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Pedrosa L, Hoyos J, Reyes L, Mosteiro A, Zattera L, Topczewski T, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Amaro S, Torné R, Enseñat J. Brain metabolism response to intrahospital transfers in neurocritical ill patients and the impact of microdialysis probe location. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7388. [PMID: 38548829 PMCID: PMC10978944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Intrahospital transfer (IHT), a routine in the management of neurocritical patients requiring imaging or interventions, might affect brain metabolism. Studies about IHT effects using microdialysis (MD) have produced conflicting results. In these studies, only the most damaged hemisphere was monitored, and those may not reflect the impact of IHT on overall brain metabolism, nor do they address differences between the hemispheres. Herein we aimed to quantify the effect of IHT on brain metabolism by monitoring both hemispheres with bilateral MD. In this study, 27 patients with severe brain injury (10 traumatic brain injury and 17 subarachnoid hemorrhage patients) were included, with a total of 67 IHT. Glucose, glycerol, pyruvate and lactate were measured by MD in both hemispheres for 10 h pre- and post-IHT. Alterations in metabolite levels after IHT were observed on both hemispheres; although these changes were more marked in hemisphere A (most damaged) than B (less damaged). Our results suggest that brain metabolism is altered after an IHT of neurocritical ill patients particularly but not limited to the damaged hemisphere. Bilateral monitorization may be more sensitive than unilateral monitorization for detecting metabolic disturbances not directly related to the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Pedrosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jhon Hoyos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Reyes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Mosteiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luigi Zattera
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomaz Topczewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Neurosurgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergio Amaro
- IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Comprehensive Stroke Unit, Neurology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Torné
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Comprehensive Stroke Unit, Neurology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Enseñat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
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Bellettieri MPG, Anderloni M, Rass V, Kindl P, Donadello K, Taccone FS, Helbok R, Gouvea Bogossian E. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis of metabolites is not correlated to microdialysis measurements in acute brain injured patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 234:108011. [PMID: 37862729 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) has become an established bedside monitoring modality but its implementation remains complex and costly and is therefore performed only in a few well-trained academic centers. This study investigated the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and CMD glucose and lactate concentrations. METHODS Two centers retrospective study of prospectively collected data. Consecutive adult (>18 years) acutely brain injured patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit between 2010 and 2021 were eligible if CSF and CMD glucose and lactate concentrations were concomitantly measured at least once. RESULTS Of 113 patients being monitored with an external ventricular drainage and CMD, 49 patients (25 from Innsbruck and 24 from Brussels) were eligible for the final analysis, including a total of 96 measurements. Median CMD glucose and lactate concentrations were 1.15 (0.51-1.57) mmol/L and 3.44 (2.24-5.37) mmol/L, respectively; median CSF glucose and lactate concentrations were 4.67 (4.03-5.34) mmol/L and 3.40 (2.85-4.10) mmol/L, respectively. For the first measurements, no correlation between CSF and CMD glucose concentrations (R2 <0.01; p = 0.95) and CSF and CMD lactate concentrations (R2 =0.16; p = 0.09) was found. Considering all measurements, the repeated measure correlation analysis also showed no correlation for glucose (rrm = -0.01; 95% Confidence Intervals -0.306 to 0.281; p = 0.93) and lactate (rrm = -0.11; 95% Confidence Intervals -0.424 to 0.236; p = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS In this study including acute brain injured patients, no correlation between CSF and brain tissue measurements of glucose and lactate was observed. As such, CSF measurements of such metabolites cannot replace CMD findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Anderloni
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care B, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Ginaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital Integrated Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Verena Rass
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Kindl
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katia Donadello
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care B, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Ginaecology and Paediatrics, University of Verona, University Hospital Integrated Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Elisa Gouvea Bogossian
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Svedung Wettervik T, Engquist H, Hånell A, Howells T, Rostami E, Ronne-Engström E, Lewén A, Enblad P. Cerebral Microdialysis Monitoring of Energy Metabolism: Relation to Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Delivery in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2023; 35:384-393. [PMID: 35543615 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we investigated the roles of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral oxygen delivery (CDO 2 ) in relation to cerebral energy metabolism after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). METHODS Fifty-seven adult aSAH patients treated on the neurointensive care unit at Uppsala, Sweden between 2012 and 2020, with at least 1 xenon-enhanced computed tomography (Xe-CT) scan in the first 14 days after ictus and concurrent microdialysis (MD) monitoring, were included in this retrospective study. CBF was measured globally and focally (around the MD catheter) with Xe-CT, and CDO 2 calculated. Cerebral energy metabolites were measured using MD. RESULTS Focal ischemia (CBF <20 mL/100 g/min around the MD catheter was associated with lower median [interquartile range]) MD-glucose (1.2 [0.7 to 2.2] mM vs. 2.3 [1.3 to 3.5] mM; P =0.05) and higher MD-lactate-pyruvate (LPR) ratio (34 [29 to 66] vs. 25 [21 to 32]; P =0.02). A compensated/normal MD pattern (MD-LPR <25) was observed in the majority of patients (22/23, 96%) without focal ischemia, whereas 4 of 11 (36%) patients with a MD pattern of poor substrate supply (MD-LPR >25, MD-pyruvate <120 µM) had focal ischemia as did 5 of 20 (25%) patients with a pattern of mitochondrial dysfunction (MD-LPR >25, MD-pyruvate >120 µM) ( P =0.04). Global CBF and CDO 2 , and focal CDO 2 , were not associated with the MD variables. CONCLUSIONS While MD is a feasible tool to study cerebral energy metabolism, its validity is limited to a focal area around the MD catheter. Cerebral energy disturbances were more related to low CBF than to low CDO 2 . Considering the high rate of mitochondrial dysfunction, treatments that increase CBF but not CDO 2 , such as hemodilution, may still benefit glucose delivery to drive anaerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Engquist
- Department of Surgical Sciences/Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Anders Lewén
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience
| | - Per Enblad
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience
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Tjerkstra M, Labib H, Coert BA, Spijker R, Coutinho JM, Vandertop WP, Verbaan D. Laboratory biomarkers of delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review. J Circ Biomark 2023; 12:17-25. [PMID: 37056917 PMCID: PMC10087563 DOI: 10.33393/jcb.2023.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) substantially contributes to disability and death in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients; however, its pathophysiology is incompletely understood and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are lacking. Biomarkers may help to elucidate the pathophysiology, optimize early diagnosis, or provide treatment targets. We systematically searched PubMed and Embase on October 13, 2021, for studies that evaluated at least one laboratory biomarker in patients with DCI, using the most up-to-date definition of DCI as proposed by a panel of experts in 2010. Quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias assessment tool. Biomarkers of clinical and radiological DCI were analyzed separately. Results were meta-analyzed if possible, otherwise narratively reviewed. Biomarkers were classified as significant, inconclusive, or nonsignificant. We defined validated biomarkers as those with significant results in meta-analyses, or in at least two studies using similar methodologies within the same time interval after SAH. The search yielded 209 articles with 724 different biomarkers; 166 studies evaluated 646 biomarkers of clinical DCI, of which 141 were significant and 7 were validated biomarkers (haptoglobulin 2-1 and 2-2, ADAMTS13, vWF, NLR, P-selectin, F2-isoprostane); 78 studies evaluated 165 biomarkers of radiological DCI, of which 63 were significant and 1 was a validated biomarker (LPR). Hence, this review provides a selection of seven biomarkers of clinical DCI and one biomarker of radiological DCI as most promising biomarkers of DCI. Future research should focus on determining the exact predictive, diagnostic, and therapeutic potentials of these biomarkers.
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Snider S, Albano L, Gagliardi F, Comai S, Roncelli F, De Domenico P, Pompeo E, Panni P, Bens N, Calvi MR, Mortini P, Ruban A. Substantially elevated serum glutamate and CSF GOT-1 levels associated with cerebral ischemia and poor neurological outcomes in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5246. [PMID: 37002262 PMCID: PMC10066256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain injury and cerebral vasospasm during the 14 days after the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are considered the leading causes of poor outcomes. The primary injury induces a cascade of events, including increased intracranial pressure, cerebral vasospasm and ischemia, glutamate excitotoxicity, and neuronal cell death. The objective of this study was to monitor the time course of glutamate, and associated enzymes, such as glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT1), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum, shortly after SAH, and to assess their prognostic value. A total of 74 participants participated in this study: 45 participants with SAH and 29 controls. Serum and CSF were sampled up to 14 days after SAH. SAH participants' clinical and neurological status were assessed at hospitalization, at discharge from the hospital, and 3 months after SAH. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the ability of GOT1 and glutamate levels to predict neurological outcomes. Our results demonstrated consistently elevated serum and CSF glutamate levels after SAH. Furthermore, serum glutamate level was significantly higher in patients with cerebral ischemia and poor neurological outcome. CSF GOT1 was significantly higher in patients with uncontrolled intracranial hypertension and cerebral ischemia post-SAH, and independently predicted poor neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Snider
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Albano
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Gagliardi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Comai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Roncelli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco De Domenico
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pompeo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Panni
- Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Bens
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Human Movement Science, Mathematics, Pre-Medicine, Northeastern University COS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Rosa Calvi
- Department of Neurocritical Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Mortini
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Ruban
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steyer School of Health Professions, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, 6997801, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, 6997801, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Svedung Wettervik T, Lewén A, Enblad P. Fine tuning of neurointensive care in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: From one-size-fits-all towards individualized care. World Neurosurg X 2023; 18:100160. [PMID: 36818739 PMCID: PMC9932216 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2023.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe type of acute brain injury with high mortality and burden of neurological sequelae. General management aims at early aneurysm occlusion to prevent re-bleeding, cerebrospinal fluid drainage in case of increased intracranial pressure and/or acute hydrocephalus, and cerebral blood flow augmentation in case of delayed ischemic neurological deficits. In addition, the brain is vulnerable to physiological insults in the acute phase and neurointensive care (NIC) is important to optimize the cerebral physiology to avoid secondary brain injury. NIC has led to significantly better neurological recovery following aSAH, but there is still great room for further improvements. First, current aSAH NIC management protocols are to some extent extrapolated from those in traumatic brain injury, notwithstanding important disease-specific differences. Second, the same NIC management protocols are applied to all aSAH patients, despite great patient heterogeneity. Third, the main variables of interest, intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure, may be too superficial to fully detect and treat several important pathomechanisms. Fourth, there is a lack of understanding not only regarding physiological, but also cellular and molecular pathomechanisms and there is a need to better monitor and treat these processes. This narrative review aims to discuss current state-of-the-art NIC of aSAH, knowledge gaps in the field, and future directions towards a more individualized care in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor Svedung Wettervik
- Corresponding author. Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Falcone JA, Chen JW. Technical notes on the placement of cerebral microdialysis: A single center experience. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1041952. [PMID: 36698903 PMCID: PMC9868911 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1041952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral microdialysis enables monitoring of brain metabolism and can be an important part of multimodal monitoring strategies in a variety of brain injuries. Microdialysis catheters can be placed in brain parenchyma through a burr hole, a cranial bolt, or directly at the time of an open craniotomy or craniectomy. The location of catheters in relation to brain pathology is important to the interpretation of data and guidance of interventions. Methods Here we retrospectively review the use of cerebral microdialysis at a US Regional Medical Center between March 2018 and February 2022 and provide detailed descriptions and technical nuances of the different methods to place microdialysis catheters. Results Eighty two unique microdialysis catheters were utilized in 52 patients. 35 (42.68%) were placed via a quad-lumen bolt and 47 (57.32%) were placed through craniotomies. 27 catheters (32.93%) were placed in a perilesional location, 50 (60.98%) were located in healthy tissue, and 6 (7.32%) were mispositioned. No significant difference was seen between placement by bolt or craniotomy in regard to perilesional location, mispositioning, or complications. Conclusion With careful planning and thoughtful execution, cerebral microdialysis catheters can be successfully placed though a variety of strategies to optimize and individualize brain monitoring in different clinical settings. This paper provides a detailed guide for the various methods of catheter placement to help providers begin or expand their use of cerebral microdialysis.
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Intracranial pressure- and cerebral perfusion pressure threshold-insults in relation to cerebral energy metabolism in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2022; 164:1001-1014. [PMID: 35233663 PMCID: PMC8967735 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-022-05169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim was to investigate the association between intracranial pressure (ICP)- and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) threshold-insults in relation to cerebral energy metabolism and clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Methods In this retrospective study, 75 aSAH patients treated in the neurointensive care unit, Uppsala, Sweden, 2008–2018, with ICP and cerebral microdialysis (MD) monitoring were included. The first 10 days were divided into early (day 1–3), early vasospasm (day 4–6.5), and late vasospasm phase (day 6.5–10). The monitoring time (%) of ICP insults (> 20 mmHg and > 25 mmHg), CPP insults (< 60 mmHg, < 70 mmHg, < 80 mmHg, and < 90 mmHg), and autoregulatory CPP optimum (CPPopt) insults (∆CPPopt = CPP-CPPopt < − 10 mmHg, ∆CPPopt > 10 mmHg, and within the optimal interval ∆CPPopt ± 10 mmHg) were calculated in each phase. Results Higher percent of ICP above the 20 mmHg and 25 mmHg thresholds correlated with lower MD-glucose and increased MD-lactate-pyruvate ratio (LPR), particularly in the vasospasm phases. Higher percentage of CPP below all four thresholds (60/70/80//90 mmHg) also correlated with a MD pattern of poor cerebral substrate supply (MD-LPR > 40 and MD-pyruvate < 120 µM) in the vasospasm phase and higher burden of CPP below 60 mmHg was independently associated with higher MD-LPR in the late vasospasm phase. Higher percentage of CPP deviation from CPPopt did not correlate with worse cerebral energy metabolism. Higher burden of CPP-insults below all fixed thresholds in both vasospasm phases were associated with worse clinical outcome. The percentage of ICP-insults and CPP close to CPPopt were not associated with clinical outcome. Conclusions Keeping ICP below 20 mmHg and CPP at least above 60 mmHg may improve cerebral energy metabolism and clinical outcome. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00701-022-05169-y.
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Labak CM, Shammassian BH, Zhou X, Alkhachroum A. Multimodality Monitoring for Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Mini Review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:869107. [PMID: 35493831 PMCID: PMC9043346 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.869107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a disease with high mortality and morbidity due in large part to delayed effects of the hemorrhage, including vasospasm, and delayed cerebral ischemia. These two are now recognized as overlapping yet distinct entities, and supportive therapies for delayed cerebral ischemia are predicated on identifying DCI as quickly as possible. The purpose of this overview is to highlight diagnostic tools that are being used in the identification of DCI in the neurocritical care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin M. Labak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medicine Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Berje Haroutuon Shammassian
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medicine Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ayham Alkhachroum
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Ayham Alkhachroum
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Helbok R, Rass V, Kofler M, Talasz H, Schiefecker A, Gaasch M, Scherfler C, Pfausler B, Thomé C, Beer R, Lindner HH, Schmutzhard E. Intracerebral Iron Accumulation may be Associated with Secondary Brain Injury in Patients with Poor Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2021; 36:171-179. [PMID: 34374002 PMCID: PMC8813702 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amount of intracranial blood is a strong predictor of poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here, we aimed to measure iron concentrations in the cerebral white matter, using the cerebral microdialysis (CMD) technique, and to associate iron levels with the local metabolic profile, complications, and functional outcome. METHODS For the observational cohort study, 36 patients with consecutive poor grade SAH (Hunt & Hess grade of 4 or 5, Glasgow Coma Scale Score ≤ 8) undergoing multimodal neuromonitoring were analyzed for brain metabolic changes, including CMD iron levels quantified by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The study time encompassed 14 days after admission. Statistical analysis was performed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Patients were admitted in a poor clinical grade (n = 26, 72%) or deteriorated within 24 h (n = 10, 28%). The median blood volume in the subarachnoid space was high (SAH sum score = 26, interquartile range 20-28). Initial CMD iron was 44 µg/L (25-65 µg/L), which significantly decreased to a level of 25 µg/L (14-30 µg/L) at day 4 and then constantly increased over the remaining neuromonitoring days (p < 0.01). A higher intraventricular hemorrhage sum score (≥ 5) was associated with higher CMD iron levels (Wald-statistic = 4.1, df = 1, p = 0.04) but not with the hemorrhage load in the subarachnoid space (p = 0.8). In patients developing vasospasm, the CMD iron load was higher, compared with patients without vasospasm (Wald-statistic = 4.1, degree of freedom = 1, p = 0.04), which was not true for delayed cerebral infarction (p = 0.4). Higher iron concentrations in the brain extracellular fluid (34 µg/L, 36-56 µg/L vs. 23 µg/L, 15-37 µg/L) were associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (CMD lactate to pyruvate ratio > 30 and CMD-pyruvate > 70 µM/L, p < 0.001). Brain extracellular iron load was not associated with functional outcome after 3 months (p > 0.5). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that iron accumulates in the cerebral white matter in patients with poor grade SAH. These findings may support trials aiming to scavenger brain extracellular iron based on the hypothesis that iron-mediated neurotoxicity may contribute to acute and secondary brain injury following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Helbok
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Verena Rass
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mario Kofler
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alois Schiefecker
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Max Gaasch
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Scherfler
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Pfausler
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudius Thomé
- Department of Neurosurgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronny Beer
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert H Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Erich Schmutzhard
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Zhou J, Guo P, Guo Z, Sun X, Chen Y, Feng H. Fluid metabolic pathways after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurochem 2021; 160:13-33. [PMID: 34160835 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity. In recent years, a large number of studies have focused on the mechanism of early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), including vasospasm, neurotoxicity of hematoma and neuroinflammatory storm, after aSAH. Despite considerable efforts, no novel drugs have significantly improved the prognosis of patients in phase III clinical trials, indicating the need to further re-examine the multifactorial pathophysiological process that occurs after aSAH. The complex pathogenesis is reflected by the destruction of the dynamic balance of the energy metabolism in the nervous system after aSAH, which prevents the maintenance of normal neural function. This review focuses on the fluid metabolic pathways of the central nervous system (CNS), starting with ruptured aneurysms, and discusses the dysfunction of blood circulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation and the glymphatic system during disease progression. It also proposes a hypothesis on the metabolic disorder mechanism and potential therapeutic targets for aSAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiru Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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Invasive neuromonitoring and neurological intensive care unit management in life-threatening central nervous system infections. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 34:447-455. [PMID: 33935217 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) commonly require treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU). In a subset of patients with a life-threatening course, a more aggressive and invasive management is required. Treatment relies on the expertise of the intensivists as most recommendations are currently not based on a high level of evidence. RECENT FINDINGS Published data suggest that an invasive brain-focused management should be considered in life-threatening CNS infections. Brain resuscitation by adequate control of intracranial pressure (ICP) and optimization of cerebral perfusion, oxygen and glucose delivery supports the idea of personalized medicine. Recent advances in monitoring techniques help to guide clinicians to improve neurocritical care management in these patients with severe disease. Robust data on the long-term effect of decompressive craniectomy and targeted temperature management are lacking, however, these interventions can be life-saving in individual patients in the setting of a potentially fatal situation such as refractory elevated ICP. SUMMARY Advances in the neurocritical care management and progress in monitoring techniques in specialized neuro-ICUs may help to preserve brain function and prevent a deleterious cascade of secondary brain damage in life-threatening CNS infections.
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Spencer P, Jiang Y, Liu N, Han J, Li Y, Vodovoz S, Dumont AS, Wang X. Update: Microdialysis for Monitoring Cerebral Metabolic Dysfunction after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010100. [PMID: 33396652 PMCID: PMC7794715 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral metabolic dysfunction has been shown to extensively mediate the pathophysiology of brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The characterization of the alterations of metabolites in the brain can help elucidate pathophysiological changes occurring throughout SAH and the relationship between secondary brain injury and cerebral energy dysfunction after SAH. Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) is a tool that can measure concentrations of multiple bioenergetics metabolites in brain interstitial fluid. This review aims to provide an update on the implication of CMD on the measurement of metabolic dysfunction in the brain after SAH. A literature review was conducted through a general PubMed search with the terms “Subarachnoid Hemorrhage AND Microdialysis” as well as a more targeted search using MeSh with the search terms “Subarachnoid hemorrhage AND Microdialysis AND Metabolism.” Both experimental and clinical papers were reviewed. CMD is a suitable tool that has been used for monitoring cerebral metabolic changes in various types of brain injury. Clinically, CMD data have shown the dramatic changes in cerebral metabolism after SAH, including glucose depletion, enhanced glycolysis, and suppressed oxidative phosphorylation. Experimental studies using CMD have demonstrated a similar pattern of cerebral metabolic dysfunction after SAH. The combination of CMD and other monitoring tools has also shown value in further dissecting and distinguishing alterations in different metabolic pathways after brain injury. Despite the lack of a standard procedure as well as the presence of limitations regarding CMD application and data interpretation for both clinical and experimental studies, emerging investigations have suggested that CMD is an effective way to monitor the changes of cerebral metabolic dysfunction after SAH in real-time, and alternatively, the combination of CMD and other monitoring tools might be able to further understand the relationship between cerebral metabolic dysfunction and brain injury after SAH, determine the severity of brain injury and predict the pathological progression and outcomes after SAH. More translational preclinical investigations and clinical validation may help to optimize CMD as a powerful tool in critical care and personalized medicine for patients with SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yinghua Jiang
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (X.W.); Tel.: +504-988-9117 (Y.J.); +504-988-2646 (X.W.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoying Wang
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (X.W.); Tel.: +504-988-9117 (Y.J.); +504-988-2646 (X.W.)
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Individualized Brain Tissue Oxygen-Monitoring Probe Placement Helps to Guide Therapy and Optimizes Outcome in Neurocritical Care. Neurocrit Care 2020; 35:197-209. [PMID: 33326065 PMCID: PMC8285328 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective In order to monitor tissue oxygenation in patients with acute neurological disorders, probes for measurement of brain tissue oxygen tension (ptO2) are often placed non-specifically in a right frontal lobe location. To improve the value of ptO2 monitoring, placement of the probe into a specific area of interest is desirable. We present a technique using CT-guidance to place the ptO2 probe in a particular area of interest based on the individual patient’s pathology. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed imaging and clinical data from all patients who underwent CT-guided ptO2 probe placement at our institution between October 2017 and April 2019. Primary endpoint was successful placement of the probe in a particular area of interest rated by two independent reviewers. Secondary outcomes were complications from probe insertion, clinical consequences from ptO2 measurements, clinical outcome according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) as well as development of ischemia on follow-up imaging. A historical control group was selected from patients who underwent conventional ptO2 probe placement between January 2010 and October 2017. Results Eleven patients had 16 CT-guided probes inserted. In 15 (93.75%) probes, both raters agreed on the correct placement in the area of interest. Each probe triggered on average 0.48 diagnostic or therapeutic adjustments per day. Only one infarction within the vascular territory of a probe was found on follow-up imaging. Eight out of eleven patients (72.73%) reached a good outcome (mRS ≤ 3). In comparison, conventionally placed probes triggered less diagnostic and therapeutic adjustment per day (p = 0.007). Outcome was worse in the control group (p = 0.024). Conclusion CT-guided probe insertion is a reliable and easy technique to place a ptO2 probe in a particular area of interest in patients with potentially reduced cerebral oxygen supply. By adjusting treatment aggressively according to this individualized monitoring data, clinical outcome may improve.
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Torné R, Culebras D, Sanchez-Etayo G, García-García S, Muñoz G, Llull L, Amaro S, Heering C, Blasco J, Zavala E, Enseñat J. Double hemispheric Microdialysis study in poor-grade SAH patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7466. [PMID: 32366972 PMCID: PMC7198586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a dreadful complication present in 30% of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. DCI prediction and prevention are burdensome in poor grade SAH patients (WFNS 4-5). Therefore, defining an optimal neuromonitoring strategy might be cumbersome. Cerebral microdialysis (CMD) offers near-real-time regional metabolic data of the surrounding brain. However, unilateral neuromonitoring strategies obviate the diffuse repercussions of SAH. To assess the utility, indications and therapeutic implications of bilateral CMD in poor grade SAH patients. Poor grade SAH patients eligible for multimodal neuromonitoring were prospectively collected. Aneurysm location and blood volume were assessed on initial Angio-CT scans. CMD probes were bilaterally implanted and maintained, at least, for 48 hours (h). Ischemic events were defined as a Lactate/Pyruvate ratio >40 and Glucose concentration <0.7 mmol/L. 16 patients were monitored for 1725 h, observing ischemic events during 260 h (15.1%). Simultaneous bilateral ischemic events were rare (5 h, 1.9%). The established threshold of ≥7 ischemic events displayed a specificity and sensitivity for DCI of 96.2% and 83.3%, respectively. Bilateral CMD is a safe and useful strategy to evaluate areas at risk of suffering DCI in SAH patients. Metabolic crises occur bilaterally but rarely simultaneously. Hence, unilateral neuromonitoring strategies underestimate the risk of infarction and the possibility to offset its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Torné
- Neurological Surgery Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Diego Culebras
- Neurological Surgery Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sergio García-García
- Neurological Surgery Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Neurological Surgery Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guido Muñoz
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Llull
- Neurology Department, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Amaro
- Neurology Department, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Blasco
- Radiology Department, Angioradiology Section, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Zavala
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Enseñat
- Neurological Surgery Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last years, the focus of clinical and animal research in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) shifted towards the early phase after the bleeding based on the association of the early injury pattern (first 72 h) with secondary complications and poor outcome. This phase is commonly referenced as early brain injury (EBI). In this clinical review, we intended to overview commonly used definitions of EBI, underlying mechanisms, and potential treatment implications. RECENT FINDINGS We found a large heterogeneity in the definition used for EBI comprising clinical symptoms, neuroimaging parameters, and advanced neuromonitoring techniques. Although specific treatments are currently not available, therapeutic interventions are aimed at ameliorating EBI by improving the energy/supply mismatch in the early phase after SAH. Future research integrating brain-derived biomarkers is warranted to improve our pathophysiologic understanding of EBI in order to ameliorate early injury patterns and improve patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Rass
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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