, Firpo M, Furue MK, Gokhale P, Ha HY, Han E, Haupt S, Healy L, Hei DJ, Hovatta O, Hunt C, Hwang SM, Inamdar MS, Isasi RM, Jaconi M, Jekerle V, Kamthorn P, Kibbey MC, Knezevic I, Knowles BB, Koo SK, Laabi Y, Leopoldo L, Liu P, Lomax GP, Loring JF, Ludwig TE, Montgomery K, Mummery C, Nagy A, Nakamura Y, Nakatsuji N, Oh S, Oh SK, Otonkoski T, Pera M, Peschanski M, Pranke P, Rajala KM, Rao M, Ruttachuk R, Reubinoff B, Ricco L, Rooke H, Sipp D, Stacey GN, Suemori H, Takahashi TA, Takada K, Talib S, Tannenbaum S, Yuan BZ, Zeng F, Zhou Q. Points to consider in the development of seed stocks of pluripotent stem cells for clinical applications: International Stem Cell Banking Initiative (ISCBI). Regen Med 2015; 10:1-44. [PMID: 25675265 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P W Andrews
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Damdimopoulou P, Rodin S, Stenfelt S, Antonsson L, Tryggvason K, Hovatta O. Human embryonic stem cells. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 31:2-12. [PMID: 26602389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of permanent human embryonic stem cell lines (hESCs) was first reported in 1998. Due to their pluripotent nature and ability to differentiate to all cell types in the body, they have been considered as a cell source for regenerative medicine. Since then, intensive studies have been carried out regarding factors regulating pluripotency and differentiation. hESCs are obtained from supernumerary human IVF (in vitro fertilization) embryos that cannot be used for the couple's infertility treatment. Today, we can establish and expand these cells in animal substance-free conditions, even from single cells biopsied from eight-cell stage embryos. There are satisfactory tests for the demonstration of genetic stability, absence of tumorigenic mutations, functionality, and safety of hESCs. Clinical trials are ongoing for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and spinal cord injury (SCI). This review focuses on the present state of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sonya Stenfelt
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Liselotte Antonsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Outi Hovatta
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Simonson OE, Domogatskaya A, Volchkov P, Rodin S. The safety of human pluripotent stem cells in clinical treatment. Ann Med 2015; 47:370-80. [PMID: 26140342 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1051579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have practically unlimited proliferation potential and a capability to differentiate into any cell type in the human body. Since the first derivation in 1998, they have been an attractive source of cells for regenerative medicine. Numerous ethical, technological, and regulatory complications have been hampering hPSC use in clinical applications. Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), parthenogenetic human ESCs, human nuclear transfer ESCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells are four types of hPSCs that are different in many clinically relevant features such as propensity to epigenetic abnormalities, generation methods, and ability for development of autologous cell lines. Propensity to genetic mutations and tumorigenicity are common features of all pluripotent cells that complicate hPSC-based therapies. Several recent advances in methods of derivation, culturing, and monitoring of hPSCs have addressed many ethical concerns and technological challenges in development of clinical-grade hPSC lines. Generation of banks of such lines may be useful to minimize immune rejection of hPSC-derived allografts. In this review, we discuss different sources of hPSCs available at the moment, various safety risks associated with them, and possible solutions for successful use of hPSCs in the clinic. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials of hPSC-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E Simonson
- a Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery , Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
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Hovatta O, Rodin S, Antonsson L, Tryggvason K. Concise review: animal substance-free human embryonic stem cells aiming at clinical applications. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1269-74. [PMID: 25298372 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells have been considered the gold standard as a cell source for regenerative medicine since they were first cultured in 1998. They are pluripotent and can form principally all the cells types in the body. They are obtained from supernumerary human in vitro fertilization embryos that cannot be used for infertility treatment. Following studies on factors regulating pluripotency and differentiation, we now have techniques to establish and effectively expand these cells in animal substance-free conditions, even from single cells biopsied from eight-cell stage embryos in chemically defined feeder-free cultures. The genetic stability and absence of tumorigenic mutations can be determined. There are satisfactory animal tests for functionality and safety. The first clinical trials are ongoing for two indications: age-related macular degeneration and spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Hovatta
- Departments of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology and Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Departments of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology and Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Liselotte Antonsson
- Departments of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology and Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Departments of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology and Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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9
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Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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10
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Camarasa MV, Galvez VM, Brison DR, Bachiller D. Optimized protocol for derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:1011-20. [PMID: 22614996 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the past 12 years, the biology and applications of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have received great attention from the scientific community. Derivatives of the first hESC line obtained by J. Thomson's group (Science 282(5391):1145-1147, 1998) have been used in clinical trials in patients with spinal cord injury, and other hESC lines have now been used to generate cells for use in treating blindness (Lancet 379(9817):713-720, 2012). In addition to the classical protocol based on mouse or human feeder layers using open culture methods (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 46(3-4):386-394, 2010; Stem Cells 23(9):1221-1227, 2005; Nature Biotechnology 24(2):185-187, 2006; Human Reproduction 21(2):503-511, 2006; Human Reproduction 20(8):2201-2206, 2005; Fertility and Sterility 83(5):1517-1529, 2005), novel hESC lines have been derived xeno-free (without using animal derived reagents) (PLoS One 5 (4):1024-1026, 2010), feeder-free (without supporting cell monolayers) (Lancet 365(9471):1601-1603, 2005), in microdrops under oil (In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 46(3-4):236-41, 2010) and in suspension with ROCK inhibitor (Nature Biotechnology 28(4):361-4, 2010). Regardless of the culture system, successful hESC derivation usually requires optimization of embryo culture, the careful and timely isolation of its inner cell mass (ICM), and precise culture conditions up to the establishment of pluripotent cell growth during hESC line derivation. Herein we address the crucial steps of the hESC line derivation protocol, and provide tips to apply quality control to each step of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vicenta Camarasa
- Caubet-Cimera Fundation, Centre for Advanced Respiratory Medicine, Recinte Hospital Joan March, Ctra Sóller km 12, 07110 Bunyola, Illes Balears, Mallorca, Spain.
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11
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Tannenbaum SE, Tako Turetsky T, Singer O, Aizenman E, Kirshberg S, Ilouz N, Gil Y, Berman-Zaken Y, Perlman TS, Geva N, Levy O, Arbell D, Simon A, Ben-Meir A, Shufaro Y, Laufer N, Reubinoff BE. Derivation of xeno-free and GMP-grade human embryonic stem cells--platforms for future clinical applications. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35325. [PMID: 22745653 PMCID: PMC3380026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically compliant human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) should be developed in adherence to ethical standards, without risk of contamination by adventitious agents. Here we developed for the first time animal-component free and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant hESCs. After vendor and raw material qualification, we derived xeno-free, GMP-grade feeders from umbilical cord tissue, and utilized them within a novel, xeno-free hESC culture system. We derived and characterized three hESC lines in adherence to regulations for embryo procurement, and good tissue, manufacturing and laboratory practices. To minimize freezing and thawing, we continuously expanded the lines from initial outgrowths and samples were cryopreserved as early stocks and banks. Batch release criteria included DNA-fingerprinting and HLA-typing for identity, characterization of pluripotency-associated marker expression, proliferation, karyotyping and differentiation in-vitro and in-vivo. These hESCs may be valuable for regenerative therapy. The ethical, scientific and regulatory methodology presented here may serve for development of additional clinical-grade hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly E. Tannenbaum
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tikva Tako Turetsky
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orna Singer
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Aizenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sophie Kirshberg
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nili Ilouz
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaniv Gil
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Berman-Zaken
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Temima Schnitzer Perlman
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nitshia Geva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ora Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Arbell
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alex Simon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Assaf Ben-Meir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoel Shufaro
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Neri Laufer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin E. Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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