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Fernandez LL, Rodriguez D, Griswold DP, Khun I, Aristizabal S, Aristizabal JH, Richards G, Pavek A, Jayaraman S. Innovative External Cranial Devices for Protecting a Craniectomy Site: A Scoping Review on Noninvasive Approaches for Patients Awaiting Cranioplasty. Neurosurgery 2024:00006123-990000000-01336. [PMID: 39248525 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000003157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a commonly performed procedure to alleviate high intracranial pressure. To enhance patient quality of life and minimize complications after DC in patients awaiting cranioplasty (CP), multidisciplinary teams have designed and implemented external protective prototypes, including 3-dimensional printing and plaster models, whenever feasible. The aim of this scoping review was to assess the evidence available on innovative external cranial devices that protect the craniectomy site for patients who have undergone DC while awaiting CP in high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. METHODS This scoping review was conducted following the methodology outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Searches were performed in databases such as MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, and World Health Organization Global Health Index Medicus. Patent documents were also searched in Espacenet, Google Patents, and World Intellectual Property Organization. This scoping review included external protective devices for adult patients who underwent DC and CP, while invasive devices were excluded. RESULTS A total of 9 documents described external cranial devices, with 7 of them led by researchers from high-income countries, including the United States (n = 4), Singapore (n = 1), the United Kingdom (n = 1), and Hong Kong SAR, China (n = 1). Among these devices, 77.7% (n = 7) were created using 3-dimensional printing, while 22.3% (n = 2) were developed through plaster hand modeling. The individual study results were summarized. CONCLUSION Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3, SDG 9, and SDG 10 play a crucial role in the advancement of innovative strategies to ensure access to essential neurosurgical care, reduce global disparities in treatment outcomes, mitigate postoperative complications, and provide life-saving interventions. This scoping review provides fundamental evidence for multidisciplinary teams involved in designing noninvasive innovations to minimize the risks associated with post-DC complications. It is anticipated that more cost-effective models, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, can be implemented based on the findings of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Fernandez
- Clinical & Translational Science Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Center for Global Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- Universidad Metropolitana, Caracas, Venezuela
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Dylan P Griswold
- NIHR Global Health Research Group on Neurotrauma, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isla Khun
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarita Aristizabal
- Division of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge H Aristizabal
- Division of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Grace Richards
- Center for Global Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Adriene Pavek
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sudha Jayaraman
- Center for Global Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Kubon S, Lawson McLean A, Eckardt N, Neumeister A, Dinc N, Senft C, Schwarz F. Early detection of aseptic bone necrosis post-cranioplasty: A retrospective CT analysis using Hounsfield units. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2024; 52:484-490. [PMID: 38368206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the efficacy of computed tomography (CT)-based Hounsfield units (HU) as early predictors of aseptic bone necrosis, a serious post-cranioplasty complication after autologous cranioplasty. In total, 100 patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy and subsequent autologous cranioplasty were included. The radiodensity of the bone flap was evaluated in HU from CT scans at five follow-up timepoints. HU thresholds were established to predict the development of aseptic bone necrosis. HU demonstrated a declining trend throughout the follow-up period in all patients. Necrosis type I patients showed significant differences at all timepoints from 3 months post-procedure onwards, while necrosis type II patients displayed a significant decline in HU at every follow-up. Optimal thresholds with cut-off A (91.23% of initial HU) and cut-off B (78.73% of initial HU) were established to predict the occurrence of bone necrosis and the need for artificial bone replacement, respectively. Our findings demonstrated the utility of CT-based HU measurements as a simple, non-invasive tool for the early prediction of aseptic bone necrosis following autologous cranioplasty. By delineating specific HU thresholds, our study offers a valuable guide for orchestrating timely follow-ups and advising patients on the necessity of proactive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kubon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Aaron Lawson McLean
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicklas Eckardt
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Neumeister
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nazife Dinc
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Senft
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Falko Schwarz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Robles LA, Morell A. Autologous Cranioplasty with Bone Flap Preserved in Conventional Freezers: An Adequate Option in Low Resource Settings. World Neurosurg 2024; 182:116-123. [PMID: 38042293 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous cranioplasty has been used for decades and is the gold standard treatment in patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy (DC). One of the most common methods to store the cranial bone flap is cryopreservation at very low temperatures (-70 to -80°). The only way to achieve these low temperatures is by using special freezers which are not always available in all medical facilities, especially in low-resource centers. This paper describes our experience with the storage of cranial bone flaps in freezers of conventional refrigerators. METHODS This retrospective study included patients treated with autologous cranioplasty, operated between 2015 and 2020. The cranial bone flap was stored at -18°C in the freezer of conventional refrigerators. Complications and outcomes were analyzed and compared with reports of patients in whom ultra-low temperature freezers were used for bone flap preservation. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were included. The average follow-up period was 33 months. Trauma was the most common cause of DC, followed by stroke. The mean age was 36.7. Aseptic bone flap resorption was observed in 4 cases (16%). No cases of infection were observed. CONCLUSIONS The use of freezers from conventional refrigerators may be an acceptable alternative for the preservation of the cranial bone flap in facilities where special freezers are not available. The rate of aseptic bone necrosis and infections observed in this paper was similar to the incidence of these complications reported in studies where ultra-low temperatures were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Robles
- Section of Neurosurgery, Hospital CMQ, Vallarta Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Alexis Morell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami Florida USA
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Signorelli F, Giordano M, Caccavella VM, Ioannoni E, Gelormini C, Caricato A, Olivi A, Montano N. A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors involved in bone flap resorption after decompressive craniectomy. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 45:1915-1922. [PMID: 35061139 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is effective in controlling increasing intracranial pressure determined by a wide range of conditions, mainly traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, and the subsequent cranioplasty (CP) displays potential therapeutic benefit in terms of overall neurological function. While autologous bone flap (ABF) harvested at the time of DC is the ideal material for skull defect reconstruction, it carries several risks. Aseptic bone flap resorption (BFR) is one of the most common complications, often leading to surgical failure. The aim of our study was to systematically review the literature and carry out a meta-analysis of possible factors involved in BFR in patients undergoing ABF cranioplasty after DC. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Different medical databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) were screened for eligible scientific reports until April 30th 2021. The following data were collected for meta-analysis to assess their role in BFR: sex, age, the interval time between DC and CP, the presence of systemic factors, the etiology determining the DC, CP surgical time, CP features, VP shunt placement, CP infection. Studies including pediatric patients or with less than 50 patients were excluded. Fifteen studies were included. There was a statistically significant increased incidence of BFR in patients with CPF > 2 compared to patients with CPF ≤ 2 (54.50% and 22.76% respectively, p = 0.010). TBI was a significantly more frequent etiology in the BFR group compared to patients without BFR (61.95% and 47.58% respectively, p < 0.001). Finally, patients with BFR were significantly younger than patients without BFR (39.12 ± 15.36 years and 47.31 ± 14.78 years, respectively, p < 0.001). The funnel plots were largely symmetrical for all the studied factors. Bone flap fragmentation, TBI etiology, and young age significantly increase the risk of bone resorption. Further studies are needed to strengthen our results and to clarify if, in those cases, a synthetic implant for primary CP should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Signorelli
- Depatment of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Giordano
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Maria Caccavella
- Depatment of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Ioannoni
- Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Gelormini
- Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anselmo Caricato
- Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivi
- Depatment of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Montano
- Depatment of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Khodarahmi I, Alizai H, Chalian M, Alaia EF, Burke CJ, Slasky SE, Wenokor C. Imaging Spectrum of Calvarial Abnormalities. Radiographics 2021; 41:1144-1163. [PMID: 34197249 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Calvarial abnormalities are usually discovered incidentally on radiologic studies or less commonly manifest with symptoms. This narrative review describes the imaging spectrum of the abnormal calvaria. The extent, multiplicity, and other imaging features of calvarial abnormalities can be combined with the clinical information to establish a final diagnosis or at least narrow the differential considerations. Prior trauma (congenital depression, leptomeningeal cysts, posttraumatic osteolysis), surgical intervention (flap osteonecrosis and burr holes), infection, and inflammatory processes (sarcoidosis) can result in focal bone loss, which may also be seen with idiopathic disorders without (bilateral parietal thinning and Gorham disease) or with (Parry-Romberg syndrome) atrophy of the overlying soft tissues. Anatomic variants (arachnoid granulations, venous lakes, parietal foramina) and certain congenital lesions (epidermoid and dermoid cysts, atretic encephalocele, sinus pericranii, and aplasia cutis congenita) manifest as solitary lytic lesions. Other congenital entities (lacunar skull and dysplasia) display a diffuse pattern of skull involvement. Several benign and malignant primary bone tumors involve the calvaria and manifest as lytic, sclerotic, mixed lytic and sclerotic, or thinning lesions, whereas multifocal disease is mainly due to hematologic or secondary malignancies. Metabolic disorders such as rickets, hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, acromegaly, and Paget disease involve the calvaria in a more diffuse pattern. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Khodarahmi
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging, 660 First Ave, Room 223, New York, NY 10016 (I.K., E.F.A., C.J.B.); Department of Radiology, Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Tex (H.A.); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.C.); Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.E.S.); and Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Rutgers University Hospital, Newark, NJ (C.W.)
| | - Hamza Alizai
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging, 660 First Ave, Room 223, New York, NY 10016 (I.K., E.F.A., C.J.B.); Department of Radiology, Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Tex (H.A.); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.C.); Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.E.S.); and Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Rutgers University Hospital, Newark, NJ (C.W.)
| | - Majid Chalian
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging, 660 First Ave, Room 223, New York, NY 10016 (I.K., E.F.A., C.J.B.); Department of Radiology, Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Tex (H.A.); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.C.); Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.E.S.); and Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Rutgers University Hospital, Newark, NJ (C.W.)
| | - Erin F Alaia
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging, 660 First Ave, Room 223, New York, NY 10016 (I.K., E.F.A., C.J.B.); Department of Radiology, Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Tex (H.A.); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.C.); Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.E.S.); and Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Rutgers University Hospital, Newark, NJ (C.W.)
| | - Christopher J Burke
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging, 660 First Ave, Room 223, New York, NY 10016 (I.K., E.F.A., C.J.B.); Department of Radiology, Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Tex (H.A.); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.C.); Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.E.S.); and Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Rutgers University Hospital, Newark, NJ (C.W.)
| | - Shira E Slasky
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging, 660 First Ave, Room 223, New York, NY 10016 (I.K., E.F.A., C.J.B.); Department of Radiology, Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Tex (H.A.); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.C.); Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.E.S.); and Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Rutgers University Hospital, Newark, NJ (C.W.)
| | - Cornelia Wenokor
- From the Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Imaging, 660 First Ave, Room 223, New York, NY 10016 (I.K., E.F.A., C.J.B.); Department of Radiology, Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Tex (H.A.); Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash (M.C.); Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (S.E.S.); and Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Rutgers University Hospital, Newark, NJ (C.W.)
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6
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Henry J, Amoo M, Taylor J, O'Brien DP. Complications of Cranioplasty in Relation to Material: Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:383-394. [PMID: 34100535 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cranioplasty is a ubiquitous neurosurgical procedure consisting of reconstruction of a pre-existing calvarial defect. Many materials are available, including polymethylmethacrylate in hand-moulded (hPMMA) and prefabricated (pPMMA) form, hydroxyapatite (HA), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and titanium (Ti). OBJECTIVE To perform a network meta-analysis (NMA) to assess the relationship between materials and complications of cranioplasty. METHODS PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library were searched from January 1, 1990 to February 14, 2021. Studies detailing rates of any of infections, implant exposure, or revision surgery were included. A frequentist NMA was performed for each complication. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were calculated for each material pair. RESULTS A total of 3620 abstracts were screened and 31 full papers were included. Surgical revision was reported in 18 studies and occurred in 316/2032 cases (14%; 95% CI 11-17). PEEK had the lowest risk of re-operation with a rate of 8/157 (5%; 95% CI 0-11) in 5 studies, superior to autografts (RR 0.20; 95% CI 0.07-0.57), hPMMA (RR 0.20; 95% CI 0.07-0.60), Ti (RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.17-0.92), and pPMMA (RR 0.14; 95% CI 0.04-0.51). Revision rate was 131/684 (19%; 95% CI 13-25; 10 studies) in autografts, 61/317 (18%; 95%CI 9-28; 7 studies) in hPMMA, 84/599 (13%; 95% CI 7-19; 11 studies) in Ti, 7/59 (9%; 95% CI 1-23; 3 studies) in pPMMA, and 25/216 (12%; 95% CI 4-24; 4 studies) in HA. Infection occurred in 463/4667 (8%; 95% CI 6-11) and implant exposure in 120/1651 (6%; 95% CI 4-9). CONCLUSION PEEK appears to have the lowest risk of cranioplasty revision, but further research is required to determine the optimal material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Henry
- National Neurosurgical Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Amoo
- National Neurosurgical Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Taylor
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David P O'Brien
- National Neurosurgical Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Sengupta SK, Kumar AN, Maurya V, Bajaj H, Yadav KK, G. AK, Faujdar DS. Bony Union and Flap Resorption in Cranioplasty with Autologous Subcutaneous Pocket Preserved Bone Flap: Early Report on an Ambidirectional CT Scan-Based Study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Absence of sufficient number of prospective randomized controlled studies and comparatively small sample size and short follow-up period of most of the studies, available so far, have left ambiguity and lack of standardization of different aspects of cranioplasty.
Materials and Methods This is an early report of a computed tomography scan image-based ambidirectional study on cranioplasties performed with autologous subcutaneous pocket preserved bone flaps. Retrospective arm compared bony union and factors influencing it between cranioplasties and craniotomies. Patients with poor bony union and aseptic resorption were followed up in the prospective arm.
Results Retrospective arm of the study, followed up for five years (mean 32.2 months), comprised 42 patients as cases (Group 1) and 29 as controls (Group 2). Twenty-seven individuals (64.3%) in Group 1 had good bony union, as compared with 20 (68.9%) good unions in Group 2 out of the 29 patients. Four patients (9.5%) in Group 1 showed evidence of flap resorption, a finding absent in any patient in Group 2. Age, sex, smoking habits, superficial skin infection, and method of fixation did not appear to have any implication on bony union. Craniotomies done using Gigli saws fared better as compared with those done with pneumatic saw with lesser flap size–craniectomy size discrepancy, though it was not statistically significant. Fifteen patients have been included in the Prospective arm at the time of submission of this article.
Conclusion Ours is a study with a small sample size, unable to put its weight on any side, but can surely add some more data to help the Neurosurgeons in choosing the best for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Kumar Sengupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Andrews Navin Kumar
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Command Medical Dental Centre (Eastern Command), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Vinay Maurya
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Base Hospital Delhi Cantonment, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish Bajaj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Eastern Command), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishan Kumar Yadav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Eastern Command), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashwath K. G.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Eastern Command), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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8
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The storage of skull bone flaps for autologous cranioplasty: literature review. Cell Tissue Bank 2021; 22:355-367. [PMID: 33423107 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of autologous bone flap for cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy is a widely used strategy that allows alleviating health expenses. When the patient has recovered from the primary insult, the cranioplasty restores protection and cosmesis, recovering fluid dynamics and improving neurological status. During this time, the bone flap must be stored, but there is a lack of standardization of tissue banking practices for this aim. In this work, we have reviewed the literature on tissue processing and storage practices. Most of the published articles are focused from a strictly clinical and surgical point of view, paying less attention to issues related to tissue manipulation. When bone resorption is avoided and the risk of infection is controlled, the autograft represents the most efficient choice, with the lowest risk of complication. Otherwise, depending on the degree of involvement, the patient may have to undergo new surgery, assuming further risks and higher healthcare costs. Therefore, tissue banks must implement protocols to provide products with the highest possible clinical effectiveness, without compromising safety. With a centralised management of tissue banking practices there may be a more uniform approach, thus facilitating the standardization of procedures and guidelines.
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9
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Rashidi A, Sandalcioglu IE, Luchtmann M. Aseptic bone-flap resorption after cranioplasty - incidence and risk factors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228009. [PMID: 31999739 PMCID: PMC6992164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective One of the common complications occurring after cranioplasty (CP) is aseptic bone-flap resorption (ABFR). Reoperation necessary because of the development of ABFR can lead to unfavorable complications during subsequent surgery using a synthetic skull implant, and also necessarily leads to higher costs. The aim of this study is to identify prognostic factors that may help to predict the development of ABFR. Methods In this study, 303 CP surgeries performed between 2002 and 2017 were examined retrospectively to identify factors predicting the occurrence of ABFR. A number of these factors (e.g., time lapse between decompressive craniectomy (DC) and CP, bone-flap size, specific laboratory signs, and the reason for the original DC) were analyzed as possibly influencing the risk of developing ABFR. Results ABFR of an autologous bone flap that subsequently required a CP with synthetic skull implants occurred in 10 of 303 patients (3.0%). CP timing and patients' Karnofsky Performance Scores (KPS) (p = 0.008; p = 0.012) were identified as significant factors with an impact on the development of ABRF. Age did not reveal a significant value, but statistical analysis shows a clear trend. The younger the age, the more likely it was that an ABFR would develop. Conclusion The risk of ABFR lessens the longer the period of time elapsed between DC and CP. Age does not reveal a significant value, but statistical analysis shows that there is a clear trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rashidi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - I. Erol Sandalcioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Luchtmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Schütz A, Murek M, Stieglitz LH, Bernasconi C, Vulcu S, Beck J, Raabe A, Schucht P. ACE-inhibitors: a preventive measure for bone flap resorption after autologous cranioplasty? J Neurosurg 2019; 131:1607-1614. [PMID: 30497161 DOI: 10.3171/2018.6.jns172605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an established treatment for refractory intracranial hypertension. It is usually followed by autologous cranioplasty (AC), the reinsertion of a patient's explanted bone flap. A frequent long-term complication of AC is bone flap resorption (BFR), which results in disfigurement as well as loss of the protective covering of the brain. This study investigates risk factors for BFR after AC, including medical conditions and antihypertensive drug therapies, with a focus on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), which have been associated with a beneficial effect on bone healing and bone preservation in orthopedic, osteoporosis, and endocrinology research. METHODS In this single-center, retrospective study 183 consecutive cases were evaluated for bone flap resorption after AC. Information on patient demographics, medical conditions, antihypertensive therapy, and BFR-defined as an indication for revision surgery established by a neurosurgeon based on clinical or radiographic assessments-was collected. A Kaplan-Meier analysis of time from AC to diagnosis of BFR was performed, and factors associated with BFR were investigated using the log-rank test and Cox regression. RESULTS A total of 158 patients were considered eligible for inclusion in the data analysis. The median follow-up time for this group was 2.2 years (95% CI 1.9-2.5 years). BFR occurred in 47 patients (29.7%), with a median time to event of 3.7 years (95% CI 3.3-4.1 years). An ACEI prescription was recorded in 57 cases (36.1%). Univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test revealed that ACEI therapy (2-year event free probability [EFP] 83.8% ± 6.1% standard error vs 63.9% ± 5.6%, p = 0.02) and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt treatment (2-year EFP 86.9% ± 7.1% vs 66% ± 5.0%, p = 0.024) were associated with a lower probability of BFR. Multiple Cox regression analysis showed ACEI therapy (HR 0.29, p = 0.012), VP shunt treatment (HR 0.278, p = 0.009), and male sex (HR 0.500, p = 0.040) to be associated with a lower risk for BFR, whereas bone fragmentation (HR 1.92, p = 0.031) was associated with a higher risk for BFR. CONCLUSIONS Hypertensive patients treated with ACEIs demonstrate a lower rate of BFR than patients treated with other hypertensive medications and nonhypertensive patients. Our results are in line with previous reports on the positive influence of ACEIs on bone healing and preservation. Further analysis of the association between ACEI treatment and BFR development is needed and will be evaluated in a multicenter prospective trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Corrado Bernasconi
- 3Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and
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Harrigan MR. Commentary: Novel Hemicraniectomy Technique for Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction: Technical Note. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2019; 17:E96-E97. [PMID: 30888425 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Harrigan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham
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Kim JH, Kim JH, Kwon TH, Chong K, Hwang SY, Yoon WK. Aseptic Bone Flap Resorption after Cranioplasty with Autologous Bone: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Implications. World Neurosurg 2018; 115:e111-e118. [PMID: 29626687 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.03.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aseptic bone flap resorption (ABFR) is a known complication of cranioplasty (CP) with an autologous bone flap. The incidence of ABFR has been reported to be as high as 34.2% in the literature; however, it is underestimated in clinical fields. We retrospectively reviewed 13 years of clinical cases of patients who underwent CP after decompressive craniectomy (DC) to investigate the incidence and risk factors of ABFR. METHODS Ninety-one patients who underwent DC and CP in Guro Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, were enrolled. ABFR was defined using serial brain computed tomography. To identify possible risk factors for ABFR, univariate and multivariate Cox regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed. RESULTS Of the 91 patients enrolled, ABFR was diagnosed in 32 patients (35.1%). Bone flap size, existence of a shunting system, and the DC-CP interval were significant in the univariate analysis. Bone flap size was statistically significant in the multivariate analysis (P = 0.0189). The cutoff points of the DC-CP interval and bone flap size were 44 days and 110 cm2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of ABFR was remarkably high. Bone flap size, the existence of a shunting system, and the DC-CP interval were shown to be potential risk factors of ABFR after CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Focused Training Center for Trauma, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Hyun Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuha Chong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Young Hwang
- Biostatistical Consulting Laboratory, Medical Science Research Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ki Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Moringlane RB, Keric N, Freimann FB, Mielke D, Burger R, Duncker D, Rohde V, Eckardstein KLV. Efficacy and safety of durotomy after decompressive hemicraniectomy in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Rev 2017; 40:655-661. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-017-0823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Neurologic Functional Outcomes of Decompressive Hemicraniectomy Versus Conventional Treatment for Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2016; 99:709-725.e3. [PMID: 28024976 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to evaluate decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) versus conventional treatment (CT) for patients with malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction and to investigate the impact of age and surgical timing on neurologic function and mortality. METHODS We searched English and Chinese databases for randomized controlled trials or observational studies published before August 2016. Outcomes included good functional outcome (GFO), mortality, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Barthel index scores. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 25 studies (1727 patients). There were statistically significant differences between DHC and CT groups in terms of GFO (P < 0.0001), mortality (P < 0.00001), and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Barthel index scores (P < 0.0001) at different follow-up points. Significant differences were observed between the groups in survival with moderately severe disability (P < 0.00001); no differences were observed in survival with severe disability. In the subgroup analysis, in the DHC group, GFO was less in patients >60 years old (9.65%) versus ≤60 years old (38.94%); more patients >60 years old had moderately severe or severe disability (55.27%) compared with patients ≤60 years old (44.21%). CONCLUSIONS DHC could significantly improve GFO and reduces mortality of patients of all ages with malignant MCA infarction compared with CT, without increasing the number of patients surviving with severe disability. However, patients in the DHC group more frequently had moderately severe disability. Patients >60 years old with malignant MCA infarction had a higher risk of surviving with moderately severe or severe disability and less GFO.
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Abstract
Decompressive craniectomy (DC) has been used for many years in the management of patients with elevated intracranial pressure and cerebral edema. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating the clinical and cost effectiveness of DC in trauma and stroke. While DC has demonstrable efficacy in saving life, it is accompanied by a myriad of non-trivial complications that have been inadequately highlighted in prospective clinical trials. Missing from our current understanding is a comprehensive analysis of all potential complications associated with DC. Here, we review the available literature, we tabulate all reported complications, and we calculate their frequency for specific indications. Of over 1500 records initially identified, a final total of 142 eligible records were included in our comprehensive analysis. We identified numerous complications related to DC that have not been systematically reviewed. Complications were of three major types: (1) Hemorrhagic (2) Infectious/Inflammatory, and (3) Disturbances of the CSF compartment. Complications associated with cranioplasty fell under similar major types, with additional complications relating to the bone flap. Overall, one of every ten patients undergoing DC may suffer a complication necessitating additional medical and/or neurosurgical intervention. While DC has received increased attention as a potential therapeutic option in a variety of situations, like any surgical procedure, DC is not without risk. Neurologists and neurosurgeons must be aware of all the potential complications of DC in order to properly advise their patients.
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Schwarz F, Dünisch P, Walter J, Sakr Y, Kalff R, Ewald C. Cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy: is there a rationale for an initial artificial bone-substitute implant? A single-center experience after 631 procedures. J Neurosurg 2015; 124:710-5. [PMID: 26406796 DOI: 10.3171/2015.4.jns159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The complication rate for cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy is higher than that after other neurosurgical procedures; aseptic bone resorption is the major long-term problem. Patients frequently need additional operations to remove necrotic bone and replace it with an artificial bone substitute. Initial implantation of a bone substitute may be an option for selected patients who are at risk for bone resorption, but this cohort has not yet been clearly defined. The authors' goals were to identify risk factors for aseptic bone flap necrosis and define which patients may benefit more from an initial bone-substitute implant than from autograft after craniectomy. METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed 631 cranioplasty procedures (503 with autograft, 128 with bone substitute) by using a stepwise multivariable logistic regression model and discrimination analysis. RESULTS There was a significantly higher risk for reoperation after placement of autograft than after placement of bone substitute; aseptic bone necrosis (n = 108) was the major problem (OR 2.48 [95% CI1.11-5.51]). Fragmentation of the flap into 2 or more fragments, younger age (OR 0.97 [95% CI 0.95-0.98]; p < 0.001), and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus (OR 1.73 [95% CI1.02-2.92]; p = 0.04) were independent risk factors for bone necrosis. According to discrimination analysis, patients younger than 30 years old and older patients with a fragmented flap had the highest risk of developing bone necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Development of bone flap necrosis is the main concern in long-term follow-up after cranioplasty with autograft. Patients younger than 30 years old and older patients with a fragmented flap may be candidates for an initial artificial bone substitute rather than autograft.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasser Sakr
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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Maciel CB, Sheth KN. Malignant MCA Stroke: an Update on Surgical Decompression and Future Directions. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17:40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-015-0519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Rastogi V, Lamb DG, Williamson JB, Stead TS, Penumudi R, Bidari S, Ganti L, Heilman KM, Hedna VS. Hemispheric differences in malignant middle cerebral artery stroke. J Neurol Sci 2015; 353:20-7. [PMID: 25959980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported that left versus right hemisphere cerebral infarctions patients more frequently have worse outcomes. However our clinical experience led us to suspect that the incidence of malignant middle cerebral artery infarctions (MMCA) was higher in the right compared to the left hemispheric strokes. OBJECTIVE To determine whether laterality in MMCA stroke is an important determinant of stroke sequelae. METHODS A systematic search was performed for publications in PubMed using "malignant middle cerebral artery and infarction". A total of 73 relevant studies were abstracted. RESULTS MMCA laterality data were available for 2673 patients, with 1687 (63%) right hemispheric involvement, thus right being more commonly associated with MMCA (binomial test, p<0.05). While mortality rates were similar, right hemispheric MMCA (n=271) had mortality of 31% (n=85) whereas left hemispheric MMCA (n=144) had mortality of 36% (n=53), morbidity rates were worse on the right. CONCLUSION MMCA stroke appears to be more common on the right, and this laterality is also associated with significantly higher morbidity. Further prospective studies are needed to more completely understand the nature of this laterality as well as test possible new treatments to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with MMCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Rastogi
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Damon G Lamb
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - John B Williamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Thor S Stead
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Rachel Penumudi
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Sharathchandra Bidari
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Latha Ganti
- Lake City VAMC, NF/SGVHS, Lake City, FL 32025-5808, United States
| | - Kenneth M Heilman
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Vishnumurthy S Hedna
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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