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Cohn M, Anderson CC, Dembic Z. The case for allele-specific recognition by the TCR. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12790. [PMID: 31127959 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure-function-behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex-encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele-specific. The establishing of allele-specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele-specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Cohn
- Conceptual Immunology Group, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Alberta Diabetes & Transplant Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Effenberger M, Stengl A, Schober K, Gerget M, Kampick M, Müller TR, Schumacher D, Helma J, Leonhardt H, Busch DH. FLEXamers: A Double Tag for Universal Generation of Versatile Peptide-MHC Multimers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2164-2171. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schober K, Buchholz VR, Busch DH. TCR repertoire evolution during maintenance of CMV-specific T-cell populations. Immunol Rev 2019; 283:113-128. [PMID: 29664573 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During infections and cancer, the composition of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells changes over time. TCR avidity is thought to be a major driver of this process, thereby interacting with several additional regulators of T-cell responses to form a composite immune response architecture. Infections with latent viruses, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), can lead to large T-cell responses characterized by an oligoclonal TCR repertoire. Here, we review the current status of experimental studies and theoretical models of TCR repertoire evolution during CMV infection. We will particularly discuss the degree to which this process may be determined through structural TCR avidity. As engineered TCR-redirected T cells have moved into the spotlight for providing more effective immunotherapies, it is essential to understand how the key features of a given TCR influence T-cell expansion and maintenance in settings of infection or malignancy. Deeper insights into these mechanisms will improve our basic understanding of T-cell immunology and help to identify optimal TCRs for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Focus Group 'Clinical Cell Processing and Purification', Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich, Germany.,National Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
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Vogt CM, Hilbe M, Ackermann M, Aguilar C, Eichwald C. Mouse intestinal microbiota reduction favors local intestinal immunity triggered by antigens displayed in Bacillus subtilis biofilm. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:187. [PMID: 30477481 PMCID: PMC6258259 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously engineered Bacillus subtilis to express an antigen of interest fused to TasA in a biofilm. B. subtilis has several properties such as sporulation, biofilm formation and probiotic ability that were used for the oral application of recombinant spores harboring Echinococcus granulosus paramyosin and tropomyosin immunogenic peptides that resulted in the elicitation of a specific humoral immune response in a dog model. RESULTS In order to advance our understanding of the research in oral immunization practices using recombinant B. subtilis spores, we describe here an affordable animal model. In this study, we show clear evidence indicating that a niche is required for B. subtilis recombinant spores to colonize the densely populated mice intestinal microbiota. The reduction of intestinal microbiota with an antibiotic treatment resulted in a positive elicitation of local humoral immune response in BALB/c mice after oral application of recombinant B. subtilis spores harboring TasA fused to E. granulosus (102-207) EgTrp immunogenic peptide. Our results were supported by a lasting prevalence of spores in mice feces up to 50 days after immunization and by the presence of specific secretory IgA, isolated from feces, against E. granulosus tropomyosin. CONCLUSIONS The reduction of mouse intestinal microbiota allowed the elicitation of a local humoral immune response in mice after oral application with spores of B. subtilis harboring immunogenic peptides against E. granulosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric M Vogt
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Vetsuisse, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Catherine Eichwald
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Cohn M. TCR-pMHC interactions: Two peptide repertoires-one signal. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12700. [PMID: 29964328 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The peptide (P) ligand seen by the TCR is presented by an MHC-encoded restricting element (R). Peptide is viewed from two perspectives, that of the TCR and that of R. The TCR looks at P using an anti-P site that is somatically generated and selected, whereas R looks at P using a binding site that is germline generated and selected. The two segments of P, the one viewed by the TCR, the other viewed by R divide P into two repertoires, Ptcr and Pr that are recognized independently but function cooperatively. The consequences of this for an understanding of TCR specificity and signalling as well as the role of differential processing are analysed. It is ironic that from the point of view of the immunologist, the TCR is highly polyreactive recognizing over a million peptides, whereas from the point of view of the immune system, the TCR is highly specific recognizing essentially only one epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cohn
- Conceptual Immunology Group, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California
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Raboanatahiry N, Wang B, Yu L, Li M. Functional and Structural Diversity of Acyl-coA Binding Proteins in Oil Crops. Front Genet 2018; 9:182. [PMID: 29872448 PMCID: PMC5972291 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversities in structure and function of ACBP were discussed in this review. ACBP are important proteins that could transport newly synthesized fatty acid, activated into -coA, from plastid to endoplasmic reticulum, where oil in the form of triacylglycerol occurs. ACBP were detected in various animal and plants species, which indicated their importance in biological function. In fact, involvement of ACBP in important process such as lipid metabolism, regulation of enzyme and gene expression, and in response to plant stresses has been proven in several studies. In this review, findings on ACBP of 11 well-known oil crops were reviewed to comprehend diversity, comparative analyses on ACBP structure were made, and link between structure and function, tissue expression and subcellular location of ACBP were also observed. Incomplete reports in some species were mentioned, which might be encouraging to start or to perform deeper studies. Similar characteristics were found in paralogs ACBP, and orthologs ACBP had different functions, despite the high identity in amino acid sequence. At the end, it is confirmed that ortholog proteins could not necessarily display the same function, even from closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Raboanatahiry
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
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Cohn M. Contemplating Bretscher's View that the Tritope Model is 'Implausible'. Scand J Immunol 2016; 84:139-45. [PMID: 27391579 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is, at present, only two models of the TCR structure-function relationship. These are referred to here as the Standard (Centric) model and the Tritope model. While I have argued that the Standard model is untenable and proposed the Tritope to replace it, Bretscher has argued that the Tritope model is 'implausible' and throws his support for the Standard model. This essay analyses the implausibility argument concluding that it is unfounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cohn
- Conceptual Immunology Group, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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