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Keum J, Ryu KY, Roh J. Radioactive Iodine-induced hypothyroidism interferes with the maturation of reproductive organs during puberty in immature female rats. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:53-60. [PMID: 36726832 PMCID: PMC9839935 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal and human studies suggest that thyroid hormone may have critical roles in the development of the ovary. For example, thyroid deficiency disrupts the ovarian microarchitecture and menstrual cycle in neonate and adult women, respectively. Therefore, it is conceivable that thyroid deficiency might disrupt sexual maturation during the peri-pubertal period. To investigate the impact of radioactive iodine-induced thyroid deficiency on reproductive organs throughout puberty, immature female rats were given water containing radioactive iodine (0.37 MBq/g body weight) twice, on postnatal days 22 and 29. Radioactive iodine-induced hypothyroidism was revealed by low free thyroxin levels. Thyroid deficiency delayed the onset of vaginal opening, reduced ovarian weight and the number of medium-sized follicles and led to elongated uteri. However, there was no effect on the estrous cycle or absolute uterus weight. We conclude that radioactive iodine-induced thyroid deficiency delays sexual maturation and alters normal ovarian growth in peri-pubertal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Keum
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Ryu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Guri, 11923 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesook Roh
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
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Sun S, Tang L, Zhao T, Kang Y, Sun L, Liu C, Li Y, Xu F, Qin YX, Ta D. Longitudinal effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on osteoporosis and osteoporotic bone defect in ovariectomized rats. ULTRASONICS 2021; 113:106360. [PMID: 33561635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) with an intensity (spatial average temporal average, ISATA) of 30 mW/cm2 has been widely proved to be effective on impaired bone healing, but showing little effectiveness in the treatment of osteoporosis. We hypothesized that the intensity of LIPUS may be a key factor in explaining this difference, thus two intensity levels, the widely used 30 mW/cm2 and a higher 150 mW/cm2, were used to simultaneously treat osteoporosis and osteoporotic bone defect in ovariectomized (OVX) rats with a 1-mm drill hole on their left femurs.Results showed that 150 mW/cm2 LIPUS augmented the healing rate of the drill hole than 30 mW/cm2 after 3-week LIPUS treatment, although did not further enhance the healing rate after 6-week LIPUS treatment. For ameliorating osteoporosis, 150 mW/cm2 LIPUS achieved more advantages over 30 mW/cm2 in improving bone density, microstructure and biomechanics 6 weeks after LIPUS intervention. In conclusion, LIPUS with an intensity of 30 mW/cm2 was sufficient to facilitate bone defect healing, but a higher intensity can be considered as a rapid trigger for osteoporotic bone repair. In addition, improving the intensity of LIPUS may be a potentially effective consideration for alleviation of osteoporosis, and the LIPUS regimen in the treatment of osteoporosis remains to be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yiting Kang
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Institute of Sports Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, United States
| | - Dean Ta
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Petkus DL, Murray-Kolb LE, De Souza MJ. The Unexplored Crossroads of the Female Athlete Triad and Iron Deficiency: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1721-1737. [PMID: 28290159 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the severity and prevalence of iron deficiency in exercising women, few published reports have explored how iron deficiency interacts with another prevalent and severe condition in exercising women: the 'female athlete triad.' This review aims to describe how iron deficiency may interact with each component of the female athlete triad, that is, energy status, reproductive function, and bone health. The effects of iron deficiency on energy status are discussed in regards to thyroid function, metabolic fuel availability, eating behaviors, and energy expenditure. The interactions between iron deficiency and reproductive function are explored by discussing the potentially impaired fertility and hyperprolactinemia due to iron deficiency and the alterations in iron metabolism due to menstrual blood loss and estrogen exposure. The interaction of iron deficiency with bone health may occur via dysregulation of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, hypoxia, and hypothyroidism. Based on these discussions, several future directions for research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan L Petkus
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Choi H, Ryu KY, Roh J, Bae J. Effect of radioactive iodine-induced hypothyroidism on longitudinal bone growth during puberty in immature female rats. Exp Anim 2018; 67:395-401. [PMID: 29794372 PMCID: PMC6219889 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer in children, the most common endocrine malignancy, shows aggressive behavior and has a high recurrence rate after surgical ablation. Radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment is the most effective primary modality for medical ablation of juvenile thyroid cancer, and leads to intentional hypothyroidism. Although several negative impacts of hypothyroidism have been reported in children in response to other antithyroid agents, the combined effects of RAI exposure and hypothyroidism, on growing bones specifically, are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of RAI-induced hypothyroidism on the long bones during the pubertal growth spurt using immature female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, and an RAI-treated group fed with RAI (0.37 MBq/g body weight) twice via gavage. After 4 weeks, we observed a significantly-reduced serum free thyroxine level in the RAI group. The latter group also displayed decreased body weight gain compared to the control. In addition, the lengths of long bones, such as the leg bones and vertebral column, as well as bone mineral content, were reduced in the RAI-treated animals. Our results confirm the negative impacts of RAI-induced thyroid deficiency during puberty on longitudinal bone growth and bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonhae Choi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Ryu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jaesook Roh
- Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jaeman Bae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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Liu RH, Kang X, Xu LP, Nian HL, Yang XW, Shi HT, Wang XJ. Effects of the combined extracts of Herba Epimedii and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi on bone mineral content and bone turnover in osteoporotic rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:112. [PMID: 25889254 PMCID: PMC4411652 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decoction combination of Herba Epimedii and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi has been used to treat osteoporosis for almost 50 years by practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine. However, it is unclear what specific effects this combination of herbs has on the skeleton. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the combined extracts from Herba Epimedii and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi on the bone turnover and bone mineral content in a rat model of osteoporosis induced by retinoic acid. METHODS Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the normal control group, osteoporosis model group, or treatment groups in which osteoporosis was induced and then the combined extracts of Herba Epimedii and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi were administered at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks via oral gavage. The rat osteoporosis model was induced by intragastric administration of 70 mg/kg/day of retinoic acid for 2 weeks. Bone turnover markers, bone biomechanical properties, and the calcium and phosphorus content of the right tibia and serum were measured. RESULTS The retinoic acid administration decreased the bone mass and the contents of calcium and phosphorus in the bone mineral, weakened the biomechanical properties, and increased bone turnover by stimulating bone resorption and collagen metabolism. Treatment with the combined extracts of Herba Epimedii and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi significantly mitigated the effects of osteoporosis on the rats by decreasing bone metabolism, improving the bone mineral content, and increasing the biomechanical properties. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight the anti-osteoporosis effects of the combined extracts of Herba Epimedii and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi. These findings may contribute to the development of natural anti-osteoporosis herbal medicines.
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Bozzini C, Picasso EO, Champin GM, Alippi RM, Bozzini CE. Biomechanical properties of the mid-shaft femur in middle-aged hypophysectomized rats as assessed by bending test. Endocrine 2012; 42:411-8. [PMID: 22302681 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Both stiffness and strength of bones are thought to be controlled by the "bone mechanostat". Its natural stimuli would be the strains of bone tissue (sensed by osteocytes) that are induced by both gravitational forces (body weight) and contraction of regional muscles. Body weight and muscle mass increase with age. Biomechanical performance of load-bearing bones must adapt to these growth-induced changes. Hypophysectomy in the rat slows the rate of body growth. With time, a great difference in body size is established between a hypophysectomized rat and its age-matched control, which makes it difficult to establish the real effect of pituitary ablation on bone biomechanics. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare mid-shaft femoral mechanical properties between hypophysectomized and weight-matched normal rats, which will show similar sizes and thus will be exposed to similar habitual loads. Two groups of 10 female rats each (H and C) were established. H rats were 12-month-old that had been hypophysectomized 11 months before. C rats were 2.5-month-old normals. Right femur mechanical properties were tested in 3-point bending. Structural (load-bearing capacity and stiffness), geometric (cross-sectional area, cortical sectional area, and moment of inertia), and material (modulus of elasticity and maximum elastic stress) properties were evaluated. The left femur was ashed for calcium content. Comparisons between parameters were performed by the Student's t test. Average body weight, body length, femur weight, femur length, and gastrocnemius weight were not significantly different between H and C rats. Calcium content in ashes was significantly higher in H than in C rats. Cross-sectional area, medullary area, and cross-sectional moment of inertia were higher in C rats, whereas cortical area did not differ between groups. Structural properties (diaphyseal stiffness, elastic limit, and load at fracture) were about four times higher in hypophysectomized rats, as were the bone material stiffness or Young's modulus and the maximal elastic stress (about 7×). The femur obtained from a middle-aged H rat was stronger and stiffer than the femur obtained from a young-adult C rat, both specimens showing similar size and bone mass and almost equal geometric properties. The higher than normal structural properties shown by the hypophysectomized femur were entirely due to changes in the intrinsic properties of the bone; it was thus stronger at the tissue level. The change of the femoral bone tissue was associated with a high mineral content and an unusual high modulus of elasticity and was probably due to a diminished bone and collagen turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa Bozzini
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chen B, Li Y, Yang X, Xie D. Femoral metaphysis bending test of rat: introduction and validation of a novel biomechanical testing protocol for osteoporosis. J Orthop Sci 2012; 17:70-6. [PMID: 22045451 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-011-0167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diaphysis bending test is generally accepted to assess the biomechanical properties of bone in osteoporotic animals. However, bone strength loss was more pronounced at the metaphysis than diaphysis. Therefore, the biomechanical test should be focused on the metaphysis. This study aimed to validate a novel biomechanical test for femoral metaphysis in ovariectomized rats. METHODS Twenty 5-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the ovariectomized (OVX) and sham-operated (Sham) groups. Examination of femur bone mineral density (BMD) and histomorphometry of the distal femur were performed. Femur biomechanical parameters (maximal load, yield load, and stiffness) were determined by the diaphysis bending test and a novel designed metaphysis bending test. Pearson's correlations were used to analyze the relationships between the biomechanical parameters and BMD or bone histomorphometry indexes (%Tb.Ar, Tb.N, Tb.Th), respectively. RESULTS The femur BMD, bone histomorphometry indexes, and biomechanical parameters of OVX were inferior to those of the Sham group (P < 0.05). In the diaphysis bending test, the mean difference of the maximum load and yield load between the OVX and Sham groups were 13.83 ± 5.27 and 15.69 ± 4.15 N, which were significantly lower than in the metaphysis bending test (43.34 ± 4.27, 48.90 ± 4.35 N; all P < 0.05). Positive correlations between biomechanical parameters and femur BMD or bone histomorphometry indexes were observed in both the diaphysis bending and metaphysis bending test. The biomechanical parameters in the metaphysis bending test showed stronger correlations with BMD and bone histomorphometry indexes. CONCLUSIONS The femoral metaphysis bending test was validated to assess osteoporosis in our study, and it was more sensitive than the diaphysis bending test in evaluating the change of biomechanical properties of the femur in osteoporotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaiLing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China.
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