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Huang S, Henderson TR, Dojo Soeandy C, Lezhanska A, Henderson JT. An efficient low cost means of biophysical gene transfection in primary cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13179. [PMID: 38849388 PMCID: PMC11161637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient, facile gene modification of cells has become an indispensable part of modern molecular biology. For the majority of cell lines and several primary populations, such modifications can be readily performed through a variety of methods. However, many primary cell lines such as stem cells frequently suffer from poor transfection efficiency. Though several physical approaches have been introduced to circumvent these issues, they often require expensive/specialized equipment and/or consumables, utilize substantial cell numbers and often still suffer from poor efficiency. Viral methods are capable of transducing difficult cellular populations, however such methods can be time consuming for large arrays of gene targets, present biohazard concerns, and result in expression of viral proteins; issues of concern for certain experimental approaches. We report here a widely applicable, low-cost (< $100 CAD) method of electroporation, applicable to small (1-10 μl) cell volumes and composed of equipment readily available to the average investigator. Using this system we observe a sixfold increase in transfection efficiency in embryonic stem cell lines compared to commercial devices. Due to efficiency gains and reductions in volume and applied voltage, this process improves the survival of sensitive stem cell populations while reducing reagent requirements for protocols such as Cas9/gRNAs transfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudi Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College St. Rm 962, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Tyler R Henderson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Chesarahmia Dojo Soeandy
- Tumour Immunotherapy Program Cell Manufacturing Team, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Rm 8-207, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Anastasiya Lezhanska
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, 94 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Henderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College St. Rm 962, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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2
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Chen X, Zhang L, Wang X, Xu L, Sun J, Liu Y, Liu X, Kalvakolanu DV, Guo B. Stat3 shRNA delivery with folate receptor-modified multi-functionalized graphene oxide particles for combined infrared radiation and gene therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:715-724. [PMID: 36729998 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As a vital oncogene, a variety of inhibitors targeting Stat3 and its various upstream signaling pathways has been explored. Since small molecules, peptidomimetics and other peptide inhibitors usually lead to side effects and difficult administration, gene therapeutics that have characteristics of low toxicity and high targeting, make them an attractive alternative for targeting Stat3. A major challenge to this approach is the lack of safe delivery systems for in-vivo applications. Among the various siRNA delivery systems, nanoparticles emerge as a new tool for gene delivery with high biocompatibility, low cost, and minimal toxicity. In this study, we developed a graphene oxide (GO)-based nanocarrier, GO-polyethyleneimine (PEI)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-folic acid (FA), as a tool targeting for Stat3-specific shRNA to mouse hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo . Infrared photothermal therapy was combined in vivo since GO has the characteristic of infrared absorbability. Our results suggest a significant tumor growth inhibition after treatment with GO-PEI-PEG-FA- sh-Stat3 combined with infrared photothermal therapy. Thus, GO-PEI-PEG-FA appears to be a novel nano-transformer that could be used in the clinics in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Libo Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jicheng Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yiran Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Baofeng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
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Heath NG, O’Geen H, Halmai NB, Corn JE, Segal DJ. Imaging Unique DNA Sequences in Individual Cells Using a CRISPR-Cas9-Based, Split Luciferase Biosensor. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:867390. [PMID: 35403097 PMCID: PMC8990833 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.867390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive arsenal of biosensing tools has been developed based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) platform, including those that detect specific DNA sequences both in vitro and in live cells. To date, DNA imaging approaches have traditionally used full fluorescent reporter-based fusion probes. Such “always-on” probes differentiate poorly between bound and unbound probe and are unable to sensitively detect unique copies of a target sequence in individual cells. Herein we describe a DNA biosensor that provides a sensitive readout for such low-copy DNA sequences through proximity-mediated reassembly of two independently optimized fragments of NanoLuc luciferase (NLuc), a small, bright luminescent reporter. Applying this “turn-on” probe in live cells, we demonstrate an application not easily achieved by fluorescent reporter-based probes, detection of individual endogenous genomic loci using standard epifluorescence microscopy. This approach could enable detection of gene edits during ex vivo editing procedures and should be a useful platform for many other live cell DNA biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Heath
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Henriette O’Geen
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nicole B. Halmai
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jacob E. Corn
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David J. Segal
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: David J. Segal,
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Garcia G, Pinto S, Cunha M, Fernandes A, Koistinaho J, Brites D. Neuronal Dynamics and miRNA Signaling Differ between SH-SY5Y APPSwe and PSEN1 Mutant iPSC-Derived AD Models upon Modulation with miR-124 Mimic and Inhibitor. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092424. [PMID: 34572073 PMCID: PMC8465877 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal miRNA dysregulation may have a role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). miRNA(miR)-124 is largely abundant and a critical player in many neuronal functions. However, the lack of models reliably recapitulating AD pathophysiology hampers our understanding of miR-124's role in the disease. Using the classical human SH-SY5Y-APP695 Swedish neuroblastoma cells (SH-SWE) and the PSEN1 mutant iPSC-derived neurons (iNEU-PSEN), we observed a sustained upregulation of miR-124/miR-125b/miR-21, but only miR-124 was consistently shuttled into their exosomes. The miR-124 mimic reduced APP gene expression in both AD models. While miR-124 mimic in SH-SWE neurons led to neurite outgrowth, mitochondria activation and small Aβ oligomer reduction, in iNEU-PSEN cells it diminished Tau phosphorylation, whereas miR-124 inhibitor decreased dendritic spine density. In exosomes, cellular transfection with the mimic predominantly downregulated miR-125b/miR-21/miR-146a/miR-155. The miR-124 inhibitor upregulated miR-146a in the two experimental cell models, while it led to distinct miRNA signatures in cells and exosomes. In sum, though miR-124 function may be dependent on the neuronal AD model, data indicate that keeping miR-124 level strictly controlled is crucial for proper neuronal function. Moreover, the iNEU-PSEN cellular model stands out as a useful tool for AD mechanistic studies and perhaps for the development of personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Garcia
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Sara Pinto
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mar Cunha
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; or
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-217946450
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Arai D, Nakao Y. Efficient biallelic knock-in in mouse embryonic stem cells by in vivo-linearization of donor and transient inhibition of DNA polymerase θ/DNA-PK. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18132. [PMID: 34518609 PMCID: PMC8438075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) is used for error-free targeted knock-in of foreign donor DNA. However, the low efficiency of HDR-mediated knock-in hinders establishment of knock-in clones. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by CRISPR/Cas9 are preferentially repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) before HDR can occur, thereby preventing HDR-mediated knock-in. NHEJ/MMEJ also cause random integrations, which give rise to false-positive knock-in events, or silently disrupt the genome. In this study, we optimized an HDR-mediated knock-in method for mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We succeeded in improving efficiency of HDR-mediated knock-in of a plasmid donor while almost completely suppressing NHEJ/MMEJ-based integration by combining in vivo-linearization of the donor plasmid, transient knockdown of DNA polymerase θ, and chemical inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) by M3814. This method also dramatically improved the efficiency of biallelic knock-in; at the Rosa26a locus, 95% of HDR-mediated knock-in clones were biallelic. We designate this method BiPoD (Biallelic knock-in assisted by Pol θ and DNA-PK inhibition). BiPoD achieved simultaneous efficient biallelic knock-in into two loci. BiPoD, therefore, enables rapid and easy establishment of biallelic knock-in mESC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Arai
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Nakao
- School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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Forced Suppression of let-7a-5p in Mouse Blastocysts Improves Implantation Rate. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1730-1737. [PMID: 34254278 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryo implantation requires appropriate communication between the blastocyst and endometrium. Recurrent implantation failure is an essential component of assisted reproductive technology. Also, miRNA-mediated gene expression impacts the implantation process, and the downregulation of some miRs, such as mmu-let-7a, improves this process. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of let-7a forced suppression on the mouse implantation rate. In total, 100 adult female mice and 10 adult male mice were included (Strain CD-1). We analysed the expression of let-7a and its potential mRNAs targets (Igf1, Il1a, Itgb3 and Tgfb1) in control, sham and antagomir-treated blastocysts using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The control and treated blastocysts were transferred to the 20 pseudopregnant mice so that the effect of let-7a suppression on the rate of implantation could be determined. The expression level of let-7a in the treatment group was significantly downregulated (P=0.001) In contrast, no significant expression changes were observed for let-7a or mRNAs targets when the sham and control groups were compared (P>0.05). In comparison to the controls, the antagomir-treated group exhibited significantly upregulated expression levels of Igf1 (0.0167), Itgb3 (0.045) and Tgfb1 (0.0115). Additionally, the implantation rate was significantly higher in the treatment group (78%) than the control group (61%) (P=0.0098). We found that forced suppression of mmu-let-7a-5p through successful transfection of Anti-miR leads to upregulation of downstream genes, Igf1, Itgb3 and Tgfb1, which directly involved in the trophoblast-endometrium attachment and improve the implantation rate.
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Chong ZX, Yeap SK, Ho WY. Transfection types, methods and strategies: a technical review. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11165. [PMID: 33976969 PMCID: PMC8067914 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfection is a modern and powerful method used to insert foreign nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. The ability to modify host cells' genetic content enables the broad application of this process in studying normal cellular processes, disease molecular mechanism and gene therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarized and compared the findings from various reported literature on the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of various transfection methods, type of transfected nucleic acids, transfection controls and approaches to assess transfection efficiency. With the vast choices of approaches available, we hope that this review will help researchers, especially those new to the field, in their decision making over the transfection protocol or strategy appropriate for their experimental aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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Li Z, Cai Z, Fu W, Liu Y, Tian C, Wang H, Fu T, Wu Z, Wu D, Jin Y, Cheng Z, Terada N, Liu L, Wu W, Jin S, Bai F. High-efficiency protein delivery into transfection-recalcitrant cell types. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:816-831. [PMID: 31814110 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of functional proteins is of great interest for basic biological research as well as for clinical applications. Transfection is the most commonly used method, however, it is not applicable to large-scale manipulation and inefficient in important cell types implicated in biomedical applications, such as epithelial, immune and pluripotent stem cells. In this study, we explored a bacterial type III secretion system (Bac-T3SS)-mediated proteofection method to overcome these limitations. An attenuated Pseudomonas aeruginosa vector was constructed, which has features of low toxicity, high T3SS activity, and self-limiting growth. Compared to the method of transfection, the Bac-T3SS showed significantly higher efficiencies of Cre recombinase translocation and target site recombination for hard-to-transfect human cell lines. Furthermore, through the delivery of β-lactamase in live animals, we demonstrated the feasibility and biosafety of in vivo application of the Bac-T3SS. This study provided an efficient and low-cost proteofection strategy for laboratory use as well as for application in large-scale cell manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zeqiong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weixin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenglei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tongtong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenzhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shouguang Jin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Enhanced photon collection enables four dimensional fluorescence nanoscopy of living systems. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3281. [PMID: 30115928 PMCID: PMC6095837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05799-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The theoretically unlimited spatial resolution of fluorescence nanoscopy often comes at the expense of time, contrast and increased dose of energy for recording. Here, we developed MoNaLISA, for Molecular Nanoscale Live Imaging with Sectioning Ability, a nanoscope capable of imaging structures at a scale of 45–65 nm within the entire cell volume at low light intensities (W-kW cm−2). Our approach, based on reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins, features three distinctly modulated illumination patterns crafted and combined to gain fluorescence ON–OFF switching cycles and image contrast. By maximizing the detected photon flux, MoNaLISA enables prolonged (40–50 frames) and large (50 × 50 µm2) recordings at 0.3–1.3 Hz with enhanced optical sectioning ability. We demonstrate the general use of our approach by 4D imaging of organelles and fine structures in epithelial human cells, colonies of mouse embryonic stem cells, brain cells, and organotypic tissues. Super-resolution microscopy often suffers from low contrast and slow recording times. Here the authors present an optical implementation which makes the fluorescent proteins’ ON–OFF switching cycles more efficient, enhancing contrast and spatio-temporal resolution in 3D cell and tissue imaging.
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Optimized co-transfection of murine embryonic stem cells. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:131-133. [PMID: 29305772 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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