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Wang Y, Wei X, Ke B, Liu J, Guo Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Ding T, Wang Y, Meng B, Sun B, Zang F. Exploring the molecular characteristics of the malignant potential of gastric adenocarcinoma with enteroblastic differentiation. Histopathology 2023; 83:631-646. [PMID: 37356975 DOI: 10.1111/his.14998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Gastric adenocarcinoma with enteroblastic differentiation (GAED) is a rare subset of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing carcinomas with poor prognosis. However, the molecular features associated with the malignant potential of GEAD remain partially elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, the relationship between clinicopathological parameters and aggressive biological behaviour was analysed in 37 patients with GAED. The results showed that GAED tended to infiltrate the deep layer of the gastric wall and possessed more frequent vascular invasion than conventional gastric adenocarcinoma (CGA) (P < 0.001). All distant metastases were observed in the GAED group, not the CGA group (P < 0.001). High HER2 expression was found in nearly 24.32% of the informative cases, and none showed EBV-encoded RNA positivity or deficient mismatch repair. The most frequently mutated gene in GAED was p53. Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunostaining revealed 13 patients with a combined positive score (CPS) ≥ 5 (65%, 13 of 20). Thus, based on these molecular markers (immunostaining, in situ hybridisation and mutation analysis), GAED may be classified as a unique subgroup of the chromosomal instability subtype with HER2+ /EBV- /MSS/TP53+ /PD-L1+ . Next-generation sequencing analyses showed that mutations in the TOPI, ELOA and NOTCH3 genes were found only in GAED, and abnormally expressed genes in GAED were significantly enriched in hepatocellular carcinoma-, gland development-, and gastric cancer-related pathways. CONCLUSION The HER2+ /EBV- /MSS/TP53+ /PD-L1+ profile and hepatocellular carcinoma-related pathways may be significant in the malignant potential of GAED. In addition to anti-HER2 therapy, immune check-point inhibitors may be an effective treatment option for patients with GAED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiyin Wei
- Public Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Ke
- Department of Gastric Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Colorectal Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhong Guo
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxue Liu
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongzi Chen
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Ding
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yalei Wang
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Meng
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fenglin Zang
- Department of Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Mudd AM, Gu T, Munagala R, Jeyabalan J, Fraig M, Egilmez NK, Gupta RC. Berry anthocyanidins inhibit intestinal polyps and colon tumors by modulation of Src, EGFR and the colon inflammatory environment. Oncoscience 2021; 8:120-133. [PMID: 34926717 PMCID: PMC8664094 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer diagnosed and the third leading class for cancer-related deaths. Given the prevalence of colon cancer worldwide, further insight into developing novel and effective prevention and treatment strategies are warranted. The family of plant pigments known as the anthocyanins has been identified with a variety of health benefits including chemopreventive and therapeutic effects. A limitation to current clinical applications of anthocyanins is the high doses that are required. In order to overcome this limitation, we tested the active moiety, anthocyanidins for chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against colorectal cancer in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with native anthocyanidin mixture (Anthos) from bilberry yielded significant antiproliferative activity against colon cancer cells. Anthos treatment led to significant reductions in polyp and tumor counts in vivo. Reduced Src and EGFR phosphorylation was observed with Anthos treatment, which correlated with downstream targets such as PD-L1 and modulation of the colon inflammatory environment. These results provide a promising outlook on the impact of berry Anthos for the treatment and prevention of familial adenomatous polyposis and colorectal cancer. Results from this study also provide novel mechanistic insight into the chemopreventive and therapeutic activities of Anthos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Mudd
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tao Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Radha Munagala
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jeyaprakash Jeyabalan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mostafa Fraig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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3
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Leng Y, Chen Z, Ding H, Zhao X, Qin L, Pan Y. Overexpression of microRNA-29b inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis of colorectal cancer through the ETV4/ERK/EGFR axis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:17. [PMID: 33407520 PMCID: PMC7789299 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported the involvement of microRNA-29 (miR-29) family members in human cancers through their ability to regulate cellular functions. The present study investigated biological function of miR-29b in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected and the expression of ETV4 and miR-29b in the tissues were identified. The relationship between ETV4 and miR-29b or ETV4 expression and the EGFR promoter was identified using dual-luciferase reporter gene and CHIP assays. The proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis of CRC HCT116 cells were assayed using MTT assay, Scratch test, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Also, expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, angiogenic factors, and vasculogenic mimicry formation were evaluated using RT-qPCR and Western blot. RESULTS ETV4 was upregulated, while miR-29b expression was decreased in CRC tissues. ETV4 was identified as a target gene of miR-29b, which in turn inactivated the ERK signaling pathway by targeting ETV4 and inhibiting EGFR transcription. Transfection with miR-29b mimic, siRNA-ETV4, or ERK signaling pathway inhibitor U0126 increased expression of E-cadherin and TSP-1, and CRC cell apoptosis, yet reduced expression of ERK1/2, MMP-2, MMP-9, Vimentin, and VEGF, as well as inhibiting EMT, angiogenesis, and CRC cell migration and invasion. The EMT, angiogenesis and cancer progression induced by miR-29b inhibitor were reversed by siRNA-mediated ETV4 silencing. CONCLUSIONS miR-29b suppresses angiogenesis and EMT in CRC via the ETV4/ERK/EGFR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Leng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixian Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- Medical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, No. 601, Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Fidelle M, Yonekura S, Picard M, Cogdill A, Hollebecque A, Roberti MP, Zitvogel L. Resolving the Paradox of Colon Cancer Through the Integration of Genetics, Immunology, and the Microbiota. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600886. [PMID: 33381121 PMCID: PMC7768083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While colorectal cancers (CRC) are paradigmatic tumors invaded by effector memory lymphocytes, the mechanisms accounting for the relative resistance of MSI negative CRC to immunogenic cell death mediated by oxaliplatin and immune checkpoint inhibitors has remained an open conundrum. Here, we propose the viewpoint where its microenvironmental contexture could be explained -at least in part- by macroenvironmental cues constituted by the complex interplay between the epithelial barrier, its microbial ecosystem, and the local immune system. Taken together this dynamic ménage-à-trois offers novel coordinated actors of the humoral and cellular immune responses actionable to restore sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibition. Solving this paradox involves breaking tolerance to crypt stem cells by inducing the immunogenic apoptosis of ileal cells in the context of an ileal microbiome shifted towards immunogenic bacteria using cytotoxicants. This manoeuver results in the elicitation of a productive Tfh and B cell dialogue in mesenteric lymph nodes culminating in tumor-specific memory CD8+ T cell responses sparing the normal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Fidelle
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
- Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Satoru Yonekura
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
- Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marion Picard
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
- Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Unit Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alexandria Cogdill
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Antoine Hollebecque
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Maria Paula Roberti
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
- Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Villejuif, France
- Equipe Labellisée—Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Chen J, Zeng F, Forrester SJ, Eguchi S, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Expression and Function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Physiology and Disease. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1025-1069. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical member of a family of membrane-associated intrinsic tyrosine kinase receptors, the ErbB family. EGFR is activated by multiple ligands, including EGF, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, HB-EGF, betacellulin, amphiregulin, epiregulin, and epigen. EGFR is expressed in multiple organs and plays important roles in proliferation, survival, and differentiation in both development and normal physiology, as well as in pathophysiological conditions. In addition, EGFR transactivation underlies some important biologic consequences in response to many G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists. Aberrant EGFR activation is a significant factor in development and progression of multiple cancers, which has led to development of mechanism-based therapies with specific receptor antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review highlights the current knowledge about mechanisms and roles of EGFR in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fenghua Zeng
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Forrester
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Departments of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Benvenuto M, Sileri P, Rossi P, Masuelli L, Fantini M, Nanni M, Franceschilli L, Sconocchia G, Lanzilli G, Arriga R, Faggioni G, Lista F, Orlandi A, Manzari V, Gaspari AL, Modesti A, Bei R. Natural humoral immune response to ribosomal P0 protein in colorectal cancer patients. J Transl Med 2015; 13:101. [PMID: 25889931 PMCID: PMC4411786 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor associated antigens are useful in colorectal cancer (CRC) management. The ribosomal P proteins (P0, P1, P2) play an important role in protein synthesis and tumor formation. The immunogenicity of the ribosomal P0 protein in head and neck, in breast and prostate cancer patients and the overexpression of the carboxyl-terminal P0 epitope (C-22 P0) in some tumors were reported. Methods Sera from 72 colorectal tumor patients (67 malignant and 5 benign tumors) were compared with 73 healthy donor sera for the presence of antibodies to CEA, EGFR, ErbB2 and ribosomal P proteins by western blotting or ELISA. Expression of the C-22 P0 epitope on tissues and colon cancer cells was determined by immunoperoxidase staining and indirect immunofluorescence/western blotting, respectively, employing MAb 2B2. Biological effects of MAb 2B2 on colon cancer cells were assessed by the Sulforhodamine B cell proliferation assay, trypan blue exclusion test and cleaved caspase-3 detection. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the number of auto-antibodies positive patients with healthy donors. Variation in the C-22 P0 expression, and in the number of apoptotic cells was evaluated by Student’s t-test. Variation in cell survival and cell death was evaluated by Newman-Keuls test. Results No significant humoral response was observed to CEA, EGFR and ErbB2 in CRC patients. Conversely, 7 out of 67 CRC patient sera reacted to ribosomal P proteins. The prevalence of P proteins auto-antibodies in CRC patients was significant. Five patients showed restricted P0 immunoreactivity, while two patients reacted simultaneously to all P proteins. The C-22 P0 epitope was homogenously expressed both in malignant tumors and the adjacent mucosa, but the intensity of expression was higher in the tumor. Starved colon cancer cells showed a higher C-22 P0 epitope plasma membrane expression compared to control cells. MAb 2B2 inhibited colon cancer cell growth and induced cell death in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions Our study shows a spontaneous humoral immune response to ribosomal P0 protein in CRC patients and the inhibition of in vitro cancer cell growth after C-22 P0 epitope targeting. The ribosomal P0 protein might be a useful immunological target in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Benvenuto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Pierpaolo Sileri
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Piero Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Fantini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Nanni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Luana Franceschilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Sconocchia
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, CNR, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Lanzilli
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, CNR, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Arriga
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Florigio Lista
- Centro Studi e Ricerche Sanità e Veterinaria Esercito, Rome, Italy.
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Manzari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Achille Lucio Gaspari
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Modesti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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Neradugomma NK, Subramaniam D, Tawfik OW, Goffin V, Kumar TR, Jensen RA, Anant S. Prolactin signaling enhances colon cancer stemness by modulating Notch signaling in a Jak2-STAT3/ERK manner. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:795-806. [PMID: 24265293 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a secretory cytokine produced by various tissues. Binding to the cognate PRL receptor (PRLR), it activates intracellular signaling via janus kinase (JAK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. PRL regulates diverse activities under normal and abnormal conditions, including malignancies. Previous clinical data suggest serum PRL levels are elevated in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. In this study, we first determined the expression of PRL and PRLR in colon cancer tissue and cell lines. Higher levels of PRLR expression were observed in the cancer cells and cell lines compared with normal colonic epithelial cells. Incubation of colon cancer cells with PRL-induced JAK2, STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increased expression of Jagged 1, which is a Notch-1 receptor ligand. Notch signaling regulates CRC stem cell population. We observed increased accumulation of the cleaved/active form of Notch-1 receptor (Notch intracellular domain) and increased expression of Notch responsive genes HEY1, HES1 and stem cell marker genes DCLK1, LGR5, ALDH1 and CD44. Finally, inhibiting PRL induced JAK2-STAT3 and JAK2-ERK1/2 using AG490 and PD98059, respectively, leads to complete abrogation of Notch signaling, suggesting a role for this pathway in regulating CRC stem cells. Together, our results demonstrate that cytokine signaling induced by PRL is active in colorectal cancers and may provide a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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HER-2 Expression in Brain Metastases from Colorectal Cancer and Corresponding Primary Tumors: A Case Cohort Series. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2370-87. [PMID: 23348930 PMCID: PMC3587992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) from colorectal cancer (CRC) are a rare but increasing event. Surgical resection of oligometastatic disease, including BM, may produce a survival benefit in selected patients. Previous studies described the HER-2 expression patterns in CRC patients, but its prognostic role still remains controversial. Information on the HER-2 expression in BM from CRC is currently lacking. Among the over 500 patients treated at our Department of Neurosurgery in the last 13 years (1999–2012), we identified a cohort of 50 consecutive CRC patients resected for BM. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed using electronic hospital charts and surgical notes. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples were retrieved and histologically reviewed. HER-2 status was assessed on 4-μm sections by HerceptTest™, and scored by two pathologists according to gastric cancer HER-2 status guidelines. In score 2+ cases HER-2 gene copy number was analyzed by FISH, performed using the PathVysion HER-2 DNA Probe Kit. Median age at time of BM resection was 65 years (35–82); most patients were males (60%) with a good performance status. The majority of the BM were single (74%) and sited in the supratentorial area (64%); 2–4 lesions were diagnosed in 9 patients (18%), and >4 in 3 patients (6%). The rate of HER-2 positivity (defined as IHC score 3+ or IHC score 2+ and FISH gene amplification) was 8.1% for the primary CRC tumors and 12% for their corresponding BM. The concordance rate between primary tumors and matched BM was 89%. Median overall survival after neurosurgery was 6.5 months for HER-2 IHC score 0 vs. 4.6 months for HER-2 IHC score 1+/2+/3+; the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01, Log-rank test). HER-2 positivity of our case cohort was low but comparable to literature. Concordance rate of HER-2 expression between BM and corresponding primary tumors is high and similar to those reported for breast and gastric cancers. Our data suggest a potential negative prognostic value of HER-2 expression in brain lesions from CRC.
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