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Shao S, Yang L, Hu G, Li L, Wang Y, Tao L. Application of omics techniques in forensic entomology research. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106985. [PMID: 37473953 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the post-genome era, omics technologies have developed rapidly and are widely used, including in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiome research. These omics techniques are often based on comprehensive and systematic analysis of biological samples using high-throughput analysis methods and bioinformatics, to provide new insights into biological phenomena. Currently, omics techniques are gradually being applied to forensic entomology research and are useful in species identification, phylogenetics, screening for developmentally relevant differentially expressed genes, and the interpretation of behavioral characteristics of forensic-related species at the genetic level. These all provide valuable information for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). This review mainly discusses the available omics techniques, summarizes the application of omics techniques in forensic entomology, and their future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Shao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Criminal Police Branch, Suzhou Public Security Bureau, Renmin Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Gengwang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China.
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
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Macher J, Porter RS, Levin AV. Ophthalmic imaging in abusive head trauma. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 139:106106. [PMID: 36867971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophthalmic imaging plays an increasingly important role the evaluation of abusive head trauma, however these imaging modalities may be unfamiliar to non-ophthalmologists. OBJECTIVE To provide pediatricians and child abuse pediatric professionals with background on ophthalmic imaging techniques in the context of suspected abuse, as well as information on commercial options and costs for those interested in augmenting their ophthalmic imaging capabilities. METHODS We performed a review of the ophthalmic imaging literature for fundus photography, ocular coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, ocular ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and postmortem imaging. We also contacted individual vendors for equipment pricing information. RESULTS For each ophthalmic imaging modality, we demonstrate its role in the evaluation of abusive head trauma including indications, potential findings, sensitivity and specificity of findings for abuse, and commercial options. CONCLUSIONS Ophthalmic imaging is an important supportive component of the evaluation for abusive head trauma. When used in conjunction with clinical examination, ophthalmic imaging can improve diagnostic accuracy, support documentation, and possibly improve communication in medicolegal contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Macher
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Randall S Porter
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Alex V Levin
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA; Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, Rochester, NY, USA; Clinical Genetics, Golisano Children's Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Federspiel JM, Lux C, Burkhard K, Kettner M, Verhoff MA, Tschernig T, Ramsthaler F. Retrograde dye perfusion of the proximal aorta - A postmortem technical study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12475. [PMID: 36636207 PMCID: PMC9830167 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple cardiovascular conditions can lead to unexpected fatality, which is defined as sudden cardiac death. One of these potentially underlying conditions is aortic regurgitation, which can be caused by discrete changes of the geometry of the proximal aorta. To analyze aortic valve competency and furthermore to elucidate underlying pathological alterations of the coronary arteries and the vasa vasorum a perfusion method to simulate a diastolic state was designed. Material and methods A postmortem approach with retrograde perfusion of the ascending aorta with methylene blue was applied to three bodies. The procedure comprised cannulation of the brachiocephalic trunk, clamping of the aortic arch between brachiocephalic trunk and left carotid artery, infusion of 250 ml of methylene blue, and optical clearing of the superficial tissue layers after perfusion. Organs were examined directly following perfusion and after optical clearing. Results Assessment and visualization of aortic valve competency and the vasa vasorum were possible in all three instances. Visualization of the coronary perfusion was impaired by postmortem thrombus formation. Optical clearing did not provide additional information. Discussion The method presented here is a time- and cost-efficient way of visualizing aortic valve competency and the vasa vasorum. The visualization of the vasa vasorum highlights the potential of this method in basic research on diseases of the great arteries and coronaries. However, for a time-efficient functional analysis of the coronaries, other methods must be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Federspiel
- Institute for Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Campus Homburg, Kirrberger Straße, Building 49.1, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany,Corresponding author.
| | - Constantin Lux
- Institute for Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katrin Burkhard
- Institute for Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mattias Kettner
- Institute for Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Verhoff
- Institute for Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute for Anatomy, Saarland University, Medical Campus, Kirrberger Straße, Building 61, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Frank Ramsthaler
- Institute for Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Campus Homburg, Kirrberger Straße, Building 49.1, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Nioi M, Napoli PE, Demontis R, Chighine A, De-Giorgio F, Grassi S, Scorcia V, Fossarello M, d’Aloja E. The Influence of Eyelid Position and Environmental Conditions on the Corneal Changes in Early Postmortem Interval: A Prospective, Multicentric OCT Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092169. [PMID: 36140570 PMCID: PMC9497849 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, using portable optical coherence tomography, we evaluated 46 corneas of 23 individuals in a multicenter setting during the first 17 h after death. Twenty-three eyes were kept open, and twenty three were kept closed. Furthermore, the experiment was carried out for 12 samples in summer and 11 in winter. Our data show that postmortem corneal alterations largely depend on the phenomena of dehydration (in particular in open eyes) and swelling of the stroma in closed eyes, probably due in the first phase to hypoxia/anoxia and subsequently to the passage by osmosis of the aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the corneal tissue. Our findings could have significant repercussions in forensic pathology for estimating the postmortem interval and transplantation to optimize the conservation of the tissue before the explant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nioi
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (P.E.N.)
| | - Pietro Emanuele Napoli
- Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (P.E.N.)
| | - Roberto Demontis
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Chighine
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabio De-Giorgio
- Legal Medicine, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Grassi
- Legal Medicine, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Section of Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Scorcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University ‘Magna Græcia’ of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fossarello
- Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ernesto d’Aloja
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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The clinical features and the factors affecting visual prognosis in pediatric open-globe ınjuries. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:3589-3600. [PMID: 35579769 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate clinical features and factors affecting visual prognosis after pediatric open-globe injuries. METHODS Retrospective study of 223 children with open-globe injury was conducted. Children with final logMAR visual acuity (LVA) > 0.70 were determined as poor-vision group (group 1, n = 108) and those with final LVA ≤ 0.70 as good-vision group (group 2, n = 115). Demographic characteristics (age, gender, and damaged eye), time between trauma and surgery, ocular trauma score (OTS), follow-up time, injury size, initial and final visual acuity levels, injury type (penetrating injury, globe rupture, perforating injury, and intraocular foreign body injury), injury localization (zone 1 = within the corneal and/or limbal area, zone 2 = within the scleral area extending 5 mm back from the limbus, and zone 3 = within the area posterior to zone 2), injury cause [metal objects (fork, knife, needle), broken glass, blunt objects (ball, punch), pen-pencil, and unidentified objects], and accompanying ocular findings of the groups were detected, and comparisons were done. Additionally, effects of age, time between trauma and surgery, OTS, injury size, follow-up time, initial LVA, injury type, and injury zone on final LVA were analyzed in both groups. RESULTS Mean age was 9.1 ± 2.0 years. There were 151 males and 72 females. Compared to group 1, group 2 had better initial and final visions (1.21 ± 0.26 vs 0.60 ± 0.28, p < 0.001 for initial LVA; 1.00 ± 0.32 vs 0.30 ± 0.13, p < 0.001 for final LVA), greater OTS (1.72 ± 0.53 vs 3.73 ± 0.61, p = 0.025), and smaller injury size (10.4 ± 3.5 vs 5.8 ± 2.4 mm, p = 0.002). Globe rupture (p = 0.015) and relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) (p = 0.037) were higher in group 1, while penetrating injury (p = 0.044), zone 1 involvement (p = 0.038), and metal object injury (p = 0.041) were higher in group 2. Based on multivariate analysis, the presences of globe rupture (p = 0.024) and RAPD (p = 0.035), the involvement without zone 1 (p = 0.042), and the injury without metal object (fork, knife, needle) (p = 0.046) were associated with poor final vision. Final LVA (for group 1 and group 2) was negatively correlated with OTS (r = - 0.398, p = 0.037; r = - 0.369, p = 0.040), while positively correlated with injury size (r = 0.412, p = 0.031; r = 0.318, p = 0.046) and initial LVA (r = 0.335, p = 0.043; r = 0.402, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION In our study, poor prognostic factors affecting final vision were low OTS, poor initial vision, the presences of globe rupture and RAPD, the large injury size, the involvement without zone 1, and the injury without metal object (fork, knife, needle).
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Paech D, Klopries K, Nawrotzki R, Schlemmer HP, Giesel FL, Kirsch J, Schultz JH, Kuner T, Doll S. Strengths and Weaknesses of Non-enhanced and Contrast-enhanced Cadaver Computed Tomography Scans in the Teaching of Gross Anatomy in an Integrated Curriculum. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022; 15:143-154. [PMID: 33170986 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadaver-specific postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) has become an integral part in anatomy teaching at several universities. Recently, the feasibility of contrast-enhanced (CE)-PMCT has been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to identify particular strengths and weaknesses of both non-enhanced and contrast-enhanced PMCT compared to conventional cadaver dissection. First, the students' perception of the learning effectiveness of the three different modalities have been assessed using a 34-item survey (five-point Likert scale) covering all anatomy course modules. Results were compared using the nonparametric Friedman Test. Second, the most frequent artifacts in cadaver CT scans, were systematically analyzed in 122 PMCT and 31 CE-PMCT data sets to quantify method-related limitations and characteristics. Perfusion quality was assessed in 57 vascular segments (38 arterial and 19 venous). The survey was answered by n = 257/320 (80.3%) students. Increased learning benefits of PMCT/ CE-PMCT compared to cadaver dissection were found in osteology (2/3 categories, P < 0.001), head and neck (2/5 categories, P < 0.01), and brain anatomy (3/3 categories, P < 0.01). Contrast-enhanced-PMCT was perceived particularly useful in learning vascular anatomy (10/10 categories, P < 0.01). Cadaver dissection received significantly higher scores compared to PMCT and CE-PMCT in all categories of the abdomen and thorax (7/7 categories, P < 0.001), as well as the majority of muscular anatomy (5/6 categories, P < 0.001). Frequent postmortem artifacts (total n = 28, native-phase n = 21, contrast injection-related n = 7) were identified and assessed. The results of this work contribute to the understanding of the value of integrating cadaver-specific PMCT in anatomy teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paech
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Klopries
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ralph Nawrotzki
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Frederik L Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jobst-Hendrik Schultz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Doll
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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The Communication between Ocular Surface and Nasal Epithelia in 3D Cell Culture Technology for Translational Research: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312994. [PMID: 34884799 PMCID: PMC8657734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the connection between the ocular and nasal epithelia. This narrative review focuses on conjunctival, corneal, ultrastructural corneal stroma, and nasal epithelia as well as an introduction into their interconnections. We describe in detail the morphology and physiology of the ocular surface, the nasolacrimal ducts, and the nasal cavity. This knowledge provides a basis for functional studies and the development of relevant cell culture models that can be used to investigate the pathogenesis of diseases related to these complex structures. Moreover, we also provide a state-of-the-art overview regarding the development of 3D culture models, which allow for addressing research questions in models resembling the in vivo situation. In particular, we give an overview of the current developments of corneal 3D and organoid models, as well as 3D cell culture models of epithelia with goblet cells (conjunctiva and nasal cavity). The benefits and shortcomings of these cell culture models are discussed. As examples for pathogens related to ocular and nasal epithelia, we discuss infections caused by adenovirus and measles virus. In addition to pathogens, also external triggers such as allergens can cause rhinoconjunctivitis. These diseases exemplify the interconnections between the ocular surface and nasal epithelia in a molecular and clinical context. With a final translational section on optical coherence tomography (OCT), we provide an overview about the applicability of this technique in basic research and clinical ophthalmology. The techniques presented herein will be instrumental in further elucidating the functional interrelations and crosstalk between ocular and nasal epithelia.
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Kolačko Š, Predović J, Kokot A, Bosnar D, Brzović-Šarić V, Šarić B, Balog S, Milanovic K, Ivastinovic D. Do Gender, Age, Body Mass and Height Influence Eye Biometrical Properties in Young Adults? A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111719. [PMID: 34770229 PMCID: PMC8582935 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Do gender, age, body mass and height influence eye biometrical properties in young adults? METHODS A total of 155 eyes (92 female, 63 male) of healthy subjects between the ages of 18 and 39 years were included in the study. The subjects' gender and age were recorded, and their body mass, height and biometrical properties of the eyes were measured. RESULTS The male subjects had significantly thicker and flatter corneas and lower minimal rim-to-disk ratios than the female subjects did. In both genders, age showed strong, negative correlations with anterior chamber depth and pupil diameter and a positive correlation with lens thickness. We also found significant, negative correlations between body height and mass with keratometry measurements, negative correlations between body height and optic disk rim area and rim volume, and positive correlations between body mass and axial length in both genders. CONCLUSIONS Biometric eye parameters differ among people. In addition to age and gender, which are usually taken into consideration when interpreting ocular biometry findings, we strongly suggest that body height and mass should be also routinely considered when interpreting eye biometry data, as these factors have an impact on ocular biometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefanija Kolačko
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
- Department of Nursing and Palliative Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jurica Predović
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (S.B.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Damir Bosnar
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Brzović-Šarić
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
| | - Borna Šarić
- University Hospital “Sveti Duh”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (Š.K.); (D.B.); (V.B.-Š.); (B.Š.)
| | - Slaven Balog
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (S.B.); (K.M.)
- Dr. Balog Ophthalmology Clinic, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Milanovic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of medicine, University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (S.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Domagoj Ivastinovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
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Tuned vibration modes in a miniature hearing organ: Insights from the bushcricket. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105234118. [PMID: 34551976 PMCID: PMC8488673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105234118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most hearing organs contain an array of sensory cells that act as miniature microphones, each tuned to its own frequency like piano strings. Acoustically communicating insects like bushcrickets have evolved miniscule hearing organs, typically smaller than 1 mm, in their forelegs. It is still unknown how the sensory structures inside the leg vibrate in response to sound. Using advanced imaging techniques, we meticulously mapped the nanovibrations in the bushcricket ear. We discovered a complex motion pattern in which structures separated by only 1/50 mm showed systematic tuning differences. Despite the insect ear’s tiny dimensions, its mode of operation strikingly resembled that of vertebrate ears. Apparently, evolution has provided similar solutions to the spectral processing of sounds. Bushcrickets (katydids) rely on only 20 to 120 sensory units located in their forelegs to sense sound. Situated in tiny hearing organs less than 1 mm long (40× shorter than the human cochlea), they cover a wide frequency range from 1 kHz up to ultrasounds, in tonotopic order. The underlying mechanisms of this miniaturized frequency-place map are unknown. Sensory dendrites in the hearing organ (crista acustica [CA]) are hypothesized to stretch, thereby driving mechanostransduction and frequency tuning. However, this has not been experimentally confirmed. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT) vibrometry, we measured the relative motion of structures within and adjacent to the CA of the bushcricket Mecopoda elongata. We found different modes of nanovibration in the CA that have not been previously described. The two tympana and the adjacent septum of the foreleg that enclose the CA were recorded simultaneously, revealing an antiphasic lever motion strikingly reminiscent of vertebrate middle ears. Over the entire length of the CA, we were able to separate and compare vibrations of the top (cap cells) and base (dorsal wall) of the sensory tissue. The tuning of these two structures, only 15 to 60 μm (micrometer) apart, differed systematically in sharpness and best frequency, revealing a tuned periodic deformation of the CA. The relative motion of the two structures, a potential drive of transduction, demonstrated sharper tuning than either of them. The micromechanical complexity indicates that the bushcricket ear invokes multiple degrees of freedom to achieve frequency separation with a limited number of sensory cells.
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Ang JL, Collis S, Dhillon B, Cackett P. The Eye in Forensic Medicine: A Narrative Review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2021; 10:486-494. [PMID: 34524140 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The eye, with its distinctive anatomy, not only reflects a wide variety of diseases in life but also undergoes a myriad of post-mortem changes. Consequently, the eye has long been an area of interest in forensic science, primarily for the estimation of post-mortem interval and therefore the time of death and also for assistance in ascertaining the cause of death. There has been significant progress in the knowledge of ophthalmic forensic science using new technologies which have allowed further possibilities to arise where understanding of this field can assist the forensic pathologist. This review aims to highlight the current knowledge which exists in this field and also to identify important avenues for further investigation. Post-mortem changes of the eye along with its current applications and challenges will be discussed. These include the important areas of post-mortem iris biometrics, pupil size correlation with post-mortem interval, use of point-of-care technology on vitreous humor, and the use of ophthalmic imaging in pediatric abusive head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lyn Ang
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - SallyAnne Collis
- Department of Forensic Pathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Baljean Dhillon
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cackett
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Time-Dependent Serial Changes of Antigen-Presenting Cell Subsets in the Ocular Surface Are Distinct between Corneal Sterile Inflammation and Allosensitization in a Murine Model. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092210. [PMID: 34571859 PMCID: PMC8467177 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) vary depending on their resident tissues and the manner of immunization. We investigated the long-term changes in mature APC and T-cell subsets over 4 weeks in the ocular surface in murine models of corneal quiescent or potent sterile inflammation, and allosensitization using partial (PT), syngeneic (Syn), and allogeneic (Allo) corneal transplantation. In PT, CD11bintCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi cells increased until 4 weeks with an increase in IFNγhi T cells. In Syn, both CD11bintCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi and CD11bhiCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi APC subsets increased until 4 weeks with a brief increase in CD69hi T cells at 2 weeks. In Allo, CD11bintCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi and CD11bhiCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi APC subsets increased until 4 weeks, and an early increase in CD69hi T cells was observed at 2 weeks followed by a late increase in IFNγhi T cells at 4 weeks. The frequency of the IFNγhi T cell subset was positively correlated with the frequency of the CD11bintCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi subset, indicating the existence of APC–T cell interaction in the ocular surface. Together, the results indicate that allosensitization in mature APCs leads to T-cell activation in the ocular surface, whereas sterile inflammation merely induces a brief and non-specific T-cell activation in the ocular surface.
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Takahashi Y, Vaidya A, Kakizaki H. Changes in Eyelid Pressure and Dry Eye Status after Orbital Decompression in Thyroid Eye Disease. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163687. [PMID: 34441983 PMCID: PMC8396827 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective observational study was to examine changes in eyelid pressure and dry eye status after orbital decompression in thyroid eye disease (TED). In 16 patients (29 sides), upper eyelid pressure at plateau phase and maximum pressure were measured. TED status was evaluated through the Hertel exophthalmometric value and margin reflex distance (MRD)-1 and 2. Dry eye status was quantified through corneal fluorescein staining, tear break-up time, Schirmer test I results, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), tear meniscus height, and superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK). Patients were classified into two groups: patients with decreased eyelid pressure (Group 1) and those with elevated pressure (Group 2). Consequently, neither the maximum upper eyelid pressure nor pressure at plateau phase significantly changed after surgery (p > 0.050). Some parameters about MGD improved after surgery, but the other parameters on dry eye, MGD, and SLK worsened or did not change. MRD-1 decreased more (p = 0.028), and the ratio of patients in whom SLK improved after surgery was larger in Group 1 (p = 0.030). These results indicate that upper eyelid pressure tends to decrease postoperatively in patients with a high upper eyelid position, resulting in improvement of SLK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital & Lacrimal Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (A.V.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-561-62-3311 (ext. 12314)
| | - Aric Vaidya
- Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital & Lacrimal Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (A.V.); (H.K.)
- Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital & Lacrimal Surgery, Rapti Eye Hospital, Dang 22412, Nepal
| | - Hirohiko Kakizaki
- Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital & Lacrimal Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (A.V.); (H.K.)
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13
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Optical Coherence Tomography of Plaque Erosion and Thrombus in Severe Vertebral Artery Stenosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040638. [PMID: 33916103 PMCID: PMC8065715 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 69-year-old male presented with medically refractory vertebrobasilar insufficiency and paroxysmal subjective dizziness for six months. Severe stenosis of a dominant left V2 vertebral artery segment was identified on digital subtraction angiography (DSA) with an irregular intraluminal filling defect immediately above the stenosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated a normal lumen at the distal end, with red thrombus detected distal to the stenosis. Atherosclerotic plaque containing fibro-lipid was also identified and treated with a drug-eluting stent. Distal red thrombi were not covered by stenting, indicating embolization risk in the future. Clear posterior fossa symptoms occurred after intervention, and treatment with a standard dual antiplatelet regimen and statin therapy was prescribed for one year. Six months after treatment, the symptoms improved, and six-minute walking distances were successful with no gait impairment. To our knowledge, this is the first V2 segment stenosis assessed by OCT imaging before and after stenting, indicating an intact fibrous cap with thrombus formation, as well as plaque erosion. Understanding the role and careful use of OCT may improve the identification of red thrombus and plaque erosion when clinically indicated.
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14
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Nioi M, Napoli PE, Demontis R, Locci E, Fossarello M, d’Aloja E. Postmortem Ocular Findings in the Optical Coherence Tomography Era: A Proof of Concept Study Based on Six Forensic Cases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:413. [PMID: 33670928 PMCID: PMC7997319 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmortem analysis of the ocular globe is an important topic for forensic pathology and transplantology. Although crucial elements may be gathered from examining cadaveric eyes, the latter do not routinely undergo in-depth analysis. The paucity of quantitative and objective data that are obtainable using current, invasive necroscopic techniques is the main reason for the limited interest in this highly specialized procedure. The aim of the current study is to describe and to object for the first time the postmortem ocular changes by mean of portable optical coherence tomography for evaluating ocular tissues postmortem. The design involved the postmortem analysis (in situ, and without enucleation) of 12 eyes by portable spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography. The scans were performed, in corneal, retinal and angle modality at different intervals: <6 h, 6th, 12th, and 24th hour and after autopsy (25th-72nd hour). The morphological changes in the cornea, sclera, vitreous humor and aqueous humor were easy to explore and objectify in these tissues in first 72 h postmortem. On the other hand, the "in situ" observation of the retina was difficult due to the opacification of the lenses in the first 24 h after death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nioi
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (R.D.); (E.L.); (E.d.)
| | - Pietro Emanuele Napoli
- Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (P.E.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Roberto Demontis
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (R.D.); (E.L.); (E.d.)
| | - Emanuela Locci
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (R.D.); (E.L.); (E.d.)
| | - Maurizio Fossarello
- Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (P.E.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Ernesto d’Aloja
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (R.D.); (E.L.); (E.d.)
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15
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Cullip M, Tran VC, Ball CG. Tattoo visualization using cross-polarized lighting and infrared photography. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2021; 17:350-353. [PMID: 33405071 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the deceased is a critical responsibility of the death investigation system. If visual identification is inconclusive, tattoos can provide secondary identification but may be difficult to visualize at various stages of decomposition. We describe the case of a 35-year-old male found submerged underwater by police after swimming at a pier. The decedent was last seen earlier that day. Signs of immersion including sodden hands, feet, and clothing, wet sand on the torso and legs, and heavy edematous legs were observed. The post-mortem blood alcohol concentration was 427 mg/100 mL; signs of recent traumatic injury were not present. The immediate cause of death was drowning as a consequence of ethanol intoxication. When pulled from the water, the decedent's shoulder tattoo was not visible. Cross-polarized lighting and infrared photography visualized the tattoo to help confirm identity. These photographic methods were compared to hydrogen peroxide and optical coherence tomography techniques and described in detail to assist with future cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Cullip
- Integrated Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Vi-Chi Tran
- Provincial Forensic Pathology Unit, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher G Ball
- Provincial Forensic Pathology Unit, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Marques MJ, Green R, King R, Clement S, Hallett P, Podoleanu A. Sub-surface characterisation of latest-generation identification documents using optical coherence tomography. Sci Justice 2020; 61:119-129. [PMID: 33736844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The identification of individuals, particularly at international border crossings, coupled with the evolving sophistication of identity documents are issues that authorities must contend with. Particularly, the ability to distinguish legitimate from counterfeit documents, with high throughput, sensitivity, and selectivity is an ever-evolving challenge. Over the last decade, an increasing number of security features have been introduced by authorities in identification documents. The latest generation of travel documents (such as passports and national ID cards) forego paper substrates for several layers of polycarbonate, allowing security features to be embedded within the documents. These security features may contain information at either the superficial and sub-surface levels, thus increasing the document's resilience to counterfeiting. As the documents become harder to forge, so does the sophistication of forgery detection. There appears to be an unmet and evolving need to identify such sophisticated forgeries, in a non-destructive, high throughput manner. In this publication, we report on the application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging on assessing security features in specimen passports and national ID cards. OCT allows sub-surface imaging of translucent structures, non-destructively enabling quantitative visualisation of embedded security features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Marques
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert Green
- Forensic Research Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto King
- Foster and Freeman Ltd, Vale Park, 2 Vale Link, Evesham WR11 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clement
- Foster and Freeman Ltd, Vale Park, 2 Vale Link, Evesham WR11 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hallett
- Foster and Freeman Ltd, Vale Park, 2 Vale Link, Evesham WR11 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Podoleanu
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
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Yan Y, Zhang J, Yi S, Liu L, Huang C. Lighting up forensic science by aggregation-induced emission: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1155:238119. [PMID: 33766314 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Forensic science requires a fast, sensitive, and anti-interfering imaging tool for on-site investigation and bio-analysis. The aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon exhibits remarkable luminescence properties (large Stokes shift, diverse molecular structures, and high photo-stability), which can provide a viable solution for on-site analysis, while at the same time overcoming the problem of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Based on the outstanding performance in chemical analysis and bio-sensing, AIE materials have great prospects in the field of forensic science. Therefore, the application of AIE in forensic science has been summarized for the first time in this article. After a brief introduction to the concept and development of AIE, its applications in the determination of toxic or hazardous substances, based on data on poisoning deaths, has been summarized. Subsequently, besides the bio-imaging function, other applications of AIE in analyzing markers related to forensic genetics, forensic pathology, (focusing on the corpse) and clinical forensics (focusing on the living) have been discussed. In addition, applications of AIE molecules in criminal investigations, including recognition of fingerprints and blood stains, detection of explosives and chemical warfare agents, and anti-counterfeiting have also been presented. It is hoped that this review will light up the future of forensic science by stimulating more research work on the suitability of AIE materials in advancing forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Yan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Junchao Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shaohua Yi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Chuixiu Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road #13, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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18
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Locci E, Bazzano G, Chighine A, Locco F, Ferraro E, Demontis R, d'Aloja E. Forensic NMR metabolomics: one more arrow in the quiver. Metabolomics 2020; 16:118. [PMID: 33159593 PMCID: PMC7648736 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NMR metabolomics is increasingly used in forensics, due to the possibility of investigating both endogenous metabolic profiles and exogenous molecules that may help to describe metabolic patterns and their modifications associated to specific conditions of forensic interest. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to review the recent literature and depict the information provided by NMR metabolomics. Attention has been devoted to the identification of peculiar metabolic signatures and specific ante-mortem and post-mortem profiles or biomarkers related to different conditions of forensic concern, such as the identification of biological traces, the estimation of the time since death, and the exposure to drugs of abuse. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The results of the described studies highlight how forensics can benefit from NMR metabolomics by gaining additional information that may help to shed light in several forensic issues that still deserve to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Locci
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Legal Medicine Section, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Bazzano
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Chighine
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Locco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ernesto Ferraro
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Demontis
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ernesto d'Aloja
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Ksiaa I, Ghachem M, Besbes H, Khochtali S, Chouchane S, Khairallah M. Swept-source OCT findings in shaken baby syndrome: case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:396. [PMID: 33028244 PMCID: PMC7541327 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our purpose was to document the swept source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) findings in a patient with Shaken baby syndrome (SBS). Case presentation SSOCT was obtained without sedation in a six-month-old girl with bilateral multilayered retinal hemorrhages due to SBS. It documented vitreoretinal interface abnormalities, including internal limiting membrane (ILM) detachment with retinal traction, in association with other specific changes in the inner and outer retinal layers. Six weeks later, retinal hemorrhages had substantially resolved, and there was optic disc pallor. OCT showed ILM reattachment with release of retinal traction and the development of severe diffuse retinal atrophy involving the fovea. Conclusions SS OCT can provide useful information in SBS, revealing a wide variety of vitreoretinal interface, inner, and outer retinal changes not detected by clinical examination. It also may have a prognostic value over follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ksiaa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ghachem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Habib Besbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sana Khochtali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Slaheddine Chouchane
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Khairallah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Repeatability and reproducibility of post-mortem central corneal thickness measurements using a portable optical coherence tomography system in humans: a prospective multicenter study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14508. [PMID: 32879365 PMCID: PMC7468231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the repeatability and reproducibility of post-mortem central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements made by the portable iVue spectra-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography OCT (Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA) system in humans, and to prospectively establish the time-course of CCT after death. In a prospective multicenter setting, CCT measurements were obtained from 58 human eyes at the following 16 time-points after death: immediately (within 2 h), and at each hour by the next 17 h. The range of CCT values for each subject was determined and longitudinal data were used to illustrate the variation in open and close eye mode. All measurements were made by two independent and well-trained examiners for session. Main outcome measures were intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), repeatability and reproducibility coefficients, and coefficients of variation of the average central (0–2 mm). Overall, a total of 5,568 OCT measurements were performed by examiners. The repeatability coefficient varied from 0.3 to 1.7% and the reproducibility coefficient varied from 0.3 to 1.6% throughout the entire experimental time frame. Furthermore, the values of the different ICCs were also high during the different postmortem intervals, thus demonstrating the excellent repeatability and reproducibility of the present OCT approach. When CCT measurements were analyzed longitudinally, corneal thickness showed different behavior based on the open or close eye mode. The present study demonstrates that portable OCT imaging can be reliably used for corneal pachymetric measurements in supine subjects and during the post mortem period, i.e. without visual fixation and normal physiology/architecture of examined tissues.
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21
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Fourier-Domain OCT Imaging of the Ocular Surface and Tear Film Dynamics: A Review of the State of the Art and an Integrative Model of the Tear Behavior During the Inter-Blink Period and Visual Fixation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030668. [PMID: 32131486 PMCID: PMC7141198 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the ocular surface and the tear film have been noninvasively investigated in vivo, in a three-dimensional, high resolution, and real-time mode, by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Recently, OCT technology has made great strides in improving the acquisition speed and image resolution, thus increasing its impact in daily clinical practice and in the research setting. All these results have been achieved because of a transition from traditional time-domain (TD) to Fourier-domain (FD) technology. FD-OCT devices include a spectrometer in the receiver that analyzes the spectrum of reflected light on the retina or ocular surface and transforms it into information about the depth of the structures according to the Fourier principle. In this review, we summarize and provide the state-of-the-art in FD-OCT imaging of the ocular surface system, addressing specific aspects such as tear film dynamics and epithelial changes under physiologic and pathologic conditions. A theory on the dynamic nature of the tear film has been developed to explain the variations within the individual compartments. Moreover, an integrative model of tear film behavior during the inter-blink period and visual fixation is proposed.
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