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Friedrich RP, Janko C, Unterweger H, Lyer S, Alexiou C. SPIONs and magnetic hybrid materials: Synthesis, toxicology and biomedical applications. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the past decades, a wide variety of different superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been synthesized. Due to their unique properties, such as big surface-to-volume ratio, superparamagnetism and comparatively low toxicity, they are principally well suited for many different technical and biomedical applications. Meanwhile, there are a numerous synthesis methods for SPIONs, but high requirements for biocompatibility have so far delayed a successful translation into the clinic. Moreover, depending on the planned application, such as for imaging, magnetic drug targeting, hyperthermia or for hybrid materials intended for regenerative medicine, specific physicochemical and biological properties are inevitable. Since a summary of all existing SPION systems, their properties and application is far too extensive, this review reports on selected methods for SPION synthesis, their biocompatibility and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P. Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship Universitätsklinikum , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship Universitätsklinikum , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship Universitätsklinikum , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Stefan Lyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship Universitätsklinikum , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship Universitätsklinikum , Erlangen , Germany
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Heid S, Unterweger H, Tietze R, Friedrich RP, Weigel B, Cicha I, Eberbeck D, Boccaccini AR, Alexiou C, Lyer S. Synthesis and Characterization of Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Functionalized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Targeted Fibrin Clot Dissolution. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1837. [PMID: 28837060 PMCID: PMC5618486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have attracted great attention in many biomedical fields and are used in preclinical/experimental drug delivery, hyperthermia and medical imaging. In this study, biocompatible magnetite drug carriers, stabilized by a dextran shell, were developed to carry tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for targeted thrombolysis under an external magnetic field. Different concentrations of active tPA were immobilized on carboxylated nanoparticles through carbodiimide-mediated amide bond formation. Evidence for successful functionalization of SPIONs with carboxyl groups was shown by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface properties after tPA immobilization were altered as demonstrated by dynamic light scattering and ζ potential measurements. The enzyme activity of SPION-bound tPA was determined by digestion of fibrin-containing agarose gels and corresponded to about 74% of free tPA activity. Particles were stored for three weeks before a slight decrease in activity was observed. tPA-loaded SPIONs were navigated into thrombus-mimicking gels by external magnets, proving effective drug targeting without losing the protein. Furthermore, all synthesized types of nanoparticles were well tolerated in cell culture experiments with human umbilical vein endothelial cells, indicating their potential utility for future therapeutic applications in thromboembolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heid
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftungsprofessur, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftungsprofessur, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftungsprofessur, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ralf P Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftungsprofessur, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Bianca Weigel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftungsprofessur, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftungsprofessur, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Eberbeck
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig und Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftungsprofessur, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftungsprofessur, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Cicha I. Thrombosis: Novel nanomedical concepts of diagnosis and treatment. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:434-441. [PMID: 26322182 PMCID: PMC4549776 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i8.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravascular thrombosis, a critical pathophysiological feature of many cardiovascular disorders, leads to the formation of life-threatening obstructive blood clots within the vessels. Rapid recanalization of occluded vessels is essential for the patients’ outcome, but the currently available systemic fibrinolytic therapy is associated with low efficacy and tremendous side effects. Additionally, many patients are ineligible for systemic thrombolytic therapy, either due to delayed admission to the hospital after symptom onset, or because of recent surgery, or bleeding. In order to improve the treatment efficacy and to limit the risk of hemorrhagic complications, both precise imaging of the affected vascular regions, and the localized application of fibrinolytic agents, are required. Recent years have brought about considerable advances in nanomedical approaches to thrombosis. Although these thrombus-targeting imaging agents and nanotherapies are not yet implemented in humans, substantial amount of successful in vivo applications have been reported, including animal models of stroke, acute arterial thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. It is evident that the future progress in diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis will be closely bound with the development of novel nanotechnology-based strategies. This Editorial focuses on the recently reported approaches, which hold a great promise for personalized, disease-targeted treatment and reduced side effects in the patients suffering from this life-threatening condition.
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Cicha I, Lyer S, Duerr S, Schwarz M, Tietze R, Tripal P, Alexiou C. Research Highlights. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:189-92. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cicha
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lyer
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Duerr
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marc Schwarz
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phillip Tripal
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- ENT-Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Waldstrasse 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Cicha I, Garlichs CD, Alexiou C. Cardiovascular therapy through nanotechnology – how far are we still from bedside? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2014-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRecent years brought about a widespread interest in the potential applications of nanotechnology for the diagnostics and the therapy of human diseases. With its promise of disease-targeted, patient-tailored treatment and reduced side effects, nanomedicine brings hope for millions of patients suffering of non-communicable diseases such as cancer or cardiovascular disorders. However, the emergence of the complex, multicomponent products based on new technologies poses multiple challenges to successful approval in clinical practice. Regulatory and development considerations, including properties of the components, reproducible manufacturing and appropriate characterization methods, as well as nanodrugs’ safety and efficacy are critical for rapid marketing of the new products. This review discusses the recent advances in cardiovascular applications of nanotechnologies and highlights the challenges that must be overcome in order to fill the gap existing between the promising bench trials and the successful bedside applications.
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