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Hernandez-Prera JC, Wenig BM. RAS-Mutant Follicular Thyroid Tumors: A Continuous Challenge for Pathologists. Endocr Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12022-024-09812-5. [PMID: 38888731 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-024-09812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The classification of thyroid nodules, particularly those with a follicular growth pattern, has significantly evolved. These tumors, enriched with RAS or RAS-like mutations, remain challenging for pathologists due to variables such as nuclear atypia, invasion, mitotic activity, and tumor necrosis. This review addresses the histological correlates of benign, low-risk, and malignant RAS-mutant thyroid tumors, as well as some difficult-to-classify follicular nodules with worrisome features. One prototypical RAS-mutant nodule is non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). The assessment of nuclear characteristics in encapsulated/well-demarcated non-invasive RAS-mutant follicular-patterned tumors helps distinguish between follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA) and NIFTP. Despite this straightforward concept, questions about the degree of nuclear atypia necessary for the diagnosis of NIFTP are common in clinical practice. The nomenclature of follicular nodules lacking clear invasive features with increased mitotic activity, tumor necrosis, and/or high-risk mutations (e.g., TERT promoter or TP53) remains debated. Invasion, particularly angioinvasion, is the current hallmark of malignancy in RAS-mutant follicular-patterned neoplasms, with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) as the model. Assessing the tumor interface is critical, though full capsule evaluation can be challenging. Multiple levels and NRASQ61R-specific immunohistochemistry can aid in identifying invasion. Controversies around vascular invasion persist, with ancillary stains like CD31, ERG, and CD61 aiding in its evaluation. Moreover, the review highlights that invasive encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma (IEFVPTC) is closely associated with FTC, suggesting the need for better nomenclature. The concept of "high-grade" differentiated carcinomas, applicable to FTC or IEFVPTC with necrosis and/or high mitotic activity, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Hernandez-Prera
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Bruce M Wenig
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Wong KS, Barletta JA. Challenges in Encapsulated Follicular-Patterned Tumors: How Much Is Enough? Evaluation of Nuclear Atypia, Architecture, and Invasion. Surg Pathol Clin 2023; 16:27-44. [PMID: 36739165 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid pathology is notoriously fraught with high interobserver variability, and follicular-patterned tumors are among some of the most challenging to assess accurately and reproducibly. Given that encapsulated or well-circumscribed follicular-patterned tumors often have similar molecular profiles, that is, frequent RAS or RAS-like alterations, the diagnosis usually relies on histopathologic examination alone. Unfortunately, many of the features that are used for diagnosis and prognosis of these tumors have long been controversial and frequently debated topics, both due to their subjectivity and their evolving (or not yet resolved) definitions. In more recent years, the introduction of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features has added further complexity to this discussion. In particular, the criteria and significance of nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma, architectural patterns, and invasive growth still pose significant diagnostic challenges and confusion. This review explores some of the challenges in evaluating encapsulated follicular-patterned tumors, focusing on those histologic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine S Wong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Baloch ZW, Asa SL, Barletta JA, Ghossein RA, Juhlin CC, Jung CK, LiVolsi VA, Papotti MG, Sobrinho-Simões M, Tallini G, Mete O. Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 2022; 33:27-63. [PMID: 35288841 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-022-09707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 170.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the changes in the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors that relate to the thyroid gland. The new classification has divided thyroid tumors into several new categories that allow for a clearer understanding of the cell of origin, pathologic features (cytopathology and histopathology), molecular classification, and biological behavior. Follicular cell-derived tumors constitute the majority of thyroid neoplasms. In this new classification, they are divided into benign, low-risk, and malignant neoplasms. Benign tumors include not only follicular adenoma but also variants of adenoma that are of diagnostic and clinical significance, including the ones with papillary architecture, which are often hyperfunctional and oncocytic adenomas. For the first time, there is a detailed account of the multifocal hyperplastic/neoplastic lesions that commonly occur in the clinical setting of multinodular goiter; the term thyroid follicular nodular disease (FND) achieved consensus as the best to describe this enigmatic entity. Low-risk follicular cell-derived neoplasms include non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential, and hyalinizing trabecular tumor. Malignant follicular cell-derived neoplasms are stratified based on molecular profiles and aggressiveness. Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), with many morphological subtypes, represent the BRAF-like malignancies, whereas invasive encapsulated follicular variant PTC and follicular thyroid carcinoma represent the RAS-like malignancies. This new classification requires detailed subtyping of papillary microcarcinomas similar to their counterparts that exceed 1.0 cm and recommends not designating them as a subtype of PTC. The criteria of the tall cell subtype of PTC have been revisited. Cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is no longer classified as a subtype of PTC. The term "Hürthle cell" is discouraged, since it is a misnomer. Oncocytic carcinoma is discussed as a distinct entity with the clear recognition that it refers to oncocytic follicular cell-derived neoplasms (composed of > 75% oncocytic cells) that lack characteristic nuclear features of PTC (those would be oncocytic PTCs) and high-grade features (necrosis and ≥ 5 mitoses per 2 mm2). High-grade follicular cell-derived malignancies now include both the traditional poorly differentiated carcinoma as well as high-grade differentiated thyroid carcinomas, since both are characterized by increased mitotic activity and tumor necrosis without anaplastic histology and clinically behave in a similar manner. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma remains the most undifferentiated form; squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is now considered as a subtype of anaplastic carcinoma. Medullary thyroid carcinomas derived from thyroid C cells retain their distinct section, and there is a separate section for mixed tumors composed of both C cells and any follicular cell-derived malignancy. A grading system for medullary thyroid carcinomas is also introduced based on mitotic count, tumor necrosis, and Ki67 labeling index. A number of unusual neoplasms that occur in the thyroid have been placed into new sections based on their cytogenesis. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland type are now included in one section classified as "salivary gland-type carcinomas of the thyroid." Thymomas, thymic carcinomas and spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like elements are classified as "thymic tumors within the thyroid." There remain several tumors whose cell lineage is unclear, and they are listed as such; these include sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia and cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma. Another important addition is thyroblastoma, an unusual embryonal tumor associated with DICER1 mutations. As in all the WHO books in the 5th edition, mesenchymal and stromal tumors, hematolymphoid neoplasms, germ cell tumors, and metastatic malignancies are discussed separately. The current classification also emphasizes the value of biomarkers that may aid diagnosis and provide prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair W Baloch
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Sylvia L Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Justine A Barletta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald A Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chan Kwon Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Virginia A LiVolsi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, IPATIMUP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zhang H, Zhang Z, Liu X, Duan H, Xiang T, He Q, Su Z, Wu H, Liang Z. DNA Methylation Haplotype Block Markers Efficiently Discriminate Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma from Follicular Adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1011-1021. [PMID: 33394038 PMCID: PMC7993581 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most common type of thyroid carcinoma and must be pathologically distinguished from benign follicular adenoma (FA). Additionally, the clinical assessment of thyroid tumors with uncertain malignant potential (TT-UMP) demands effective indicators. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify discriminating DNA methylation markers between FA and FTC. METHODS DNA methylation patterns were investigated in 33 FTC and 33 FA samples using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing and methylation haplotype block-based analysis. A prediction model was constructed and validated in an independent cohort of 13 FTC and 13 FA samples. Moreover, 36 TT-UMP samples were assessed using this model. RESULTS A total of 70 DNA methylation markers, approximately half of which were located within promoters, were identified to be significantly different between the FTC and FA samples. All the Gene Ontology terms enriched among the marker-associated genes were related to "DNA binding," implying that the inactivation of DNA binding played a role in FTC development. A random forest model with an area under the curve of 0.994 was constructed using those markers for discriminating FTC from FA in the validation cohort. When the TT-UMP samples were scored using this model, those with fewer driver mutations also exhibited lower scores. CONCLUSION An FTC-predicting model was constructed using DNA methylation markers, which distinguished between FA and FTC tissues with a high degree of accuracy. This model can also be used to help determine the potential of malignancy in TT-UMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiaoding Liu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Huanli Duan
- Department of Pathology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qiye He
- Singlera Genomics Inc. Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixi Su
- Singlera Genomics Inc. Shanghai, China
| | - Huanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Zhiyong Liang, PhD, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China. ; or Huanwen Wu, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Zhiyong Liang, PhD, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China. ; or Huanwen Wu, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Mahajan S, Agarwal S, Kocheri N, Jain D, Mathur SR, Iyer VK. Cytopathology of non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features: A comparative study with similar patterned papillary thyroid carcinoma variants. Cytopathology 2018; 29:233-240. [DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Mahajan
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - S. Agarwal
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - N. Kocheri
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - D. Jain
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - S. R. Mathur
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - V. K. Iyer
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
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Song SJ, LiVolsi VA, Montone K, Baloch Z. Pre-operative features of non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features: An analysis of their cytological, Gene Expression Classifier and sonographic findings. Cytopathology 2017; 28:488-494. [DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Song
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania Health System; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - V. A. LiVolsi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania Health System; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - K. Montone
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania Health System; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Z. Baloch
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania Health System; Philadelphia PA USA
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Zhou H, Baloch ZW, Nayar R, Bizzarro T, Fadda G, Adhikari-Guragain D, Hatem J, Larocca LM, Samolczyk J, Slade J, Rossi ED. Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): Implications for the risk of malignancy (ROM) in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). Cancer Cytopathol 2017; 126:20-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhou
- Department of Pathology; Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago Illinois
| | - Zubair W. Baloch
- Department of Pathology; Hospital of University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Ritu Nayar
- Department of Pathology; Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago Illinois
| | - Tommaso Bizzarro
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, “A. Gemelli” University Polyclinic Foundation; University Rome; Italy
| | - Guido Fadda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, “A. Gemelli” University Polyclinic Foundation; University Rome; Italy
| | | | - Joseph Hatem
- Department of Pathology; Hospital of University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Luigi M. Larocca
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, “A. Gemelli” University Polyclinic Foundation; University Rome; Italy
| | - Julia Samolczyk
- Department of Pathology; Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago Illinois
| | - Jamie Slade
- Department of Pathology; Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine and Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago Illinois
| | - Esther Diana Rossi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, “A. Gemelli” University Polyclinic Foundation; University Rome; Italy
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