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Rastmanesh R. Aquaporin5-Targeted Treatment for Dry Eye Through Bioactive Compounds and Gut Microbiota. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:464-471. [PMID: 34328795 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye and dry mouth are the principal sources of morbidity for patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). There are few effective treatments, particularly systemic ones. Targeting aquaprin-5 (AQP5)-mediated tear secretion has been tested as a novel ancillary strategy and has proved promising. Patients have a great interest in using complementary medicine, including nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds to alleviate their symptoms. Potential mechanisms by which phytocompounds and bioactive compounds may benefit SS ocular and mouth symptoms through modulation of AQP5 activity are presented within this review. Supplementation with prebiotics (such as polyphenols with high bioavailability) in SS patients with lower Firmicutes/Bacteroides (F/B) community ratio phenotype, through administration of butyrate-producing diets, is proposed as ancillary strategy for dry eye and mouth. The potential use of natural bioactive compounds to treat dry eye could also apply to dry mouth occurring in the context of aging and SS. This novel hypothesis could have implications with respect to planning a successful dietary regimen for achieving and maintaining a normal gut microbiota in SS patients. This regimen would include augmenting butyrate-producing foodstuffs and/or polyphenol-rich syrups, and high amounts of some specific probiotic-rich foodstuffs such as yogurt, soy yogurt, or as probiotic supplements. There are applications for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products aiming to relieve dry eye and mouth.
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Ramasubramanian B, Reddy PH. Are TallyHo Mice A True Mouse Model for Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 72:S81-S93. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Cell Biology & Biochemistry Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Pharmacology & Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Dudek M, Ziarniak K, Cateau ML, Dufourny L, Sliwowska JH. Diabetes Type 2 and Kisspeptin: Central and Peripheral Sex-Specific Actions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:833-843. [PMID: 31699240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KP) plays a major role in the regulation of reproduction governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. However, recent findings suggest that the KP system is present not only centrally (at the level of the hypothalamus), but also in the peripheral organs crucial for the control of metabolism. The KP system is sexually differentiated in the hypothalamus, and it is of particular interest to study whether sex-specific responses to type 2 diabetes (DM2) exist centrally and peripherally. As collection of data is limited in humans, animal models of DM2 are useful to understand crosstalk between metabolism and reproduction. Sex-specific variations in the KP system reported in animals suggest a need for the development of gender specific therapeutic strategies to treat DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dudek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - Kamil Ziarniak
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marie-Line Cateau
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-IFCE, Centre INRA Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Laurence Dufourny
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-IFCE, Centre INRA Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joanna Helena Sliwowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
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In Vivo Rodent Models of Type 2 Diabetes and Their Usefulness for Evaluating Flavonoid Bioactivity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030530. [PMID: 30823474 PMCID: PMC6470730 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
About 40% of the world’s population is overweight or obese and exist at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Obesity is a leading pathogenic factor for developing insulin resistance (IR). It is well established that IR and a progressive decline in functional β-cell mass are hallmarks of developing T2D. In order to mitigate the global prevalence of T2D, we must carefully select the appropriate animal models to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of T2D, and to optimize novel therapeutics for their safe use in humans. Flavonoids, a group of polyphenols, have drawn great interest for their various health benefits, and have been identified in naturally occurring anti-diabetic compounds. Results from many clinical and animal studies demonstrate that dietary intake of flavonoids might prove helpful in preventing T2D. In this review, we discuss the currently available rodent animal models of T2D and analyze the advantages, the limitations of each T2D model, and highlight the potential anti-diabetic effects of flavonoids as well as the mechanisms of their actions.
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Tomechko SE, Liu G, Tao M, Schlatzer D, Powell CT, Gupta S, Chance MR, Daneshgari F. Tissue specific dysregulated protein subnetworks in type 2 diabetic bladder urothelium and detrusor muscle. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:635-45. [PMID: 25573746 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.041863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is well known to cause bladder dysfunction; however, the molecular mechanisms governing this process and the effects on individual tissue elements within the bladder are poorly understood, particularly in type 2 diabetes. A shotgun proteomics approach was applied to identify proteins differentially expressed between type 2 diabetic (TallyHo) and control (SWR/J) mice in the bladder smooth muscle and urothelium, separately. We were able to identify 1760 nonredundant proteins from the detrusor smooth muscle and 3169 nonredundant proteins from urothelium. Pathway and network analysis of significantly dysregulated proteins was conducted to investigate the molecular processes associated with diabetes. This pinpointed ERK1/2 signaling as a key regulatory node in the diabetes-induced pathophysiology for both tissue types. The detrusor muscle samples showed diabetes-induced increased tissue remodeling-type events such as Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling and Signaling by Rho Family GTPases. The diabetic urothelium samples exhibited oxidative stress responses, as seen in the suppression of protein expression for key players in the NRF2-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response pathway. These results suggest that diabetes induced elevated inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling are involved in the development of tissue specific diabetic bladder dysfunctions. Validation of signaling dysregulation as a function of diabetes was performed using Western blotting. These data illustrated changes in ERK1/2 phosphorylation as a function of diabetes, with significant decreases in diabetes-associated phosphorylation in urothelium, but the opposite effect in detrusor muscle. These data highlight the importance of understanding tissue specific effects of disease process in understanding pathophysiology in complex disease and pave the way for future studies to better understand important molecular targets in reversing bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guiming Liu
- §Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
| | - Mingfang Tao
- §Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
| | | | - C Thomas Powell
- §Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- §Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
| | | | - Firouz Daneshgari
- §Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106
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Fajardo RJ, Karim L, Calley VI, Bouxsein ML. A review of rodent models of type 2 diabetic skeletal fragility. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1025-40. [PMID: 24585709 PMCID: PMC5315418 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicating that adult type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased fracture risk continues to mount. Unlike osteoporosis, diabetic fractures are associated with obesity and normal to high bone mineral density, two factors that are typically associated with reduced fracture risk. Animal models will likely play a critical role in efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms of skeletal fragility in T2D and to develop preventative treatments. In this review we critically examine the ability of current rodent models of T2D to mimic the skeletal characteristics of human T2D. We report that although there are numerous rodent models of T2D, few have undergone thorough assessments of bone metabolism and strength. Further, we find that many of the available rodent models of T2D have limitations for studies of skeletal fragility in T2D because the onset of diabetes is often prior to skeletal maturation and bone mass is low, in contrast to what is seen in adult humans. There is an urgent need to characterize the skeletal phenotype of existing models of T2D, and to develop new models that more closely mimic the skeletal effects seen in adult-onset T2D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J. Fajardo
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Lamya Karim
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
| | - Virginia I. Calley
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School
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Juul KV. The evolutionary origin of the vasopressin/V2-type receptor/aquaporin axis and the urine-concentrating mechanism. Endocrine 2012; 42:63-8. [PMID: 22374125 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this mini-review, current evidence for how the vasopressin/V2-type receptor/aquaporin axis developed co-evolutionary as a crucial part of the urine-concentrating mechanism will be presented. The present-day human kidney, allowing the concentration of urine up to a maximal osmolality around 1200 mosmol kg(-1)-or urine to plasma osmolality ratio around 4-with essentially no sodium secreted is the result of up to 3 billion years evolution. Moving from aquatic to terrestrial habitats required profound changes in kidney morphology, most notable the loops of Henle modifying the kidneys from basically a water excretory system to a water conserving system. Vasopressin-like molecules has during the evolution played a significant role in body fluid homeostasis, more specifically, the osmolality of body liquids by controlling the elimination/reabsorption of fluid trough stimulating V2-type receptors to mobilize aquaporin water channels in the renal collector tubules. Recent evidence supports that all components of the vasopressin/V2-type receptor/aquaporin axis can be traced back to early precursors in evolutionary history. The potential clinical and pharmacological implications of a better phylogenetic understanding of these biological systems so essential for body fluid homeostasis relates to any pathological aspects of the urine-concentrating mechanism, in particular deficiencies of any part of the vasopressin-V2R-AQP2 axis causing central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus-and for broader patient populations also in preventing and treating disturbances in human circadian regulation of urine volume and osmolality that may lead to enuresis and nocturia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Vinter Juul
- Clinical R&D, Medical Science Urology, Ferring International Pharmascience Center, 11 Kay Fiskers Plads, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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