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Prostaglandin E 2 Pathway Is Dysregulated in Gastric Adenocarcinoma in a Caucasian Population. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207680. [PMID: 33081378 PMCID: PMC7589882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) represents the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The levels of prostaglandin E2, a key player in the hallmarks of cancer, are mainly regulated by prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 4 (ABCC4), involved in its synthesis and exportation, respectively, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1), responsible for its inactivation. Even though there are distinct molecular signatures across ethnic populations, most published studies focus on Asian populations. Our main aim was to explore the genetic expression of the aforementioned molecules in a Caucasian population. 94 “Normal” and 89 tumoral formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from GC patients were used to assess the mRNA expression of PTGS2, ABCC4, hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD) (HPGD), SLCO2A1 by Real-Time PCR. We found an upregulation for the PTGS2 gene mean factor of 2.51 and a downregulation for the HPGD and SLCO2A1 genes (mean factor of 0.10 and 0.37, respectively) in tumorous mucosa in a gender-independent manner. In females, we observed an ABCC4 downregulation and a PTGS2 mRNA upregulation compared to males in tumoral mucosa (mean factor of 0.61 and 1.64, respectively). We reported dysregulation of the inflammation triggered PGE2 pathway in a Caucasian population with an intermediate risk for GC, which might highlight the applicability of aspirin in the treatment of GC patients.
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Li T, Li F, Liu X, Liu J, Li D. Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin and catechin via inhibiting activation of TLR4-MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Phytother Res 2019; 33:756-767. [PMID: 30637814 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of quercetin and catechin was investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Results showed that the combined treatment of quercetin with catechin synergistically attenuated LPS-stimulated increase of some proinflammatory molecules, including nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, it exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) stronger inhibitory effect on nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by suppressing the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and p50 submits and on the phosphorylation of ETS domain-containing protein and c-Jun N-terminal kinase than any of quercetin or catechin alone. Besides, the cotreatment of quercetin with catechin significantly (p < 0.05) restored the impaired expression of toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and some downstream effectors (IRAK1, TRAF6, and TAK1). These results suggest that quercetin and catechin possessed synergistic anti-inflammatory effects, which may be attributed to their roles in suppressing the activation of TLR4-MyD88-mediated NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xinying Liu
- Center of Bee Industry on Seed-Breeding and Popularization in Shandong Province, Tai'an, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control in Shandong Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Dadkhah A, Fatemi F, Rasooli A, Mohammadi Malayeri MR, Torabi F. Assessing the effect of Mentha longifolia essential oils on COX-2 expression in animal model of sepsis induced by caecal ligation and puncture. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:495-504. [PMID: 31070531 PMCID: PMC6282450 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1510972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mentha longifolia L. (Lamiaceae), a traditional Iranian plant, possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. OBJECTIVE We investigated the potential protective effects of M. longifolia essential oils (E.Os) on caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar Albino rats (n = 50) were grouped as follows: (1) a laparotomy group (LAP); (2) a CLP group (CLP); (3) the treatment groups received orally the E.Os (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w) and indomethacin (2 mg/kg b.w) for 2 weeks. The oxidative stress parameters, liver enzymes and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level were measured in liver and plasma tissues. The liver was also harvested for the real time PCR of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression following histopathological examinations. RESULTS The results indicated that the CLP operation significantly increased lipid peroxidation (LP) [1.79-fold], myeloperoxidase (MPO) [2.76-fold], PGE2 [1.56-fold] besides plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [2.4-fold] and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities [2.22-fold], while, markedly reduced glutathione (GSH) [0.63-fold] and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) levels [0.63-fold]. Even COX2 expression significantly increased in the CLP group as compared to the LAP group. Treatments of rats with the E.Os could return all the hepatic and plasma biomarkers to the normal levels. These results were further confirmed by pathological examination on liver indicating that E.Os could successfully improve the CLP-induced liver injuries. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that E.Os is able to protect liver injuries against sepsis via modulating the oxidative stress parameters concomitant with the suppression of inflammatory reactions such as PGE2 and COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Dadkhah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Faezeh Fatemi
- Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Rasooli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Payame-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Torabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
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Miyashita T, Kono T, Matsui D, Yamazaki Y, Sadatomi D, Fujitsuka N, Nakanuma S, Okamoto K, Makino I, Kinoshita J, Nakamura K, Oyama K, Tajima H, Takamura H, Ninomiya I, Fushida S, Mukaisho K, Harmon JW, Ohta T. Preventive effect of oral hangeshashinto (TJ-14) on the development of reflux-induced esophageal cancer. Surgery 2018; 164:S0039-6060(18)30037-0. [PMID: 29576309 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E2 is one of the potential products that promotes development of tumors and also is a strong inducer of M2 phenotype macrophages, which contribute to tumor development in the immunosuppressed microenvironment. Hangeshashinto (TJ-14), a Japanese traditional medicine (Kampo medicine), has been reported to be effective in preventing chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis through the reduction of prostaglandin E2. We previously developed a surgical rat reflux model of esophageal cancer and used this well-established animal model to investigate the action of TJ-14 in preventing esophageal cancer. We also assessed the effect of TJ-14 on the downregulation of prostaglandin E2 production, utilizing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line exposed to bile acid. METHODS An end-to-side esophagojejunostomy was performed for the reflux model. A daily oral diet was subsequently administered, consisting of either diet-incorporated TJ-14 or standard diet as a control group. The rats were killed at 40 weeks after surgery. The incidence of esophageal cancer, Barrett's metaplasia, and proliferative hyperplasia were assessed histologically. CD163, a M2 phenotype macrophage marker, was assessed with immunohistochemistry. Prostaglandin E2 enzyme immunoassay and lactate dehydrogenase assay were performed on chenodeoxycholic acid or gastroesophageal reflux contents exposed to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line. RESULTS Sixty-seven percent of the controls (n = 12) developed esophageal cancer, but animals that received TJ-14 (n = 10) had a cancer incidence of 10% (P=.007). Barrett's metaplasia was found in 83% of the rats in the control group and 50% of the rats in the TJ-14 indicating a protective tendency of TJ-14 (P=.095). All of the rats developed proliferative hyperplasia. The number of M2 phenotype macrophage were significantly decreased in the TJ-14 group compared to the control group in both Barrett's metaplasia and esophageal cancer lesions. TJ-14 inhibited chenodeoxycholic acid or gastroesophageal reflux content-induced prostaglandin E2 production in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell. CONCLUSION TJ-14 reduced the incidence of reflux-induced esophageal cancer and the infiltration of M2 macrophages in a surgical rat model or suppressed prostaglandin E2 production in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell. Further investigation is required regarding the potential clinical use of TJ-14 as an esophageal cancer chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Miyashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Toru Kono
- Center for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daichi Sadatomi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakanuma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Isamu Makino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Jun Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Keishi Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Katsunobu Oyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Tajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Itasu Ninomiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sachio Fushida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mukaisho
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - John W Harmon
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tetsuo Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Papanagnou P, Baltopoulos P, Tsironi M. Marketed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antihypertensives, and human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors: as-yet-unused weapons of the oncologists' arsenal. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:807-19. [PMID: 26056460 PMCID: PMC4445694 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s82049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental data indicate that several pharmacological agents that have long been used for the management of various diseases unrelated to cancer exhibit profound in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. This is of major clinical importance, since it would possibly aid in reassessing the therapeutic use of currently used agents for which clinicians already have experience. Further, this would obviate the time-consuming process required for the development and the approval of novel antineoplastic drugs. Herein, both pre-clinical and clinical data concerning the antineoplastic function of distinct commercially available pharmacological agents that are not currently used in the field of oncology, ie, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensive agents, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents inhibiting viral protease, are reviewed. The aim is to provide integrated information regarding not only the molecular basis of the antitumor function of these agents but also the applicability of the reevaluation of their therapeutic range in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Papanagnou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Baltopoulos
- Department of Sports Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsironi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
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Taddei A, Fabbroni V, Pini A, Lucarini L, Ringressi MN, Fantappiè O, Bani D, Messerini L, Masini E, Bechi P. Cyclooxygenase-2 and inflammation mediators have a crucial role in reflux-related esophageal histological changes and Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:949-57. [PMID: 24357184 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) causes injury of the esophageal squamous epithelium, a condition called reflux esophagitis. The sequence reflux-esophagitis-intestinal metaplasia-dysplasia-invasive cancer is widely accepted as the main adenocarcinogenetic pathway in the esophagus; however, the mechanisms of this progression need to be better defined. AIMS We evaluated COX-2 expression and activity in biopsies from patients affected with GER, and these parameters have been correlated with the stage of the disease, ceramide expression, apoptotic process, and angiogenesis. The effects of celecoxib on bile acid- and EGF-induced mucosal proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis have been also investigated. METHODS Four groups of patients were distinguished: non esophagitis, non erosive esophagitis, erosive esophagitis, and Barrett's esophagus. COX-2 expression, basal PGE2 levels, proliferative activity, VEGF expression and apoptosis were evaluated in esophageal biopsies. RESULTS COX-2 expression, basal PGE2 levels, proliferative activity, VEGF expression and apoptosis progressively increase from non esophagitis patients to patients with non erosive and erosive esophagitis, to those with BE. Incubation of the cells with DCA/EGF increases PGE2 production, proliferative activity and VEGF production, effects prevented by celecoxib pretreatment. Ceramide expression increased from non esophagitis patients to patients with non erosive and erosive esophagitis, and decreased in BE; caspase-3 activity progressively decreased from non esophagitis to BE patients, suggesting an impairment of the apoptotic process with disease progression. CONCLUSION These results stand for a close relationship between progression of initial steps of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and COX-2, proliferative activity and EGF/VEGF expression and could have implications in GERD treatment in order to prevent its neoplastic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Taddei
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Section of General Surgery, University of Florence-Careggi General Hospital, AOU Careggi, Largo Brambilla n. 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
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de Vivar Chevez AR, Finke J, Bukowski R. The Role of Inflammation in Kidney Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:197-234. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang YJ, Niu XP, Yang L, Han Z, Ma YJ. Effects of celecoxib on cycle kinetics of gastric cancer cells and protein expression of cytochrome C and caspase-9. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:2343-7. [PMID: 23725138 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.4.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation aimed to determine effects of celecoxib on the cell cycle kinetics of the gastric cancer cell line MGC803 and the mechanisms involved by assessing expression of cytochrome C and caspase-9 at the protein level. METHODS Cell proliferation of MGC803 was determined by MTT assay after treatment with celecoxib. Apoptosis was assessed using fluorescence staining and cell cycle kinetics by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of caspase-9 protein and of cytochrome C protein in cell cytosol and mitochondria. RESULTS Celecoxib was able to restrain proliferation and induce apoptosis in a dose- and time- dependent manner, inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, release of cytochrome C into the cytosol, and cleavage of pro-caspase-9 into its active form. CONCLUSION Celecoxib can induce apoptosis in MGC803 cells through a mechanism involving cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial cytochrome C release and caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Abrahão AC, Giudice FS, Sperandio FF, Pinto Junior DDS. Effects of celecoxib treatment over the AKT pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 42:793-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Corrêa Abrahão
- Department of Oral Pathology; School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Oral Diagnosis; School of Dentistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Yang L, Yuan J, Liu L, Shi C, Wang L, Tian F, Liu F, Wang H, Shao C, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Qin W, Wen W. α-linolenic acid inhibits human renal cell carcinoma cell proliferation through PPAR-γ activation and COX-2 inhibition. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:197-202. [PMID: 23946803 PMCID: PMC3742629 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ω-3 fatty acids have potential anticancer effects, and consuming food rich in ω-3 fatty acids reduces the human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. However, the direct effect of ω-3 fatty acids on RCC in vitro is unknown. In the present study, the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA), an ω-3 fatty acid, were observed on cell proliferation in the RCC cell line OS-RC-2. The activity and gene expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the OS-RC-2 cells were measured by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively, following ALA treatment. ALA (20–80 μM) dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation of the OS-RC-2 cells. PPAR-γ activity and gene expression were significantly increased by ALA at 20 and 40 μM. COX-2 activity and gene expression levels were significantly decreased by ALA from 20 μM. Use of purely the PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, decreased the proliferation of the OS-RC-2 cells, while ALA induced further suppression of cell proliferation in the presence of rosiglitazone. The COX-2 inhibitor N-(3-Pyridyl)indomethacinamide induced further suppression of cell proliferation in the presence of rosiglitazone. N-(3-Pyridyl)indomethacinamide also suppressed the proliferation of the OS-RC-2 cells. In the presence of N-(3-Pyridyl)indomethacinamide, ALA and rosiglitazone further inhibited OS-RC-2 cell proliferation. In conclusion, ALA inhibits the cell proliferation of the OS-RC-2 human RCC cell line. PPAR-γ activation and COX-2 inhibition serve as two signaling pathways for the inhibitory effects of ALA on RCC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yang
- Departments of Urology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Pei L, Bao Y, Liu S, Zheng J, Chen X. Material basis of Chinese herbal formulas explored by combining pharmacokinetics with network pharmacology. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57414. [PMID: 23468985 PMCID: PMC3585395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), using several herbs in combination (called formulas), has a history of more than one thousand years. However, the bioactive compounds that account for their therapeutic effects remain unclear. We hypothesized that the material basis of a formula are those compounds with a high content in the decoction that are maintained at a certain level in the system circulation. Network pharmacology provides new methodological insights for complicated system studies. In this study, we propose combining pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis with network pharmacology to explore the material basis of TCM formulas as exemplified by the Bushen Zhuanggu formula (BZ) composed of Psoralea corylifolia L., Aconitum carmichaeli Debx., and Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss. A sensitive and credible liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of 15 compounds present in the three herbs. The concentrations of these compounds in the BZ decoction and in rat plasma after oral BZ administration were determined. Up to 12 compounds were detected in the BZ decoction, but only 5 could be analyzed using PK parameters. Combined PK results, network pharmacology analysis revealed that 4 compounds might serve as the material basis for BZ. We concluded that a sensitive, reliable, and suitable LC-MS/MS method for both the composition and pharmacokinetic study of BZ has been established. The combination of PK with network pharmacology might be a potent method for exploring the material basis of TCM formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Pei
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hwang SW, Lee J, Shin JS, Lee JY, Lee KT, Jang DS. Inhibitory Effects of Phenylpropanoids Isolated from the Bark of Ailanthus altissima on COX-2 Activity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.8.2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shin JS, Park SJ, Ryu S, Kang HB, Kim TW, Choi JH, Lee JY, Cho YW, Lee KT. Potent anti-inflammatory effect of a novel furan-2,5-dione derivative, BPD, mediated by dual suppression of COX-2 activity and LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression via NF-κB inactivation. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1926-1940. [PMID: 21913901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We previously reported that 3-(benzo[d]-1,3-dioxol-5-yl)-4-phenylfuran-2,5-dione (BPD) showed strong inhibitory effects on PGE(2) production. However, the exact mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of BPD is not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism involved in the effects of BPD on inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated macrophages and animal models of inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The expressions of COX-2, inducible NOS (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages, were determined by Western blot and/or qRT-PCR, respectively. NF-κB activation was investigated by EMSA, reporter gene assay and Western blotting. Anti-inflammatory effects of BPD were evaluated in vivo in carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats and LPS-induced septic shock in mice. KEY RESULTS BPD not only inhibited COX-2 activity but also reduced the expression of COX-2. In addition, BPD inhibited the expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β at the transcriptional level. BPD attenuated LPS-induced DNA-binding activity and the transcription activity of NF-κB; this was associated with a decrease in the phosphorylation level of inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) and reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Furthermore, BPD suppressed the formation of TGF-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1)/TAK-binding protein1 (TAB1), which was accompanied by a parallel reduction of phosphorylation of TAK1 and IκB kinase (IKK). Pretreatment with BPD inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema and LPS-induced septic death. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our data indicate that BPD is involved in the dual inhibition of COX-2 activity and TAK1-NF-κB pathway, providing a molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Shin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suran Ryu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Byul Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Yeol Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Wuk Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaResearch Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, KoreaDepartment of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Li YS, Wu LP, Li KH, Liu YP, Xiang R, Zhang SB, Zhu LY, Zhang LY. Involvement of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in the downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by genistein in gastric cancer cells. J Int Med Res 2012; 39:2141-50. [PMID: 22289529 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein induces growth inhibition in various human cancer cell lines but its mechanism of action remains unknown. This study determined whether the effect of genistein is mediated via suppression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 protein, and elucidated the mechanism of action of this effect in the human gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. Genistein treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner; Western blotting analysis indicated a significant dose-dependent decrease in COX-2 protein levels. Genistein treatment exerted a significant inhibitory effect on activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Additionally, the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate caused a reduction in COX-2 protein levels and NF-κB activation, similar to the effect of genistein. Suppression of COX-2 protein may be important for the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of genistein in BGC-823 cells, and these effects may be partly mediated through the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-S Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Klampfer L. Cytokines, inflammation and colon cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2011; 11:451-64. [PMID: 21247378 DOI: 10.2174/156800911795538066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are at increased risk of developing colon cancer, confirming that chronic inflammation predisposes to development of tumors. Moreover, it appears that colon cancers that do not develop as a complication of inflammatory bowel disease are also driven by inflammation, because it has been shown that regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) lowers the mortality from sporadic colon cancer and results in regression of adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, who inherit a mutation in the Apc gene. Colorectal cancer therefore represents a paradigm for the link between inflammation and cancer. Inflammation is driven by soluble factors, cytokines and chemokines, which can be produced by tumor cells themselves or, more often, by the cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines promote growth of tumor cells, perturb their differentiation, and support the survival of cancer cells. Tumor cells become addicted to inflammatory stroma, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment represents an attractive target for preventive and therapeutic strategies. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β, or transcription factors that are required for signaling by these cytokines, including NF-κB and STATs, are indeed emerging as potential targets for anticancer therapy. TNFα antagonists are in phase I/II clinical trials and have been shown to be well tolerated in patients with solid tumors, and IL-1β antagonists that ameliorate several inflammatory disorders characterized by excessive IL-1β production, will likely follow. Therefore, development of drugs that normalize the tumor microenvironment or interrupt the crosstalk between the tumor and the tumor microenvironment is an important approach to the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Klampfer
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Oncology, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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16
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Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in normal and pathological human oral mucosa. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2011; 48:555-63. [PMID: 21478098 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-010-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxigenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins (PGs). Two isoforms of COX have been identified: COX-1 is constitutively expressed in many cells and is involved in cell homeostasis, angiogenesis and cell-cell signalling; COX-2 is not expressed in normal condition however it is strongly expressed in inflammation. The oral cavity is constantly exposed to physical and chemical trauma that could lead to mucosal reactions such as hyperplasia, dysplasia and cancer. Early diagnosis is the most important issue to address for a positive outcome of oral cancer; therefore it would be useful to identify molecular markers whose expression is associated with the various stages of oral cancer progression. Since COX enzyme has been involved, with different mechanisms, in the development and progression of malignancies we decided to investigate the expression and localization of COX-1 and COX-2 in normal human oral mucosa and three different pathologies (hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma) by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. COX-1 mRNA and protein have been detected already in normal oral mucosa and their expression progressively increases from normal samples towards hyperplasia, dysplasia and finally carcinoma. On the contrary, COX-2 is not expressed in the normal tissue, starts to be expressed in hyperplasia, reaches the maximum activation in dysplasia and then starts to be downregulated in carcinoma.
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Zhou LH, Wang Y, Fan ZZ, Wu Q, Liu X, Ci SJ, Li Q. Tan IIA inhibits COX-2-regulated VEGF expression in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1561-1567. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i15.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), an active component of salvia miltiorrhiza, on cell proliferation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-regulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells.
METHODS: MTT assay was used to evaluate the effect of Tan IIA on the proliferation of HCT-116 cells. HCT-116 cells were co-transfected transiently with the recombinant plasmid pGL3-Basic-COX-2-promoter and control vector pRL-TK and randomly divided into blank group, control group, and Tan IIA group. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to observe the activity of COX-2 promoter 48 h after treatment with Tan IIA. HCT-116 cells were transfected with the pIRESI-COX-2 plasmid and divided into three groups as above. The expression of COX-2 mRNA in transfected cells was detected by real-time PCR, and the level of VEGF in culture medium was assayed by ELISA.
RESULTS: Tan IIA had obvious inhibition on the proliferation of HCT-116 cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) at 24, 48, and 72 h were 40.3 μmol/L ± 5.22 μmol/L, 12.9 μmol/L ± 3.24 μmol/L, and 8.5 μmol/L ± 1.47 μmol/L, respectively, and the maximal no-effect dose at 24 h was 10 μmol/L. At 48 h after transfection with plasmids carrying the COX-2-promoter and COX-2 cDNA, the activity of COX-2 promoter and expression of COX-2 mRNA were obviously up-regulated (both P < 0.01), and the concentration of VEGF was three times higher than that in control cells (P < 0.05). Treatment with 10 μmol/L Tan IIA significantly down-regulated the expression of COX-2 and VEGF in transfected cells (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Tan IIA down-regulates VEGF expression and inhibits cell proliferation possibly by regulating COX-2 promoter activity and mRNA expression in HCT-116 cells.
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18
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Similar antineoplastic effects of nimesulide, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, and prostaglandin E1 on B16-F10 murine melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2010; 20:273-9. [PMID: 20404772 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328339d8ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is now increasing evidence that a constitutive expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) plays a role in the development and progression of malignant ectodermal tumours. In this study, we investigated whether the selective inhibition of COX-2 would be beneficial in melanoma treatment. Nimesulide, a selective inhibitor of COX-2 that causes the breakdown of proinflammatory 2-series prostaglandins (PG2), adversely affected the growth of B16-F10 melanoma cells through the induction of differentiation. The intracellular levels of polyamine, as a proliferation marker, were reduced by the treatment; at the same time, transglutaminase activation and increase in melanin content, as differentiation indicators, were observed. The potential antimetastatic activity of the drug was further shown by means of the Boyden invasion assay and gelatin zymography for metalloproteinase activity. Comparable results were obtained after the treatment of cells with one of the 1-series PGs (PGE1). Therefore, our hypothesis is that the antineoplastic activity observed for nimesulide may be ascribed to intracellular changes in alterations in PG levels.
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19
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Chen J, Ran Y, Hong C, Chen Z, You Y. Anti-cancer effects of celecoxib on nasopharyngeal carcinoma HNE-1 cells expressing COX-2 oncoprotein. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:431-8. [PMID: 20809260 PMCID: PMC2993866 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Celecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with antitumor and antiangiogenic activities. To investigate the effects of celecoxib on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), HNE-1 cells were treated with celecoxib at various concentrations. MTT assay, migration assay and invasion assay were performed to observe the inhibitory activity of celecoxib on HNE-1 cells. Additionally, VEGF-A expression and radiation survival of NPC cell were also examined after treatment with celecoxib. Celecoxib treatment presented an anti-proliferation function in a time and dose-dependent manner on HNE-1 cells which highly express COX-2 protein. Celecoxib also displayed an obvious inhibitory activity on invasive capacity of NPC cells. Moreover, the celecoxib's effects to suppress VEGF-A expression and enhance radiosensitivity were detected in HNE-1 cells. These findings implicate that application of celecoxib may be an effective strategy for NPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiongyu Chen
- Tumor Research Lab, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041 Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Ran
- Bethune Military Medical College of PLA, 050000 Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoqun Hong
- Tumor Research Lab, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041 Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Tumor Research Lab, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041 Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjie You
- Tumor Research Lab, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041 Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Shantou University, 515041 Shantou, People’s Republic of China
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Bajot F. The Use of Qsar and Computational Methods in Drug Design. CHALLENGES AND ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9783-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Luther DJ, Ohanyan V, Shamhart PE, Hodnichak CM, Sisakian H, Booth TD, Meszaros JG, Bishayee A. Chemopreventive doses of resveratrol do not produce cardiotoxicity in a rodent model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2009; 29:380-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Kim YL, Park SH, Choi JY, Kim CD. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor: a potential therapeutic strategy for ultrafiltration failure in peritoneal dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:3585-8. [PMID: 19783596 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Celis JE, Cabezón T, Moreira JMA, Gromov P, Gromova I, Timmermans-Wielenga V, Iwase T, Akiyama F, Honma N, Rank F. Molecular characterization of apocrine carcinoma of the breast: validation of an apocrine protein signature in a well-defined cohort. Mol Oncol 2009; 3:220-37. [PMID: 19393583 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive apocrine carcinomas (IACs), as defined by morphological features, correspond to 0.3-4% of all invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC), and despite the fact that they are histologically distinct from other breast lesions there are currently no standard molecular criteria available for their diagnosis and no unequivocal information as to their prognosis. In an effort to address these concerns we have been using protein expression profiling technologies in combination with mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to discover specific biomarkers that could allow us to molecularly characterize these lesions as well as to dissect some of the steps in the processes underlying breast apocrine metaplasia and development of precancerous apocrine lesions. Establishing these apocrine-specific markers as best practice for the routine pathology evaluation of breast cancer, however, will require their validation in large cohorts of patients. Towards this goal we have composed a panel of antibodies against components of an apocrine protein signature that includes probes against the apocrine-specific markers 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), and acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 1 (ACSM1), in addition to a set of categorizing markers that are consistently expressed (AR, CD24) or not expressed (ERα, PgR, Bcl-2, and GATA-3) by apocrine metaplasia in benign breast lesions and apocrine sweat glands. This panel was used to analyze a well-defined cohort consisting of 14 apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ (ADCIS), and 33 IACs diagnosed at the Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo between 1997 and 2001. Samples were originally classified on the basis of cellular morphology with all cases having more than 90% of the tumour cells exhibiting cytological features typical of apocrine cells. Using the expression of 15-PGDH and/or ACSM1 as the main criterion, but taking into account the expression of other markers, we were able to identify unambiguously 13 out of 14 ADCIS (92.9%) and 20 out of 33 (60.6%) IAC samples, respectively, as being of apocrine origin. Our results demonstrate that IACs correspond to a distinct, even if heterogeneous, molecular subgroup of breast carcinomas that can be readily identified in an unbiased way using a combination of markers that recapitulate the phenotype of apocrine sweat glands (15-PGDH(+), ACSM1(+), AR(+), CD24(+), ERα(-), PgR(-), Bcl-2(-), and GATA-3(-)). These results pave the way for addressing issues such as prognosis of IACs, patient stratification for targeted therapeutics, as well as research strategies for identifying novel therapeutic targets for developing new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E Celis
- Danish Centre for Translational Breast Cancer Research (DCTB), Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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