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Shih KP, Lee YC, Tsai JJ, Lin SH, Liu CY, Li WS, Li CF, Hang JF. Clinicopathologic Features and Cytologic Correlation of ALK-Rearranged Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Series of Eight Cases. Endocr Pathol 2024; 35:134-146. [PMID: 38642308 PMCID: PMC11176248 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-024-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusions are rare in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) but may serve as a therapeutic target. This study aims to evaluate the preoperative cytologic findings and clinicopathologic features of a series of eight ALK-rearranged PTCs from our pathology archives and consultations. All cases were confirmed by ALK D5F3 immunohistochemistry and six with additional targeted RNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS). The original fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology diagnosis included the Bethesda System (TBS) category II in three (37.5%), TBS III in two (25%), TBS V in two (25%), and TBS VI in one (12.5%). Six cases had available FNA cytology and were reviewed. The cytologic features showed microfollicular architecture as well as limited or reduced nuclear elongation and chromatin alterations in all six. Nuclear grooves and pseudoinclusions were absent in two cases, rarely or focally noted in three, and frequently found in one. Two cases initially diagnosed as TBS II, showing microfollicular architecture without well-developed nuclear features, were revised to TBS III (with architectural atypia only). For histologic correlations, four were infiltrative follicular variant PTCs, three as classic subtype PTC with predominant follicular growth, and one as solid/trabecular subtype PTC. All eight cases demonstrated reduced PTC nuclear features with respect to nuclear elongation and chromatin alterations compared to those typically identified in "BRAF-like" PTCs. The NGS testing revealed EML4::ALK fusion in three, STRN::ALK fusion in two, and ITSN2::ALK fusion in one. In conclusion, although ALK-rearranged PTCs have been associated with neutral gene expression profile from a BRAF-RAS scoring perspective, the "RAS-like" nuclear features were more commonly identified in this series, resulting in frequent indeterminate diagnosis of preoperative FNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ping Shih
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Shipai Rd, No. 201, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jiun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lin
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Liu
- Division of Pathology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Shan Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Fan Hang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Shipai Rd, No. 201, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wang Y, Zou B, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li S, Yu B, An Z, Li L, Cui S, Zhang Y, Yao J, Shi X, Liu J. Comprehensive Long-Read Sequencing Analysis Discloses the Transcriptome Features of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1263-1274. [PMID: 38038628 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. It has been shown that lymph node metastasis is associated with poor prognosis in patients with PTMC. OBJECTIVE We aim to characterize the PTMC transcriptome landscape and identify the candidate transcripts that are associated with lateral neck lymph node metastasis of PTMC. METHODS We performed full-length transcriptome sequencing in 64 PTMC samples. Standard bioinformatic pipelines were applied to characterize and annotate the full-length expression profiles of 2 PTMC subtypes. Functional open reading frame (ORF) annotation of the known and novel transcripts were predicted by HMMER, DeepLoc, and DeepTMHMM tools. Candidate transcripts associated with the pN1b subtype were identified after transcript quantification and differential gene expression analyses. RESULTS We found that skipping exons accounted for the more than 27.82% of the alternative splicing events. At least 42.56% of the discovered transcripts were novel isoforms of annotated genes. A total of 39 193 ORFs in novel transcripts and 18 596 ORFs in known transcripts were identified. Distribution patterns of the characterized transcripts in functional domain, subcellular localization, and transmembrane structure were predicted. In total, 1033 and 1204 differentially expressed genes were identified in the pN0 and pN1b groups, respectively. Moreover, novel isoforms of FRMD3, NOD1, and SHROOM4 were highlighted for their association with pN1b subtype. CONCLUSION Our data provided the global transcriptome landscape of PTMC and also revealed the novel isoforms that associated with PTMC aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of the Ministry of Education (Shanxi Medical University), Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Binbin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of the Ministry of Education (Shanxi Medical University), Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Zhekun An
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of the Ministry of Education (Shanxi Medical University), Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Siqian Cui
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of the Ministry of Education (Shanxi Medical University), Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jiali Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of the Ministry of Education (Shanxi Medical University), Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiuzhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of the Ministry of Education (Shanxi Medical University), Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
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Eich ML, Jeske W, Zenz U, Chiapponi C, Alidousty C, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Büttner R, Schultheis AM. TERT RNAscope analysis of sub-centimetric papillary thyroid carcinomas and synchronous lymph node metastases. Thyroid Res 2024; 17:8. [PMID: 38616265 PMCID: PMC11017548 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-024-00195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-centrimetric papillary thyroid carcinomas usually have a good prognosis with a cancer specific survival of > 99%, however in up to 65% of patients, lymph node metastases can be observed. Molecular alterations in BRAF, TERT and TP53 are associated with worse clinicopathological outcome in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-two cases of papillary thyroid carcinomas measuring ≤ 1 cm with synchronous lymph node metastases were examined regarding morphological patterns and immunohistochemical status of p53, Ki-67, and BRAF V600E status. TERT RNA expression in lymph node metastases were evaluated by RNAScope®. RESULTS Morphological patterns were heterogeneous in both primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Proliferation indices measured by Ki-67 were low. Both primary and lymph node metastases were wild type for p53 by immunohistochemical analysis. No lymph node metastasis showed TERT expression by RNAScope®. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that TERT expression is not involved in the development early lymph node metastasis in patients with sub-centimetric PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lisa Eich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne and Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Jeske
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne and Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uschi Zenz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne and Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Costanza Chiapponi
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina Alidousty
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne and Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne and Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne M Schultheis
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne and Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany.
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Wu M, Yuan H, Zou W, Xu S, Liu S, Gao Q, Guo Q, Han Y, An X. Circular RNAs: characteristics, functions, mechanisms, and potential applications in thyroid cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:808-824. [PMID: 37864677 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most common endocrine malignancies, and its incidence has increased globally. Despite extensive research, the underlying molecular mechanisms of TC remain partially understood, warranting continued exploration of molecular markers for diagnostic and prognostic applications. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have recently garnered significant attention owing to their distinct roles in cancers. This review article introduced the classification and biological functions of circRNAs and summarized their potential as diagnostic and prognostic markers in TC. Further, the interplay of circRNAs with PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK/ERK, Notch, JAK/STAT, and AMPK pathways is elaborated upon. The article culminates with an examination of circRNA's role in drug resistance of TC and highlights the challenges in circRNA research in TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Yuan
- Department of Health Management, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zou
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujian Xu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqun Guo
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingguo An
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Lim J, Lee HS, Heo JH, Song YS. Clinicopathological Features and Molecular Signatures of Lateral Neck Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2024; 39:324-333. [PMID: 38572535 PMCID: PMC11066436 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND The predictive factors for lateral neck lymph node metastasis (LLNM) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) remain undetermined. This study investigated the clinicopathological characteristics, transcriptomes, and tumor microenvironment in PTMC according to the LLNM status. We aimed to identify the biomarkers associated with LLNM development. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with PTMC from two independent institutions between 2018 and 2022 (n=597 and n=467). We compared clinicopathological features between patients without lymph node metastasis (N0) and those with LLNM (N1b). Additionally, laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing were performed on primary tumors from both groups, including metastatic lymph nodes from the N1b group (n=30; 20 primary tumors and 10 paired LLNMs). We corroborated the findings using RNA sequencing data from 16 BRAF-like PTMCs from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Transcriptomic analyses were validated by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Clinicopathological characteristics, such as male sex, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, lymphatic invasion, and central node metastasis showed associations with LLNM in PTMCs. Transcriptomic profiles between the N0 and N1b PTMC groups were similar. However, tumor microenvironment deconvolution from RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry revealed an increased abundance of tumor-associated macrophages, particularly M2 macrophages, in the N1b group. CONCLUSION Patients with PTMC who have a male sex, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, lymphatic invasion, and central node metastasis exhibited an elevated risk for LLNM. Furthermore, infiltration of M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment potentially supports tumor progression and LLNM in PTMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsun Lim
- CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Han Sai Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Heo
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Ma L. Characteristics and risk factors of cervical lymph node metastasis in cN0 papillary thyroid microcarcinoma of the isthmus. Updates Surg 2024:10.1007/s13304-024-01760-3. [PMID: 38530608 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-024-01760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The surgical resection range of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma of the isthmus (PTMCI) is controversial, and the guidelines do not fully guide the central lymph node dissection (CLND).We retrospectively studied the comparison of PTMCI (Group A, n = 65 cases) and non-PTMCI (Group B, n = 80 cases). Based on whether central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) was further detected, they were further divided into the PTMCI with CLNM (group C, n = 42 cases), the PTMCI without CLNM (group D, n = 23 cases), the non-PTMCI with CLNM (group E, n = 45 cases), the non-PTMCI without CLNM (group F, n = 35 cases). All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and CLND. The CLNM pathological examination was divided into right recurrent laryngeal nerve superficial lymph nodes (Right VI a), right recurrent laryngeal nerve deep lymph nodes (Right VI b), left VI area lymph nodes (Left VI), prelaryngeal lymph node, and pretracheal lymph node. The extent of lymph node metastasis and risk factors of PTMCI were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis. The ROC curve was used to calculate the maximum diameter of the tumor and the Youden index was calculated to analyze the impact of diameter on the risk factors for CLNM in PTMCI. To construct a prediction model of transfer risk of high risk factors by Nomogram, there were significant differences in prelaryngeal lymph nodes (p = 0.034) and pretracheal lymph nodes ( n = 0.035) between group A and group B, and the risk factors of lymph node metastasis were tumor invasion (p = 0.003), multifocality (p = 0.001), and the maximum tumor diameter≧6.5 mm. PTMCI is more prone to metastasis of pretracheal lymph nodes and prelaryngeal lymph nodes, and the presence of tumor invasion, multifocality, and tumor diameter≧6.5 mm are high risk factors for metastasis in PTMCI. According to the prediction model, with all risk factors the risk of cervical lymph node metastasis is up to 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Ma
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Cancer Institute, Sichuan Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center, Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology School of Medicine, No. 55 Section4, Renming South Road, Chengdu, China.
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Miao H, Zhong J, Xing X, Sun J, Wu J, Wu C, Yuan Y, Zhou X, Wang H. A nomogram based on the risk factors of cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma coexistent with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2023; 85:235-247. [PMID: 37718783 DOI: 10.3233/ch-221673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the risk factors of cervical lymph node metastasis(LNM) in papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) coexistent with Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT). METHODS The clinical data of patients who underwent thyroid operation between November 2016 and January 2020 in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The association between sonographic features and the risk factors of cervical LNM in PTC coexistent with HT was analyzed and a nomogram based on the risk factors was built. RESULTS Age, US features as calcification, blood flow type, distance between thyroid nodule and fibrous capsule were risk factors of cervical LNM(P < 0.05).Size, SWVmax and SWVmean of thyroid nodule, SWVratio between thyroid nodule and thyroid gland were higher in PTCs with LNM than those without LNM(P < 0.05). The ROC curve showed that the cutoff value of SWVratio for predicting LNM was 1.29 (Sensitivity = 0.806, Specificity = 0.775, AUC = 0.823, P < 0.001). Based on the risk factors above, a relevant nomogram prediction model was established. The model verification showed that the C-index of the modeling set was 0.814, indicating that the nomogram model had good predicted accuracy. CONCLUSION Based on the risk factors above, a relevant nomogram prediction model was established. The model verification showed that the C-index of the modeling set was 0.814, indicating that the nomogram model had good predicted accuracy. The nomogram based on the risk factors above had good prediction ability, which could optimize thyroidectomy and cervical lymph node dissection and improving prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Miao
- In-Patient Ultrasound Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingwen Zhong
- In-Patient Ultrasound Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuesha Xing
- In-Patient Ultrasound Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiawei Sun
- In-Patient Ultrasound Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- In-Patient Ultrasound Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- In-Patient Ultrasound Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound, Heilongjiang Red Cross Sengong General Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xianli Zhou
- In-Patient Ultrasound Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- In-Patient Ultrasound Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Lai Y, Gu Y, Yu M, Deng J. Younger Than 55 Years Old and BRAF V600E Mutation are Risk Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas ≤1.0 cm but Not in >1.0 cm. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:1403-1414. [PMID: 37155469 PMCID: PMC10122992 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s408588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on the relationship between BRAF V600E mutation and the clinicopathologic features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), risk of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) have shown inconsistent results. Methods In this retrospective analysis, clinicopathological data of the patients were collected, and molecular testing was done for BRAF V600E mutation. PTC patients are divided into PTC≤1.0cm (PTMC) and PTC>1.0cm, and the relationship between BRAF V600E mutation and clinicopathologic features was analyzed respectively. Results Of the 520 PTC patients, 432 (83.1%) were female and 416 (80.0%) were <55 years old. BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 422 (81.2%) tumour samples of PTC. There was no significant difference in the frequency of BRAF V600E mutation between different age groups. There were 250 (48.1%) patients with PTMC and 270 (51.9%) patients with PTC>1.0cm. BRAF V600E mutation was significantly associated with bilateral cancer (23.0% vs 4.9%, P=0.005) and lymph node metastasis (61.7% vs 39.0%, P=0.009) in PTMC patients, while BRAF V600E mutation was significantly associated with bilateral cancer (24.9% vs 12.3%, P=0.048) in PTC>1.0cm patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for gender, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and calcification, we found that younger age (<55 years old) (OR: 2.384, 95% CI: 1.241-4.579, P=0.009) and BRAF V600E mutation (OR: 2.213, 95% CI: 1.085-4.512, P=0.029) were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in PTMC, similar results were not obtained in PTC>1.0cm. Conclusion Younger age (<55 years old) and BRAF V600E mutation was independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis in PTMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqian Lai
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yeqian Lai, Department of Thyroid Surgery, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Yihua Gu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqin Deng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China
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Male patients with papillary thyroid cancer have a higher risk of extranodal extension. Int J Clin Oncol 2022; 27:648-654. [PMID: 35000041 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-021-02109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a sex disparity in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Male sex is associated with a higher likelihood of advanced stage disease. This study aimed to examine the significance of sex for extranodal extension (ENE) in PTC. METHODS We reviewed the data of PTC patients who had undergone initial surgical resection from July 2012 to December 2014 (N = 1531). The effects of sex and other clinicopathological factors on ENE were investigated. RESULTS Of 1531 patients identified, 377 (24.6%) were male, 816 (53.3%) had positive nodes, and 256 (16.7%) had ENE. Compared with female patients, male patients had a higher risk of ENE (P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis of clinicopathological factors revealed that male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-2.87; P < 0.001), age older than 60 years (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.08-3.35; P = 0.023), extrathyroidal extension (OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 2.42-5.14; P < 0.001), bilateral multifocality (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.53-3.13; P < 0.001), and more positive nodes were significantly associated with increased risk of ENE. Patients with 6-10 positive nodes were 16.45-fold higher to have ENE than patients with 5 positive nodes or less (95% CI, 11.07-24.68; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Male PTC patients had a higher risk of ENE than female. Sex was an independent predictor of ENE. The underlying mechanism needs to be investigated further.
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Parvathareddy SK, Siraj AK, Iqbal K, Qadri Z, Ahmed SO, Al-Rasheed M, AlQatie AA, Al-Sobhi SS, Al-Dayel F, Al-Kuraya KS. TERT Promoter Mutations Are an Independent Predictor of Distant Metastasis in Middle Eastern Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:808298. [PMID: 35360077 PMCID: PMC8962954 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.808298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMCs) have been attributed to the recent increased incidence of thyroid cancer. Although indolent, a subset of PTMC could potentially develop distant metastasis (DM). This study aimed to evaluate the clinico-pathological features and molecular characteristics of PTMC and identify the risk factors for DM in PTMC patients from Middle Eastern ethnicity. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 210 patients with histologically confirmed PTMC. Clinico-pathological associations for DM, BRAF mutation and TERT mutation were analyzed successfully in 184 patients. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards model and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Among the PTMC patients included in this cohort, DM was noted in 6.0% (11/184), whereas tumor relapse occurred in 29/184 (15.8%). Of the 11 cases with DM, lung metastasis occurred in 8 cases, bone metastasis in 2 cases and brain metastasis in 1 case. Presence of extrathyroidal extension and male sex were significantly associated with DM. Molecular analysis showed BRAF V600E mutations to be the most frequent, being detected in 45.7% (84/184). TERT promoter mutations were detected in 16 (8.7%) cases and were significantly associated with DM and shorter metastasis-free survival in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a surprisingly high frequency of TERT promoter mutation in Saudi patients with PTMC. Identifying TERT promoter mutations as an independent predictor of DM in patients with microcarcinoma could explain the inherent aggressive nature of PTMC from Middle Eastern ethnicity and magnify its role in patient risk stratification, which might help in improving therapeutic strategy for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Parvathareddy
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul K. Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaleem Iqbal
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Qadri
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeeda O. Ahmed
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Rasheed
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. AlQatie
- Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif S. Al-Sobhi
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouad Al-Dayel
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawla S. Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Khawla S. Al-Kuraya,
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11
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Kim M, Kwon CH, Jang MH, Kim JM, Kim EH, Jeon YK, Kim SS, Choi KU, Kim IJ, Park M, Kim BH. Whole-Exome Sequencing in Papillary Microcarcinoma: Potential Early Biomarkers of Lateral Lymph Node Metastasis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:1086-1094. [PMID: 34731936 PMCID: PMC8566127 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of patients with high-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) that is likely to progress has become a critical challenge. We aimed to identify somatic mutations associated with lateral neck lymph node (LN) metastasis (N1b) in patients with PTMC. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 14 PTMCs with no LN metastasis (N0) and 13 N1b PTMCs was performed using primary tumors and matched normal thyroid tissues. RESULTS The mutational burden was comparable in N0 and N1b tumors, as the median number of mutations was 23 (range, 12 to 46) in N0 and 24 (range, 12 to 50) in N1b PTMC (P=0.918). The most frequent mutations were detected in PGS1, SLC4A8, DAAM2, and HELZ in N1b PTMCs alone, and the K158Q mutation in PGS1 (four patients, Fisher's exact test P=0.041) was significantly enriched in N1b PTMCs. Based on pathway analysis, somatic mutations belonging to the receptor tyrosine kinase-RAS and NOTCH pathways were most frequently affected in N1b PTMCs. We identified four mutations that are predicted to be pathogenic in four genes based on Clinvar and Combined Annotation-Dependent Depletion score: BRAF, USH2A, CFTR, and PHIP. A missense mutation in CFTR and a nonsense mutation in PHIP were detected in N1b PTMCs only, although in one case each. BRAF mutation was detected in both N0 and N1b PTMCs. CONCLUSION This first comprehensive WES analysis of the mutational landscape of N0 and N1b PTMCs identified pathogenic genes that affect biological functions associated with the aggressive phenotype of PTMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Chae Hwa Kwon
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Min Hee Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jeong Mi Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Heui Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung-Un Choi
- Department of Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - In Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Meeyoung Park
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
- Meeyoung Park Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Korea Tel: +82-55-360-4735, Fax: +82-55-360-3869, E-mail:
| | - Bo Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Bo Hyun Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 305 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea Tel: +82-51-240-7236, Fax: +82-51-254-3237, E-mail:
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12
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Neo-Fs Index: A Novel Immunohistochemical Biomarker Panel Predicts Survival and Response to Anti-Angiogenetic Agents in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061199. [PMID: 33801954 PMCID: PMC8000111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Frameshift indels have emerged as a predictor of immunotherapy response but were not evaluated yet to predict anti-angiogenetic agent (AAA) response or prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: Here, to develop biomarkers that predict survival and response to AAA, we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of proteins whose genes frequently harbor frameshift indels in 638 ccRCC patients and correlated the individual and integrated markers with prognosis and AAA response. The mutational landscape was evaluated using targeted next-generation sequencing in 12 patients concerning protein markers. Immune gene signatures were retrieved from TCGA RNA seq data. Results: Five proteins (APC, NOTCH1, ARID1A, EYS, and filamin A) were independent adverse prognosticators and were incorporated into the Neo-fs index. Better overall, disease-specific and recurrence-free survival were observed with high Neo-fs index in univariate and multivariate survival analyses. Better AAA responses were observed with a high Neo-fs index, which reflected increased MHC class I, CD8+ T cell, cytolytic activity, and plasmacytoid dendritic cell signatures and decreased type II-IFN response signatures, as well as greater single-nucleotide variant (SNV) and indel counts. Conclusions: Neo-fs index, reflecting antitumor immune signature and more SNVs. and indels, is a powerful predictor of survival and AAA response in ccRCC.
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13
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Colombo C, Minna E, Gargiuli C, Muzza M, Dugo M, De Cecco L, Pogliaghi G, Tosi D, Bulfamante G, Greco A, Fugazzola L, Borrello MG. The molecular and gene/miRNA expression profiles of radioiodine resistant papillary thyroid cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:245. [PMID: 33198784 PMCID: PMC7667839 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most frequent endocrine tumor. Radioiodine (RAI) treatment is highly effective in these tumors, but up to 60% of metastatic cases become RAI-refractory. Scanty data are available on either the molecular pattern of radioiodine refractory papillary thyroid cancers (PTC) or the mechanisms responsible for RAI resistance. Methods We analyzed the molecular profile and gene/miRNA expression in primary PTCs, synchronous and RAI-refractory lymph node metastases (LNMs) in correlation to RAI avidity or refractoriness. We classified patients as RAI+/D+ (RAI uptake/disease persistence), RAI−/D+ (absent RAI uptake/disease persistence), and RAI+/D- (RAI uptake/disease remission), and analyzed the molecular and gene/miRNA profiles, and the expression of thyroid differentiation (TD) related genes. Results A different molecular profile according to the RAI class was observed: BRAFV600E cases were more frequent in RAI−/D+ (P = 0.032), and fusion genes in RAI+/D+ cases. RAI+/D- patients were less frequently pTERT mutations positive, and more frequently wild type for the tested mutations/fusions. Expression profiles clearly distinguished PTC from normal thyroid. On the other hand, in refractory cases (RAI+/D+ and RAI−/D+) no distinctive PTC expression patterns were associated with either tissue type, or RAI uptake, but with the driving lesion and BRAF−/RAS-like subtype. Primary tumors and RAI-refractory LNMs with BRAFV600E mutation display transcriptome similarity suggesting that RAI minimally affects the expression profiles of RAI-refractory metastases. Molecular profiles associated with the expression of TPO, SLC26A4 and TD genes, that were found more downregulated in BRAFV600E than in gene fusions tumors. Conclusions The present data indicate a different molecular profile in RAI-avid and RAI-refractory metastatic PTCs. Moreover, BRAFV600E tumors displayed reduced differentiation and intrinsic RAI refractoriness, while PTCs with fusion oncogenes are RAI-avid but persistent, suggesting different oncogene-driven mechanisms leading to RAI refractoriness. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01757-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Colombo
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Minna
- Department of Research, Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Gargiuli
- Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Platform of Integrated Biology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Muzza
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Platform of Integrated Biology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Platform of Integrated Biology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pogliaghi
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Delfina Tosi
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Human Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Human Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Greco
- Department of Research, Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. .,Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Borrello
- Department of Research, Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Deligiorgi MV, Panayiotidis MI, Trafalis DT. Prophylactic lymph node dissection in clinically N0 differentiated thyroid carcinoma: example of personalized treatment. Per Med 2020; 17:317-338. [PMID: 32588744 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2019-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Considering the 'differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) epidemic', the indolent nature of DTC imposes a treatment paradigm shift toward elimination of recurrence. Lymph node metastases in cervical compartments, encountered in 20-90% of DTC, are the main culprit of recurrent disease, affecting 5-30% of patients. Personalized risk-stratified cervical prophylactic lymph node dissection (PLND) at initial thyroidectomy in DTC with no clinical, sonographic or intraoperative evidence of lymph node metastases (clinically N0) has been advocated, though not unanimously. The present review dissects the controversy over PLND. Weighing the benefit yielded from PLND up against the PLND-related morbidity is so far hampered by the inconsistent profit yielded by PLND and the challenging patient selection. Advances in tailoring PLND are anticipated to empower optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Deligiorgi
- Department of Pharmacology - Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Building 16, 1st Floor, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527-Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Group of Translational Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building A516, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.,Department of Electron Microscopy & Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Department of Pharmacology - Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Building 16, 1st Floor, 75 Mikras Asias, 11527-Goudi, Athens, Greece
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15
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Ramundo V, Sponziello M, Falcone R, Verrienti A, Filetti S, Durante C, Grani G. Low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Optimal management toward a more conservative approach. J Surg Oncol 2020; 121:958-963. [PMID: 32189352 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (microPTC) has dramatically increased in the last decades. Most of these tumors remain small and clinically "silent", only small number progress. Although thyroid surgery used to be the only therapeutic approach, recent guidelines now consider active surveillance for low-risk microPTC. For this reason, more accurate risk stratification of microPTC is needed. The optimal management of low-risk microPTC through accurate risk stratification represents a major clinical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ramundo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Sponziello
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Falcone
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Verrienti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Grani
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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16
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Kim WB, Jeon MJ, Kim WG, Kim TY, Shong YK. Unmet Clinical Needs in the Treatment of Patients with Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:14-25. [PMID: 32207260 PMCID: PMC7090306 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of thyroid cancer is a worldwide phenomenon; however, the issue of overdiagnosis has been most prominent in South Korea. The age-standardized mortality rate of thyroid cancer in Korea steeply increased from 1985 to 2004 (from 0.17 per 100,000 to 0.85 per 100,000), and then decreased until 2015 to 0.42 per 100,000, suggesting that early detection reduced mortality. However, early detection of thyroid cancer may be cost-ineffective, considering its very high prevalence and indolent course. Therefore, risk stratification and tailored management are vitally important, but many prognostic markers can only be evaluated postoperatively. Discovery of preoperative marker(s), especially for small cancers, is the most important unmet clinical need for thyroid cancer. Herein, we discuss some such factors that we recently discovered. Another unmet clinical need is better treatment of radioiodine-refractory (RAIR) differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and undifferentiated cancers. Although sorafenib and lenvatinib are available, better drugs are needed. We found that phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase, a critical enzyme for serine biosynthesis, could be a novel therapeutic target, and that the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio is a prognostic marker of survival in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma or RAIR DTC. Deeper insights are needed into tumor-host interactions in thyroid cancer to improve treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Bae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Min Ji Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Gu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Panebianco F, Nikitski AV, Nikiforova MN, Kaya C, Yip L, Condello V, Wald AI, Nikiforov YE, Chiosea SI. Characterization of thyroid cancer driven by known and novel ALK fusions. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:803-814. [PMID: 31539879 PMCID: PMC7002208 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ALK fusions are found in various tumors, including thyroid cancer, and serve as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. Spectrum and outcomes of ALK fusions found in thyroid nodules and cancer are not fully characterized. We report a series of 44 ALK-translocated thyroid neoplasms, including 31 identified preoperatively in thyroid fine-needle aspirates (FNA). The average patients' age was 43 years (range, 8-76 years); only one with radiation history. All 19 resected thyroid nodules with ALK fusion identified preoperatively were malignant. Among nodules with known surgical pathology (n = 32), 84% were papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) and 16% poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs). PTCs showed infiltrative growth with follicular architecture seen exclusively (30%) or in combination with papillary and/or solid growth (37%). Tumor multifocality was seen in 10 (31%) PTC cases. Most PDTC had a well-differentiated PTC component. Lymph node metastases were identified in 10/18 (56%) patients with neck dissection. The most common ALK fusion partners were STRN (n = 22) and EML4 (n = 17). In five cases, novel ALK fusion partners were discovered. All five PDTCs carried STRN-ALK fusion. On follow-up, ten patients were free of disease at 2-108 months, whereas two patients with PDTC died of disease. In summary, ALK fusion-positive thyroid carcinomas are typically infiltrative PTC with common follicular growth, which may show tumor dedifferentiation associated with increased mortality. Compared to EML4-ALK, STRN-ALK may be more common in PDTC, and ~10% of ALK fusions occur to rare gene partners. When ALK fusion is detected preoperatively in FNA samples, malignancy should be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Panebianco
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alyaksandr V Nikitski
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marina N Nikiforova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cihan Kaya
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Linwah Yip
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vincenzo Condello
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail I Wald
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simion I Chiosea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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