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Wang K, Shen XL, Jia JS, Yu XD, Du J, Lin SH, Du ZQ. High-throughput sequencing analysis of microRNAs in gills of red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii infected with white spot syndrome virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:18-25. [PMID: 30195906 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important posttranscriptional regulators. They play an important role in the antiviral innate immunity of invertebrates. In the present study, high-throughput small RNAs Illumina sequencing systems were carried out to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in the gills of Procambarus clarkii, which was challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Our results identified 11,617 known and 6 novel miRNAs in normal group (NG) and WSSV-challenged group (WG) small RNA libraries. Additionally, 27 DEMs were shown to participate in the antiviral innate immunity of P. clarkii and were significantly upregulated or downregulated. In addition, the results of the KEGG pathway prediction of the DEMs target genes showed that putative target genes of these 27 DEMs were related mainly to the RNA transport pathway, tight junction pathway, mRNA surveillance pathway, regulation actin cytoskeleton pathway, focal adhesion pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. These results provide important information for future studies about the antiviral innate immunity of crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Xiu-Li Shen
- Library, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Jia
- Shenyang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quaranting Bureau, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Jie Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Si-Han Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, 014010, China.
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Du ZQ, Leng XY, Shen XL, Jin YH, Li XC. Identification and characterization of lymph organ microRNAs in red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii infected with white spot syndrome virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:78-84. [PMID: 28803958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were important post-transcriptional regulators and played vital roles in innate immunity system of invertebrates, especially in the aspect of antivirus. In this study, using high-throughput small RNAs Illumina sequencing system, differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) from lymph organs in red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, infected with white spot syndrome virus, were identified. As a result, 32 known miRNAs and 7 novel miRNAs were identified in crayfish lymph organ small RNAs library of NG and WG. Among them, 7 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were predicted to be involved in the lymph organ antiviral innate immunity of P. clarkii. Besides, the results showed that putative target genes of these DEMs were related with tight junction, RNA transport, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion, vascular smooth muscle contraction, mRNA surveillance pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. These results might provide the guiding theoretical foundation for future studies about crustaceans' antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Du
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Leng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China
| | - Xiu-Li Shen
- Library, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China
| | - Yan-Hui Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Qin H, Jin J, Fischer H, Mildner M, Gschwandtner M, Mlitz V, Eckhart L, Tschachler E. The caspase-1 inhibitor CARD18 is specifically expressed during late differentiation of keratinocytes and its expression is lost in lichen planus. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:176-182. [PMID: 28506683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CARD18 contains a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) via which it binds to caspase-1 and thereby inhibits caspase-1-mediated activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β. OBJECTIVES To determine the expression profile and the role of CARD18 during differentiation of keratinocytes and to compare the expression of CARD18 in normal skin and in inflammatory skin diseases. METHODS Human keratinocytes were induced to differentiate in monolayer and in 3D skin equivalent cultures. In some experiments, CARD18-specific siRNAs were used to knock down expression of CARD18. CARD18 mRNA levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR, and CARD18 protein was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. In situ expression was analyzed in skin biopsies obtained from healthy donors and patients with psoriasis and lichen planus. RESULTS CARD18 mRNA was expressed in the epidermis at more than 100-fold higher levels than in any other human tissue. Within the epidermis, CARD18 was specifically expressed in the granular layer. In vitro CARD18 was strongly upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in keratinocytes undergoing terminal differentiation. In skin equivalent cultures the expression of CARD18 was efficiently suppressed by siRNAs without impairing stratum corneum formation. Epidermal expression of CARD18 was increased after ultraviolet (UV)B irradiation of skin explants. In skin biopsies of patients with psoriasis no consistent regulation of CARD18 expression was observed, however, in lesional epidermis of patients with lichen planus, CARD18 expression was either greatly diminished or entirely absent whereas in non-lesional areas expression was comparable to normal skin. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify CARD18 as a differentiation-associated keratinocyte protein that is altered in abundance by UV stress. Its downregulation in lichen planus indicates a potential role in inflammatory reactions of the epidermis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heinz Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Gschwandtner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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HA metabolism in skin homeostasis and inflammatory disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 101:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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Dropulic LK, Lederman HM. Overview of Infections in the Immunocompromised Host. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0026-2016. [PMID: 27726779 PMCID: PMC8428766 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.dmih2-0026-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the components of the immune system that contribute to host defense against infection is key to recognizing infections that are more likely to occur in an immunocompromised patient. In this review, we discuss the integrated system of physical barriers and of innate and adaptive immunity that contributes to host defense. Specific defects in the components of this system that predispose to particular infections are presented. This is followed by a review of primary immunodeficiency diseases and secondary immunodeficiencies, the latter of which develop because of a specific illness or condition or are treatment-related. The effects of treatment for neoplasia, autoimmune diseases, solid organ and stem cell transplants on host defenses are reviewed and associated with susceptibility to particular infections. In conclusion, an approach to laboratory screening for a suspected immunodeficiency is presented. Knowledge of which host defects predispose to specific infections allows clinicians to prevent, diagnose, and manage infections in their immunocompromised patients most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia K Dropulic
- The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Howard M Lederman
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
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Meisgen F, Xu Landén N, Wang A, Réthi B, Bouez C, Zuccolo M, Gueniche A, Ståhle M, Sonkoly E, Breton L, Pivarcsi A. MiR-146a negatively regulates TLR2-induced inflammatory responses in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1931-1940. [PMID: 24670381 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes represent the first line of defense against pathogens in the skin and have important roles in initiating and regulating inflammation during infection and autoimmunity. Here we investigated the role of miR-146a in the regulation of the innate immune response of keratinocytes. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) stimulation of primary human keratinocytes resulted in an NF-κB- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent upregulation of miR-146a expression, which was surprisingly long lasting, contrasting with the rapid and transient induction of inflammatory mediators. Overexpression of miR-146a significantly suppressed the production of IL-8, CCL20, and tumor necrosis factor-α, which functionally suppressed the chemotactic attraction of neutrophils by keratinocytes. Inhibition of endogenous miR-146a induced the production of inflammatory mediators even in nonstimulated keratinocytes, and potentiated the effect of TLR2 stimulation. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that miR-146a suppresses the expression of a large number of immune-related genes in keratinocytes. MiR-146a downregulated interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 and TNF receptor-associated factor 6, two key adapter molecules downstream of TLR signaling, and suppressed NF-κB promoter-binding activity as shown by promoter luciferase experiments. Together, these data identify miR-146a as a regulatory element in keratinocyte innate immunity, which prevents the production of inflammatory mediators under homeostatic conditions and serves as a potent negative feedback regulator after TLR2 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meisgen
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aoxue Wang
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bence Réthi
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Mona Ståhle
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enikö Sonkoly
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Andor Pivarcsi
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nguyen KT, Seth AK, Hong SJ, Geringer MR, Xie P, Leung KP, Mustoe TA, Galiano RD. Deficient cytokine expression and neutrophil oxidative burst contribute to impaired cutaneous wound healing in diabetic, biofilm-containing chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:833-41. [PMID: 24118295 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients exhibit dysregulated inflammatory and immune responses that predispose them to chronic wound infections and the threat of limb loss. The molecular underpinnings responsible for this have not been well elucidated, particularly in the setting of wound biofilms. This study evaluates host responses in biofilm-impaired wounds using the TallyHo mouse, a clinically relevant polygenic model of type 2 diabetes. No differences in cytokine or Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression were noted in unwounded skin or noninoculated wounds of diabetic and wild-type mice. However, diabetic biofilm-containing wounds had significantly less TLR 2, TLR 4, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression than wild-type wounds with biofilm (all p < 0.001). Both groups had similar bacterial burden and neutrophil infiltration after development of biofilms at 3 days postwounding, but diabetic wounds had significantly less neutrophil oxidative burst activity. This translated into a log-fold greater bacterial burden and significant delay of wound epithelization for biofilm-impaired diabetic wounds at 10 days postwounding. These results suggest that impaired recognition of bacterial infection via the TLR pathway leading to inadequate cytokine stimulation of antimicrobial host responses may represent a potential mechanism underlying diabetic susceptibility to wound infection and ulceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang T Nguyen
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Sonesson A, Kasetty G, Olin AI, Malmsten M, Mörgelin M, Sørensen OE, Schmidtchen A. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin exerts antimicrobial activities. Exp Dermatol 2012; 20:1004-10. [PMID: 22092577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin-7-like cytokine expressed by epithelial cells and reported to be involved in allergic diseases and atopic eczema. The presence of several predicted α-helical regions in TSPL, a structure characterizing many classical antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), prompted us to investigate whether TSLP exerts antimicrobial activities. Recombinant human TSLP exerted antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. Using synthetic overlapping peptide 20-mers of TSLP, it was demonstrated that the antimicrobial effect is primarily mediated by the C-terminal region of the protein. MKK34 (MKKRRKRKVTTNKCLEQVSQLQGLWRRFNRPLLK), a peptide spanning a C-terminal α-helical region in TSLP, showed potent antimicrobial activities, in physiological salt conditions and in the presence of human plasma. Fluorescent studies of peptide-treated bacteria, electron microscopy and liposome leakage models showed that MKK34 exerted membrane-disrupting effects comparable to those of the classical AMP LL-37. Moreover, TSLP was degraded into multiple fragments by staphylococcal V8 proteinase. One major antimicrobial degradation fragment was found to encompass the C-terminal antimicrobial region defined by the MKK34 peptide. We here describe a novel antimicrobial role for TSLP. The antimicrobial activity is primarily mediated by the C-terminal part of the protein. In combination with the previously known cytokine function of TSLP, our result indicates dual functions of the molecule and a previously unknown role in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sonesson
- Divisions of Dermatology and Venereology Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Matsuo K, Ishii Y, Quan YS, Kamiyama F, Asada H, Mukai Y, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Compositional optimization and safety assessment of a hydrogel patch as a transcutaneous immunization device. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 34:1835-40. [PMID: 22130239 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simple, easy-to-use, and non-invasive vaccination system is in high demand. For transcutaneous immunization (TCI), we previously developed a hydrogel patch formulation that accelerates the penetration of an antigen (Ag) through the stratum corneum (SC) and effectively elicits Ag-specific immune responses. The present studies were performed to optimize the composition and assess the safety of the patch formulation. A hydrogel patch with a water content ratio of 5% more effectively induced an immune response compared to patches with a different composition, suggesting that the moisture content of the hydrogel patch formulation has optimal ratio for SC hydration to promote Ag penetration through the SC. TCI using a hydrogel patch induced few local and systemic adverse reactions. Based on these results, we are now advancing translational research to evaluate the safety and efficacy of our novel TCI system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
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Sonesson A, Nordahl EA, Malmsten M, Schmidtchen A. Antifungal activities of peptides derived from domain 5 of high-molecular-weight kininogen. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2011; 2011:761037. [PMID: 21941573 PMCID: PMC3173955 DOI: 10.1155/2011/761037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients, Candida and Malassezia are causing or triggering clinical manifestations such as cutaneous infections and atopic eczema. The innate immune system provides rapid responses to microbial invaders, without requiring prior stimulation, through a sophisticated system of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). High molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) and components of the contact system have previously been reported to bind to Candida and other pathogens, leading to activation of the contact system. A cutaneous Candida infection is characterized by an accumulation of neutrophils, leading to an inflammatory response and release of enzymatically active substances. In the present study we demonstrate that antifungal peptide fragments are generated through proteolytic degradation of HMWK. The recombinant domain 5 (rD5) of HMWK, D5-derived peptides, as well as hydrophobically modified D5-derived peptides efficiently killed Candida and Malassezia. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of modified peptides was studied at physiological conditions. Binding of a D5-derived peptide, HKH20 (His(479)-His(498)), to the fungal cell membrane was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Our data disclose a novel antifungal activity of D5-derived peptides and also show that proteolytic cleavage of HMWK results in fragments exerting antifungal activity. Of therapeutic interest is that structurally modified peptides show an enhanced antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sonesson
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Andersson Nordahl
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Lai Y, Cogen AL, Radek KA, Park HJ, Macleod DT, Leichtle A, Ryan AF, Di Nardo A, Gallo RL. Activation of TLR2 by a small molecule produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis increases antimicrobial defense against bacterial skin infections. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2211-21. [PMID: 20463690 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Production of antimicrobial peptides by epithelia is an essential defense against infectious pathogens. In this study we evaluated whether the commensal microorganism Staphylococcus epidermidis may enhance production of antimicrobial peptides by keratinocytes and thus augment skin defense against infection. Exposure of cultured undifferentiated human keratinocytes to a sterile nontoxic small molecule of <10 kDa from S. epidermidis conditioned culture medium (SECM), but not similar preparations from other bacteria, enhanced human beta-defensin 2 (hBD2) and hBD3 mRNA expression and increased the capacity of cell lysates to inhibit the growth of group A Streptococcus (GAS) and S. aureus. Partial gene silencing of hBD3 inhibited this antimicrobial action. This effect was relevant in vivo as administration of SECM to mice decreased susceptibility to infection by GAS. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was important to this process as a TLR2-neutralizing antibody blocked induction of hBDs 2 and 3, and Tlr2-deficient mice did not show induction of mBD4. Taken together, these findings reveal a potential use for normal commensal bacterium S. epidermidis to activate TLR2 signaling and induce antimicrobial peptide expression, thus enabling the skin to mount an enhanced response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Lai
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is an important transcriptional regulator of cell metabolism and the adaptation to cellular stress caused by oxygen deficiency (hypoxia). Phagocytic cells have an essential role in innate immune defence against pathogens and this is a battle that takes place mainly in the hypoxic microenvironments of infected tissues. It has now become clear that HIF promotes the bactericidal activities of phagocytic cells and supports the innate immune functions of dendritic cells, mast cells and epithelial cells. In response to microbial pathogens, HIF expression is upregulated through pathways involving the key immune response regulator nuclear factor-kappaB, highlighting an interdependence of the innate immune and hypoxic responses to infection and tissue damage. In turn, HIF-driven innate immune responses have important consequences for both the pathogen and the host, such that the tissue microenvironment fundamentally influences susceptibility to infectious disease.
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13
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Vasculitis: Current Status and Future Directions. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 35:1-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Gariboldi S, Palazzo M, Zanobbio L, Selleri S, Sommariva M, Sfondrini L, Cavicchini S, Balsari A, Rumio C. Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid increases the self-defense of skin epithelium by induction of beta-defensin 2 via TLR2 and TLR4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2103-10. [PMID: 18641349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In sites of inflammation or tissue injury, hyaluronic acid (HA), ubiquitous in the extracellular matrix, is broken down into low m.w. HA (LMW-HA) fragments that have been reported to activate immunocompetent cells. We found that LMW-HA induces activation of keratinocytes, which respond by producing beta-defensin 2. This production is mediated by TLR2 and TLR4 activation and involves a c-Fos-mediated, protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathway. LMW-HA-induced activation of keratinocytes seems not to be accompanied by an inflammatory response, because no production of IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or IL-6 was observed. Ex vivo and in vivo treatments of murine skin with LMW-HA showed a release of mouse beta-defensin 2 in all layers of the epidermal compartment. Therefore, the breakdown of extracellular matrix components, for example after injury, stimulates keratinocytes to release beta-defensin 2, which protects cutaneous tissue at a time when it is particularly vulnerable to infection. In addition, our observation might be important to open new perspectives in the development of possible topical products containing LMW-HA to improve the release of beta-defensins by keratinocytes, thus ameliorating the self-defense of the skin for the protection of cutaneous tissue from infection by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gariboldi
- Mucosal Immunity Laboratory, Department of Human Morphology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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15
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Sherer Y, Matthias T, Shoenfeld Y. Cutting Edge Issues in Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 34:275-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-007-8047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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