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Bouguerra K, Tazir M, Melouli H, Khelil M. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C genetic polymorphisms and plasma homocysteine in Alzheimer's disease in an Algerian population. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:918-923. [PMID: 36580407 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2158825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is multifactorial. The most important challenge of research is the identification of potential biomarkers associated with AD pathogenesis that may significantly contribute to early diagnosis of the disease. We aim to explore an eventual association of the C677T and A1298C genetic polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene with AD risk in an Algerian population. METHODS This case-control study involved comparing a group of 106 patients that had developed AD to another group of 104 non-demented individuals. The MTHFR genotypes were determined using PCR-RFLP method. Additionally, the homocysteine level was evaluated. RESULTS Genotypes analysis did not show an association for both MTHFR677CT and 677TT variants with AD risk (OR = 1.12; p = 0.66; OR = 1.76; p = 0.09) respectively. As expected, the 677CC wild type genotype showed a protective role against AD (OR = 0.52; p = 0.03). For 1298AC MTHFR variant, the distribution of different genotypes did not show a statistical significant difference between the two cohorts. However the silmutaneous carrier, CT/AC presented association with AD (OR = 5.96; p = 0.05). On the other hand, carrier-state of MTHFR T allele showed a relationship with AD (OR = 1.98; p = 0.02). Additionally, hyperhomocysteinemia seems to be a risk factor for AD (OR = 1.08; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our exploration reveals that the silmutaneous carrier, CT/AC, carrier-state of MTHFR T allele, and hyperhomocysteinemia seem to be risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadidja Bouguerra
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologie Houari Boumediene, Alger, Algérie
| | - Meriem Tazir
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (CHU) Mustapha Bacha, Alger, Algérie
| | - Hamid Melouli
- Service virus et oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Alger, Algérie
| | - Malika Khelil
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologie Houari Boumediene, Alger, Algérie
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2
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Dos Santos ACM, Dos Santos BRC, Dos Santos BB, Bastos DM, de Moura EL, Neto ABL, E Silva ACP, de Farias KF, de Medeiros Alves V, Nardi AE, de Souza Figueiredo EVM. The Role of the IL-10 (-819C/T), TNFA (-308G/A) and ENOS (-786T/C) Polymorphisms of Impulsive and Aggressive Personality Traits in Cocaine/Crack Users. Neuroscience 2022; 498:280-288. [PMID: 35716966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and nitric oxide have been associated with impulsive and aggressive personality traits. We conducted the first study that investigated the role of SNPs in cytokines and nitric oxide genes and the influence in the progression of aggressive and impulsive behavior in 107 of cocaine and crack users. In this case-control, IL-10 (-819C/T), TNFA (-308G/A) and ENOS (-786T/C) polymorphisms were determined by Real-Time PCR. In addition, the relationship between these polymorphisms and Impulsivity and Aggression was determined. We found that the physical aggressiveness sub score was negatively correlated with the C allele of -819C/T polymorphism of the IL-10 (b = -0.14; p = 0.04). The T allele of the SNP -786T/C of the ENOS gene positively predicts traits of physical aggressiveness (b = 0.14; p = 0.04). The GA genotype (b = 0.22; p = 0.01) and the A allele (b = 0.15; p = 0.02) of -308 G/A polymorphism of the TNFA were positively correlated with aggressiveness physical. The GA genotype (b = 0.20; p = 0.03) was positively correlated with aggressiveness verbal. IL-10 (-819C/T), TNFA (-308G/A) and ENOS (-786T/C) polymorphisms might be associated with high risk of aggressive and impulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Melo Dos Santos
- Federal University of Alagoas, Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil; Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Barbara Rayssa Correia Dos Santos
- Federal University of Alagoas, Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil; Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Bruna Brandão Dos Santos
- Federal University of Alagoas, Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil; Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Dhayane Magalhães Bastos
- Federal University of Alagoas, Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Edilson Leite de Moura
- Federal University of Alagoas, Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil; Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil
| | - Abel Barbosa Lira Neto
- Federal University of Alagoas, Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil
| | | | - Karol Fireman de Farias
- Federal University of Alagoas, Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil; Department of Nursing, Postgraduate Program in Nursing of the Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Egídio Nardi
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Elaine Virgínia Martins de Souza Figueiredo
- Federal University of Alagoas, Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil; Biomarkers and Health Monitoring Research Group (BMS), Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Laboratory, Brazil.
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Liao FF, Lin G, Chen X, Chen L, Zheng W, Raghow R, Zhou FM, Shih AY, Tan XL. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Deficient Mice: A Model of Spontaneous Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1932-1945. [PMID: 33711310 PMCID: PMC8647425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-related cerebral small-vessel disease (CSVD) is a major cause of stroke and dementia. Despite a widespread acceptance of small-vessel arteriopathy, lacunar infarction, diffuse white matter injury, and cognitive impairment as four cardinal features of CSVD, a unifying pathologic mechanism of CSVD remains elusive. Herein, we introduce partial endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-deficient mice as a model of age-dependent, spontaneous CSVD. These mice developed cerebral hypoperfusion and blood-brain barrier leakage at a young age, which progressively worsened with advanced age. Their brains exhibited elevated oxidative stress, astrogliosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, microbleeds, microinfarction, and white matter pathology. Partial eNOS-deficient mice developed gait disturbances at middle age, and hippocampus-dependent memory deficits at older ages. These mice also showed enhanced expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in brain pericytes before myelin loss and white matter pathology. Because BMP4 signaling not only promotes astrogliogenesis but also blocks oligodendrocyte differentiation, we posit that paracrine actions of BMP4, localized within the neurovascular unit, promote white matter disorganization and neurodegeneration. These observations point to BMP4 signaling pathway in the aging brain vasculature as a potential therapeutic target. Finally, because studies in partial eNOS-deficient mice corroborated recent clinical evidence that blood-brain barrier disruption is a primary cause of white matter pathology, the mechanism of impaired nitric oxide signaling-mediated CSVD warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca-Fang Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Geng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingyong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rajendra Raghow
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Fu-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Xing-Lin Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Neurology, Nanhai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
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Wang Q, Zhao J, Chang H, Liu X, Zhu R. Homocysteine and Folic Acid: Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease-An Updated Meta-Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:665114. [PMID: 34122042 PMCID: PMC8188894 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.665114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have reported that homocysteine (Hcy) may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our study explored the relationship between the plasma Hcy and folate levels and the risk of dementia. Methods: We searched Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science for published literature, including case-control studies and prospective cohort studies, and performed a systematic analysis. Results: The results of our meta-analysis, consisting of case-control studies, showed higher levels of Hcy and lower levels of folate in dementia, AD, and VaD patients than those in non-demented controls (for dementia: SMD = 0.812, 95% CI [0.689, 0.936], p = 0.000 for Hcy; SMD = −0.677, 95% CI [−0.828, −0.525], p = 0.000 for folate). AD patients showed significantly lower plasma Hcy levels compared to VaD patients (SMD = −0.278, 95% CI [−0.466, −0.09], p = 0.000). Subgroup analysis revealed that ethnicity, average age, and dementia type had no significant effect on this association. Furthermore, from the analysis of prospective cohort studies, we identified that elevated plasma Hcy levels were associated with an increased risk of dementia, AD, and VaD (RRdementia = 1.22, 95% CI [1.08, 1.36]; RRAD = 1.07, 95% CI [1.04, 1.11]; RRVaD = 1.13, 95% CI [1.04, 1.23]). In addition, every 5 μmol/L increase in the plasma Hcy level was associated with a 9% increased risk of dementia and a 12% increased risk of AD. Conclusion: Hcy and folic acid are potential predictors of the occurrence and development of AD. A better understanding of their function in dementia could provide evidence for clinicians to rationalize clinical intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongtao Chang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruixia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Gunawan A, Fajar JK, Tamara F, Mahendra AI, Ilmawan M, Purnamasari Y, Kartini DA, Winoto ES, Saifillah ES, Wulandari DS, Krisna PA, Mayasari ED, Dantara TWI, Wicaksono RS, Soeatmadji DW. Nitride oxide synthase 3 and klotho gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and age-related cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2020; 9:252. [PMID: 34035901 PMCID: PMC8112466 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22989.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While it has been known that the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and age-related cognitive impairment involves several mediators, the evidence in clinical practice only reveals nitride oxide synthase (NOS) and klotho. However, the evidence for this topic is conflicted. The aim of this study was to assess the role of NOS and klotho single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the pathogenesis of CKD and age-related cognitive impairment. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis during October to December 2019. Paper collection was performed in major scientific websites, and we extracted information of interest from each paper. Data were analyzed using a Z-test with either random or fixed effect model. Results: Our initial assessment identified NOS3 G894T, NOS3 T786C, NOS3 4b/4a, klotho ( KL) G395A, and KL C1818T as the gene candidate for our meta-analysis. Our pooled calculation revealed that NOS3 G894T was associated with the risk of both age-related cognitive impairment and CKD. Increased susceptibility to age-related cognitive impairment was observed in the GG genotype, and increased risk of CKD was found in patients with a single T allele and TT genotype for NOS3 nucleotide 894. For NOS3 4b/4a, increased risk of CKD was only found in 4a4a genotype. For NOS3 T786C, we failed to show the association with both CKD and age-related cognitive impairment. Subsequently, for KL G395A, A allele and GA genotype were found to correlate with increased susceptibility to CKD, while its correlation to age-related cognitive impairment was failed to clarify. For KL C1818T, our analysis failed to find the correlation with the risk of CKD. Conclusions: Our results reveal that the NOS3 G894T gene polymorphism has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both CKD and age-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atma Gunawan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Jonny Karunia Fajar
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Fredo Tamara
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Indra Mahendra
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ilmawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Yeni Purnamasari
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | | | - Eden Suryoiman Winoto
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Efriko Septananda Saifillah
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Sri Wulandari
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Pratista Adi Krisna
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Ema Dianita Mayasari
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wahyudi Iman Dantara
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Ramadi Satryo Wicaksono
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Bangil., Pasuruan, East Java, 67153, Indonesia
| | - Djoko Wahono Soeatmadji
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
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6
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Gunawan A, Fajar JK, Tamara F, Mahendra AI, Ilmawan M, Purnamasari Y, Kartini DA, Winoto ES, Saifillah ES, Wulandari DS, Krisna PA, Mayasari ED, Dantara TWI, Wicaksono RS, Soeatmadji DW. Nitride oxide synthase 3 and klotho gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and age-related cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2020; 9:252. [PMID: 34035901 PMCID: PMC8112466 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22989.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 04/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: While it has been known that the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and age-related cognitive impairment involves several mediators, the evidence in clinical practice only reveals nitride oxide synthase (NOS) and klotho. However, the evidence for this topic is conflicted. The aim of this study was to assess the role of NOS and klotho single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the pathogenesis of CKD and age-related cognitive impairment. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis during October to December 2019. Paper collection was performed in major scientific websites, and we extracted information of interest from each paper. Data were analyzed using a Z-test with either random or fixed effect model. Results: Our initial assessment identified NOS3 G894T, NOS3 T786C, NOS3 4b/4a, klotho ( KL) G395A, and KL C1818T as the gene candidate for our meta-analysis. Our pooled calculation revealed that NOS3 G894T was associated with the risk of both age-related cognitive impairment and CKD. Increased susceptibility to age-related cognitive impairment was observed in the GG genotype, and increased risk of CKD was found in patients with a single T allele and TT genotype for NOS3 nucleotide 894. For NOS3 4b/4a, increased risk of CKD was only found in 4a4a genotype. For NOS3 T786C, we failed to show the association with both CKD and age-related cognitive impairment. Subsequently, for KL G395A, A allele and GA genotype were found to correlate with increased susceptibility to CKD, while its correlation to age-related cognitive impairment was failed to clarify. For KL C1818T, our analysis failed to find the correlation with the risk of CKD. Conclusions: Our results reveal that the NOS3 G894T gene polymorphism has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both CKD and age-related cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atma Gunawan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Jonny Karunia Fajar
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Fredo Tamara
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Indra Mahendra
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ilmawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Yeni Purnamasari
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | | | - Eden Suryoiman Winoto
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Efriko Septananda Saifillah
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Sri Wulandari
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Pratista Adi Krisna
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Ema Dianita Mayasari
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wahyudi Iman Dantara
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Ramadi Satryo Wicaksono
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Bangil., Pasuruan, East Java, 67153, Indonesia
| | - Djoko Wahono Soeatmadji
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65145, Indonesia
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Micarelli A, Cormano A, Caccamo D, Alessandrini M. Olfactory-Related Quality of Life in Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A Genetic-Acquired Factors Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010156. [PMID: 31881664 PMCID: PMC6981591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms as well as environmental exposures to chemical compounds, iatrogenic, psychological, and physical trauma may play a pathophysiological role in multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) olfactory complaints, given that xenobiotic metabolism is influenced by sequence variations in genes of metabolizing enzymes. Thus, the aim of the present study was to depict-by means of multiple regression analysis-how different genetic conditions, grouped according to their function as well as clinical background and environmental exposure may interfere with those olfactory complaints referred by MCS patients. Therefore, MCS patients after gene polymorphism sequencing, the olfactory-related quality of life score-calculated by means of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorder in forty-six MCS patients-have been found to significantly rely on the phase I and II enzymes score and exposure to previous compounds and surgical treatments. The present work-implementing for the first time a genetic-acquired factors model on a regression analysis-further reinforces those theories, positing MCS as a complex, multifactorial, disease in which the genetic risk related to phase I and II enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification, olfactory, and neurodegenerative diseases play a necessary, but probably not sufficient role, along the pathophysiological route of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Micarelli
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, I-39100 Bolzano, Italy
- ITER Center for Balance and Rehabilitation Research (ICBRR), 02032 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Daniela Caccamo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, Polyclinic Hospital University, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Marco Alessandrini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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Impaired Cognitive Performance in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Knockout Mice After Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 97:492-499. [PMID: 29406402 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive dysfunction and dementia are common following ischemic stroke. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has been found to play an important role in neurologic function and cognition. The purpose of the present study was to assess the specific role of eNOS in cognitive performance after stroke. DESIGN Male wild-type and mice lacking eNOS (eNOS) underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham-surgery. Primary outcomes were repeated measures of neurologic score, limb asymmetry, sensory/motor function, and spatial memory/learning assessed at intervals up to 28 days postsurgery. Group differences in brain microglia activation and infiltration and levels of interferon-gamma were examined. RESULTS There was no genotype × surgery interaction effect on the pattern of change in neurologic score, limb asymmetry, or sensory motor function across the 28 days postsurgery. In the Morris water maze, eNOS-/- middle cerebral artery occlusion mice displayed learning and memory deficits not evident in wild-type middle cerebral artery occlusion mice. Poorer spatial memory and learning in eNOS-/- middle cerebral artery occlusion mice was associated with a reduction in the number of activated microglia in the striatum on the lesion side and decreased brain tissue levels of interferon-gamma. CONCLUSIONS This study's data support a role for eNOS in cognitive performance after stroke. This finding may lead to the development of novel interventions to treat poststroke cognitive deficits.
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Hu Q, Teng W, Li J, Hao F, Wang N. Homocysteine and Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence for a Causal Link from Mendelian Randomization. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:747-56. [PMID: 27031476 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The relationship between plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been studied for many years, but remains controversial. While a recent meta-analysis of epidemiological studies, which included observational studies, indicated that homocysteine may be a risk factor for AD, there remains a need to further demonstrate this link due to the large degree of heterogeneity between studies. Epidemiological studies have certain limitations, as their results can be affected by confounding factors and reverse causation. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between plasma homocysteine and AD by using a Mendelian randomization method to avoid problems of confounding bias and reverse causality. METHODS We searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for reports regarding the MTHFR C677T polymorphism (rs1801133) from the time of their inception to September 2015. These reports were combined with related observational studies, and used to evaluate the effect of MTHFR C677T (rs1801133) on the risk for AD. A recent meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies had previously suggested a relationship between homocysteine and MTHFR C677T (rs 1801133). RESULTS Our met-analysis included 34 studies with 9397 subjects, and demonstrated a significant relationship between plasma total homocysteine levels and the risk for AD (OR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.90-5.95; p = 2.9×10-5). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis demonstrated a causal link between plasma total homocysteine and the risk for AD, and provides a new insight into the etiology and prevention of AD.
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Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T Polymorphism and Alzheimer Disease Risk: a Meta-Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1173-1186. [PMID: 26820674 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is key enzyme of folate/homocysteine pathway. Case control association studies on MTHFR C677T polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been repeatedly performed over the last two decades, but the results are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to assess the risk of MTHFR C677T polymorphism for AD. Forty-one studies were identified by a search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and Springer Link databases, up to January 2015. Odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed effect model or random effect model. The subgroup analyses based on ethnicity were performed. MTHFR C677T polymorphism had a significant association with susceptibility to AD in all genetic models (for T vs C OR = 1.29, 95 % CI = 1.07-1.56, p = 0.003; for TT + CT vs CC OR = 1.29, 95 % CI = 1.19-1.40, p = 0.0004; for TT vs CC OR = 1.31, 95 % CI = 1.16-1.48, p = 0.001; for CT vs CC OR = 1.24, 95 % CI = 1.13-1.35, p < 0.004; and for TT vs CT + CC OR = 1.13, 95 % CI = 1.00-1.28, p = 0.02). Results of present meta-analysis supported that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of AD.
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Liu S, Zeng F, Wang C, Chen Z, Zhao B, Li K. The nitric oxide synthase 3 G894T polymorphism associated with Alzheimer's disease risk: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13598. [PMID: 26337484 PMCID: PMC4559797 DOI: 10.1038/srep13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between the G894T polymorphism (Glu298Asp) of nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) and risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was explored by performing a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Bibliographical searches were conducted in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases without any language limitations. Two investigators independently assessed abstracts for relevant studies, and reviewed all eligible studies. We adopted regrouping in accordance with the most probably appropriate genetic model. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of this association. We performed a meta-analysis including 21 published articles with 23 case-control studies (5,670 cases and 5,046 controls). In the analyses, we found significant association between G894T polymorphism and AD risk under a complete overdominant model (GG + TT vs. GT) (OR = 1.18; 95%CI, 1.04–1.35; P = 0.010). When stratified by time of AD onset, we found the association between this polymorphism and AD susceptibility to be more substantial among late onset patients than among early onset patients (OR for late vs. early onset: 1.33 vs. 1.02, P interaction = 0.049). The meta-analysis showed that the polymorphism G894T of NOS3 was associated with risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China.,Department of Chronic Disease, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen 518054, China
| | - Fangfang Zeng
- Epidemiology research unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Chronic Disease, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen 518054, China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chronic Disease, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen 518054, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Keshen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China
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Tan XL, Xue YQ, Ma T, Wang X, Li JJ, Lan L, Malik KU, McDonald MP, Dopico AM, Liao FF. Partial eNOS deficiency causes spontaneous thrombotic cerebral infarction, amyloid angiopathy and cognitive impairment. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:24. [PMID: 26104027 PMCID: PMC4479241 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral infarction due to thrombosis leads to the most common type of stroke and a likely cause of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) generates NO, which plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular function and exerting an antithrombotic action. Reduced eNOS expression and eNOS polymorphisms have been associated with stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia associated with neurovascular dysfunction. However, direct proof of such association is lacking. Since there are no reports of complete eNOS deficiency in humans, we used heterozygous eNOS+/- mice to mimic partial deficiency of eNOS, and determine its impact on cerebrovascular pathology and perfusion of cerebral vessels. Results Combining cerebral angiography with immunohistochemistry, we found thrombotic cerebral infarctions in eNOS+/- mice as early as 3–6 months of age but not in eNOS+/+ mice at any age. Remarkably, vascular occlusions in eNOS+/- mice were found almost exclusively in three areas: temporoparietal and retrosplenial granular cortexes, and hippocampus this distribution precisely matching the hypoperfused areas identified in preclinical AD patients. Moreover, progressive cerebral amyloid angiopaphy (CAA), blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and cognitive impairment were also detected in aged eNOS+/- mice. Conclusions These data provide for the first time the evidence that partial eNOS deficiency results in spontaneous thrombotic cerebral infarctions that increase with age, leading to progressive CAA and cognitive impairments. We thus conclude that eNOS+/- mouse may represent an ideal model of ischemic stroke to address early and progressive damage in spontaneously-evolving chronic cerebral ischemia and thus, study vascular mechanisms contributing to vascular dementia and AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0020-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Lin Tan
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Yue-Qiang Xue
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Tao Ma
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Department of Neurology, Wuxi Second People Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu province, 214002, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe road, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450052, PR China
| | - Jing Jing Li
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Lubin Lan
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Kafait U Malik
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Michael P McDonald
- Neurology & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Alejandro M Dopico
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Francesca-Fang Liao
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue/Crowe 401, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Luo M, Ji H, Zhou X, Liang J, Zou T. Correlation of homocysteine metabolic enzymes gene polymorphism and mild cognitive impairment in the Xinjiang Uygur population. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:326-32. [PMID: 25625218 PMCID: PMC4316859 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic polymorphisms in the homocysteine (HCY) metabolic enzymes in the Xinjiang Uygur population who have mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Material/Methods Based on the epidemiological investigation, 129 cases of diagnosed Uygur MCI patients and a matched control group with 131 cases were enrolled for analyzing the association between the polymorphisms in the HCY metabolism related genes (C677T, A1298C, and G1968A polymorphisms in MTHFR, as well as the A2756G polymorphism in MS) and MCI by using the SNaPshot method. We then determined the homocysteine level in patients. Results In Xinjiang Uygur subjects, the A1298C polymorphisms in MTHFR and the A2756G polymorphisms in the MS gene in the MCI group were different from those in the control group. However, the C677T and G1968A polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene in MCI patients were not different from those in the control group. Multivariate logistic regression showed that, in addition to the well-known risk factors, such as low education level, high cholesterol level, high level of low-density lipoprotein, and high homocysteine levels, the A>G mutation in the MS gene at the rs1805087 locus was another independent risk factor for MCI in the Uyghur MCI population. The risk of MCI in G allele carriers was 2.265 times higher than that in matched control individuals (95% CI: 1.205~4.256, P<0.05). Conclusions The genetic polymorphism of HCY metabolizing enzymes is correlated to the occurrence of MCI in the Xinjiang Uygur population. The A2756G polymorphism in the MS gene could be an independent risk factor for MCI in the Xinjiang Uygur population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- 1st Department of Cadres Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Huihui Ji
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- 1st Department of Cadres Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Liang
- 3rd Department of Cadres Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Zou
- 1st Department of Cadres Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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The MTHFR C677T polymorphism contributes to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease: evidence based on 40 case-control studies. Neurosci Lett 2014; 586:36-42. [PMID: 25486592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) risk has been widely reported with inconsistent results. We performed an updated meta-analysis of all available studies to clarify this situation. We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed Alzgene, Embase, and Chinese Biomedical Literature database (CBM) for the period up to June 2014. Finally, a total of 40 case-control studies with 4503 AD cases and 5767 controls were included. Overall, significant increased AD risk was found, when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis. In subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity, age of onset, and APOE ϵ4 status, significant increased AD risk was found in Asians, late-onset AD, and APOE ϵ4 carriers, but not in Caucasians, early-onset AD, and non-APOE ϵ4 carriers. The present meta-analysis suggested that the MTHFR is a candidate gene for AD susceptibility. The MTHFR C677T polymorphism may be a risk factor for AD in Asians, APOE ϵ4 carriers, and late-onset AD. Further, investigations taking the potential gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions into consideration for the MTHFR C677T polymorphism should be conducted.
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Pin1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and amyloid-β form a feedback signaling loop involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Med Hypotheses 2014; 82:145-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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VandeVrede L, Abdelhamid R, Qin Z, Choi J, Piyankarage S, Luo J, Larson J, Bennett BM, Thatcher GRJ. An NO donor approach to neuroprotective and procognitive estrogen therapy overcomes loss of NO synthase function and potentially thrombotic risk. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70740. [PMID: 23976955 PMCID: PMC3745399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are effective therapeutics that preserve favorable actions of estrogens on bone and act as antiestrogens in breast tissue, decreasing the risk of vertebral fractures and breast cancer, but their potential in neuroprotective and procognitive therapy is limited by: 1) an increased lifetime risk of thrombotic events; and 2) an attenuated response to estrogens with age, sometimes linked to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dysfunction. Herein, three 3(rd) generation SERMs with similar high affinity for estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) were studied: desmethylarzoxifene (DMA), FDMA, and a novel NO-donating SERM (NO-DMA). Neuroprotection was studied in primary rat neurons exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation; reversal of cholinergic cognitive deficit was studied in mice in a behavioral model of memory; long term potentiation (LTP), underlying cognition, was measured in hippocampal slices from older 3×Tg Alzheimer's transgenic mice; vasodilation was measured in rat aortic strips; and anticoagulant activity was compared. Pharmacologic blockade of GPR30 and NOS; denudation of endothelium; measurement of NO; and genetic knockout of eNOS were used to probe mechanism. Comparison of the three chemical probes indicates key roles for GPR30 and eNOS in mediating therapeutic activity. Procognitive, vasodilator and anticoagulant activities of DMA were found to be eNOS dependent, while neuroprotection and restoration of LTP were both shown to be dependent upon GPR30, a G-protein coupled receptor mediating estrogenic function. Finally, the observation that an NO-SERM shows enhanced vasodilation and anticoagulant activity, while retaining the positive attributes of SERMs even in the presence of NOS dysfunction, indicates a potential therapeutic approach without the increased risk of thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren VandeVrede
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ramy Abdelhamid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zhihui Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sujeewa Piyankarage
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John Larson
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Bennett
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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