1
|
Chen S, Jiao Y, Han Y, Zhang J, Deng Y, Yu Z, Wang J, He S, Cai W, Xu J. Edible traditional Chinese medicines improve type 2 diabetes by modulating gut microbiotal metabolites. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:393-411. [PMID: 38227209 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder with intricate pathogenic mechanisms. Despite the availability of various oral medications for controlling the condition, reports of poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes persist, possibly involving unknown pathogenic mechanisms. In recent years, the gut microbiota have emerged as a highly promising target for T2DM treatment, with the metabolites produced by gut microbiota serving as crucial intermediaries connecting gut microbiota and strongly related to T2DM. Increasingly, traditional Chinese medicine is being considered to target the gut microbiota for T2DM treatment, and many of them are edible. In studies conducted on animal models, edible traditional Chinese medicine have been shown to primarily alter three significant gut microbiotal metabolites: short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and branched-chain amino acids. These metabolites play crucial roles in alleviating T2DM by improving glucose metabolism and reducing inflammation. This review primarily summarizes twelve edible traditional Chinese medicines that improve T2DM by modulating the aforementioned three gut microbiotal metabolites, along with potential underlying molecular mechanisms, and also incorporation of edible traditional Chinese medicines into the diets of T2DM patients and combined use with probiotics for treating T2DM are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yiqiao Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yiyang Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
- Queen Mary School, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jixiong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu ZJ, Zhu CF. Causal relationship between insulin resistance and sarcopenia. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:46. [PMID: 36918975 PMCID: PMC10015682 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a multifactorial disease characterized by reduced muscle mass and function, leading to disability, death, and other diseases. Recently, the prevalence of sarcopenia increased considerably, posing a serious threat to health worldwide. However, no clear international consensus has been reached regarding the etiology of sarcopenia. Several studies have shown that insulin resistance may be an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of induced muscle attenuation and that, conversely, sarcopenia can lead to insulin resistance. However, the causal relationship between the two is not clear. In this paper, the pathogenesis of sarcopenia is analyzed, the possible intrinsic causal relationship between sarcopenia and insulin resistance examined, and research progress expounded to provide a basis for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and study of the mechanism of sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-jian Liu
- Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101 China
| | - Cui-feng Zhu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matsunaga Y, Tamura Y, Takahashi K, Kitaoka Y, Takahashi Y, Hoshino D, Kadoguchi T, Hatta H. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation suppresses the detraining-induced reduction of mitochondrial content in mouse skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22628. [PMID: 36322028 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200588r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training enhances oxidative capacity whereas detraining reduces mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle. The strategy to suppress the detraining-induced reduction of mitochondrial content has not been fully elucidated. As previous studies reported that branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) ingestion increased mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle, we evaluated whether BCAA supplementation could suppress the detraining-induced reduction of mitochondrial content. Six-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control (Con), endurance training (Tr), detraining (DeTr), and detraining with BCAA supplementation (DeTr + BCAA). Mice in Tr, DeTr, and DeTr + BCAA performed treadmill running exercises [20-30 m/min, 60 min, 5 times/week, 4 weeks]. Then, mice in DeTr and DeTr + BCAA were administered with water or BCAA [0.6 mg/g of body weight, twice daily] for 2 weeks of detraining. In whole skeletal muscle, mitochondrial enzyme activities and protein content were decreased after 2 weeks of detraining, but the reduction was suppressed by BCAA supplementation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein content, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, was decreased by detraining irrespective of BCAA ingestion. Regarding mitochondrial degradation, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), a mitophagy-related protein, was significantly higher in the Tr group than in the DeTr + BCAA group, but not different from in the DeTr group. With respect to mitochondrial quality, BCAA ingestion did not affect oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in isolated mitochondria. Our findings suggest that BCAA ingestion suppresses the detraining-induced reduction of mitochondrial content partly through inhibiting mitophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsunaga
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Human Sciences, Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hoshino
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hinkle JS, Rivera CN, Vaughan RA. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Mitochondrial Biogenesis: An Overview and Mechanistic Summary. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200109. [PMID: 36047448 PMCID: PMC9786258 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential in the diet and promote several vital cell responses which may have benefits for health and athletic performance, as well as disease prevention. While BCAA are well-known for their ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis, their effects on cell energetics are also becoming well-documented, but these receive less attention. In this review, much of the current evidence demonstrating BCAA ability (as individual amino acids or as part of dietary mixtures) to alter regulators of cellular energetics with an emphasis on mitochondrial biogenesis and related signaling is highlighted. Several studies have shown, both in vitro and in vivo, that BCAA (either individual or as a mixture) may promote signaling associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis including the upregulation of master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), as well as numerous downstream targets and related function. However, sparse data in humans and the difficulty of controlling variables associated with feeding studies leave the physiological relevance of these findings unclear. Future well-controlled diet studies will be needed to assess if BCAA consumption is associated with increased mitochondrial biogenesis and improved metabolic outcomes in healthy and/or diseased human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Hinkle
- Department of Exercise ScienceHigh Point UniversityHigh PointNC27262‐3598USA
| | - Caroline N. Rivera
- Department of Exercise ScienceHigh Point UniversityHigh PointNC27262‐3598USA
| | - Roger A. Vaughan
- Department of Exercise ScienceHigh Point UniversityHigh PointNC27262‐3598USA
| |
Collapse
|