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Jaafar A, Darvin ME, Tuchin VV, Veres M. Confocal Raman Micro-Spectroscopy for Discrimination of Glycerol Diffusivity in Ex Vivo Porcine Dura Mater. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1534. [PMID: 36294969 PMCID: PMC9605590 DOI: 10.3390/life12101534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dura mater (DM) is a connective tissue with dense collagen, which is a protective membrane surrounding the human brain. The optical clearing (OC) method was used to make DM more transparent, thereby allowing to increase in-depth investigation by confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy and estimate the diffusivity of 50% glycerol and water migration. Glycerol concentration was obtained, and the diffusion coefficient was calculated, which ranged from 9.6 × 10-6 to 3.0 × 10-5 cm2/s. Collagen-related Raman band intensities were significantly increased for all depths from 50 to 200 µm after treatment. In addition, the changes in water content during OC showed that 50% glycerol induces tissue dehydration. Weakly and strongly bound water types were found to be most concentrated, playing a major role in the glycerol-induced water flux and OC. Results show that OC is an efficient method for controlling the DM optical properties, thereby enhancing the in-depth probing for laser therapy and diagnostics of the brain. DM is a comparable to various collagen-containing tissues and organs, such as sclera of eyes and skin dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jaafar
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Dom ter 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad 10065, Iraq
| | - Maxim E. Darvin
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Str., 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, FRC “Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 24 Rabochaya Str., 410028 Saratov, Russia
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, FRC “Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 33-2 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Miklós Veres
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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Jaafar A, Holomb R, Sdobnov AY, Ocskay Z, Jakus Z, Tuchin VV, Veres M. Ex vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy of porcine dura mater supported by optical clearing. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100332. [PMID: 34951739 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of tissue optical clearing (TOC) to increase the probing depth and observe in-depth structure of the ex vivo porcine dura mater was studied by confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM). Raman intensities were significantly increased at the depth of 250 μm for all collagen bands after treatment with glycerol. The influence of glycerol on collagen hydration was also investigated. The results indicate that the process of TOC can be divided into three main steps. The first one is a fast process of tissue dehydration accompanied by collagen shrinkage while the second relatively slow process is related to the glycerol penetration into the interfibrillar space of collagen combined with swelling of tissue. The third step is collagen dissociation caused by the high concentration of glycerol. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first example to introduce the TOC technique in assisting CRM of ex vivo dura mater in-depth probing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jaafar
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Roman Holomb
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Information Control Systems and Technologies, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Anton Y Sdobnov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zsombor Ocskay
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Jakus
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Miklós Veres
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
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Liang X, Luo H. Optical Tissue Clearing: Illuminating Brain Function and Dysfunction. Theranostics 2021; 11:3035-3051. [PMID: 33537072 PMCID: PMC7847687 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue optical clearing technology has been developing rapidly in the past decade due to advances in microscopy equipment and various labeling techniques. Consistent modification of primary methods for optical tissue transparency has allowed observation of the whole mouse body at single-cell resolution or thick tissue slices at the nanoscale level, with the final aim to make intact primate and human brains or thick human brain tissues optically transparent. Optical clearance combined with flexible large-volume tissue labeling technology can not only preserve the anatomical structure but also visualize multiple molecular information from intact samples in situ. It also provides a new strategy for studying complex tissues, which is of great significance for deciphering the functional structure of healthy brains and the mechanisms of neurological pathologies. In this review, we briefly introduce the existing optical clearing technology and discuss its application in deciphering connection and structure, brain development, and brain diseases. Besides, we discuss the standard computational analysis tools for large-scale imaging dataset processing and information extraction. In general, we hope that this review will provide a valuable reference for researchers who intend to use optical clearing technology in studying the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Liang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Porter DDL, Morton PD. Clearing techniques for visualizing the nervous system in development, injury, and disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 334:108594. [PMID: 31945400 PMCID: PMC10674098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern clearing techniques enable high resolution visualization and 3D reconstruction of cell populations and their structural details throughout large biological samples, including intact organs and even entire organisms. In the past decade, these methods have become more tractable and are now being utilized to provide unforeseen insights into the complexities of the nervous system. While several iterations of optical clearing techniques have been developed, some are more suitable for specific applications than others depending on the type of specimen under study. Here we review findings from select studies utilizing clearing methods to visualize the developing, injured, and diseased nervous system within numerous model systems and species. We note trends and imbalances in the types of research questions being addressed with clearing methods across these fields in neuroscience. In addition, we discuss restrictions in applying optical clearing methods for postmortem tissue from humans and large animals and emphasize the lack in continuity between studies of these species. We aim for this review to serve as a key outline of available tissue clearing methods used successfully to address issues across neuronal development, injury/repair, and aging/disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demisha D L Porter
- Virginia Tech Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Paul D Morton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Cheshire EC, Malcomson RDG, Sun P, Mirkes EM, Amoroso JM, Rutty GN. A systematic autopsy survey of human infant bridging veins. Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:449-461. [PMID: 29075919 PMCID: PMC5807502 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the first years of life, subdural haemorrhage (SDH) within the cranial cavity can occur through accidental and non-accidental mechanisms as well as from birth-related injury. This type of bleeding is the most common finding in victims of abusive head trauma (AHT). Historically, the most frequent cause of SDHs in infancy is suggested to be traumatic damage to bridging veins traversing from the brain to the dural membrane. However, several alternative hypotheses have been suggested for the cause and origin of subdural bleeding. It has also been suggested by some that bridging veins are too large to rupture through the forces associated with AHT. To date, there have been no systematic anatomical studies on infant bridging veins. During 43 neonatal, infant and young child post-mortem examinations, we have mapped the locations and numbers of bridging veins onto a 3D model of the surface of a representative infant brain. We have also recorded the in situ diameter of 79 bridging veins from two neonatal, one infant and two young children at post-mortem examination. Large numbers of veins, both distant from and directly entering the dural venous sinuses, were discovered travelling between the brain and dural membrane, with the mean number of veins per brain being 54.1 and the largest number recorded as 94. The mean diameter of the bridging veins was 0.93 mm, with measurements ranging from 0.05 to 3.07 mm. These data demonstrate that some veins are extremely small and subjectively, and they appear to be delicate. Characterisation of infant bridging veins will contribute to the current understanding of potential vascular sources of subdural bleeding and could also be used to further develop computational models of infant head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Cheshire
- East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Building, Level 3 Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
| | - Roger D G Malcomson
- Histopathology Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Infirmary Close, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - Peng Sun
- Mathematics Department, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Evgeny M Mirkes
- Mathematics Department, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Jasmin M Amoroso
- East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Building, Level 3 Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Guy N Rutty
- East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit, Robert Kilpatrick Building, Level 3 Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
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Cheshire EC, Malcomson RDG, Joseph S, Adnan A, Adlam D, Rutty GN. Post-mortem imaging of the infant and perinatal dura mater and superior sagittal sinus using optical coherence tomography. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1377-1383. [PMID: 28389927 PMCID: PMC5556134 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Infants and young children are likely to present with subdural haemorrhage (SDH) if they are the victims of abusive head trauma. In these cases, the most accepted theory for the source of bleeding is the bridging veins traversing from the surface of the brain to the dura mater. However, some have suggested that SDH may result from leakage of blood from a dural vascular plexus. As post-mortem examination of the bridging veins and dura is challenging, and imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance and computed tomography do not have the resolution capabilities to image small blood vessels, we have trialled the use of intravascular and benchtop optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems for imaging from within the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and through the dura during five infant/perinatal autopsies. Numerous vessel-like structures were identified using both OCT systems. Measurements taken with the intravascular rotational system indicate that the approximate median diameters of blood vessels entering anterior and posterior segments of the SSS were 110 μm (range 70 to 670 μm, n = 21) and 125 μm (range 70 to 740 μm, n = 23), respectively. For blood vessels close to the wall of the SSS, the median diameters for anterior and posterior segments of the SSS were 80 μm (range 40 to 170 μm, n = 25) and 90 μm (range 30 to 150 μm), respectively. Detailed characterisation of the dural vasculature is important to aid understanding of the source of SDH. High resolution 3-dimensional reconstructions of the infant dural vasculature may be possible with further development of OCT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Cheshire
- East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Building, Level 3 Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
| | - Roger D G Malcomson
- Histopathology Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Infirmary Close, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - Shiju Joseph
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Asif Adnan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - David Adlam
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Guy N Rutty
- East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Building, Level 3 Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
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