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Ezhilarasan D, Ali D, Varghese R. Sesamol induces cytotoxicity via mitochondrial apoptosis in SCC-25 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S423-S433. [PMID: 34586880 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211047926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sesamol is the main constituent of sesame seed oil and is obtained from Sesamum indicum. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common neoplasms affecting the oral cavity. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic potentials of sesamol on human oral squamous carcinoma (SCC-25) cells. Human oral squamous carcinoma cells were treated with different concentrations (62.5, 125, and 250 μM/mL) of sesamol for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by 3- (4, 5- dimethylthiazol -2- yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression was investigated by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay. Apoptosis-related morphology was analyzed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Caspase-9 expression was analyzed by confocal microscopic double immunofluorescence staining. Mitochondrial apoptosis-related markers are analyzed using qPCR. Sesamol treatment caused a significant cytotoxic effect in OSCC cells. Sesamol-induced cytotoxic effect was associated with intracellular ROS generation. Sesamol treatments induced a significant increase in the early and late apoptotic cells. This treatment also induced caspase-9 expression in OSCC cells. Sesamol treatments caused downregulation of Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS) expression at protein and gene levels. Sesamol treatment modulates intrinsic apoptotic marker gene expression in OSCC cells. Overall results confirm the anti-cancer potential of sesamol and it seems to be a promising candidate for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, The Blue Laboratory, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Division, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, 194347Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - D Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Varghese
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, 37442University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Sodium Valproate, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Provokes Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:138-144. [PMID: 32006341 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sodium valproate (SV), a novel class of histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors commonly used as an antiepileptic drug. HDAC inhibitors are known to possess anticancer potentials. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of SV in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) cell line. METHODS MTT assay was used to analyze cytotoxicity. Intracellular ROS and cytochrome c expression were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Morphology-related apoptosis was analyzed by dual staining with acridine orange/ethidium bromide. Caspase 3 protein expression was investigated by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS Sodium valproate treatments in HepG2 cells caused significant and dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Intracellular ROS was remarkably increased in the cells which are treated with SV and caused early and late apoptosis as evidenced by dual staining. SV-treated cells expressed cytochrome c and caspase 3 protein expression. CONCLUSION These results suggest the cytotoxic potentials of SV in HepG2 cells. This study may give an important clue for the inclusion of SV as an adjuvant along with standard anticancer agents after necessary in vivo and clinical studies.
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Tsai CY, Ko HJ, Chiou SJ, Lai YL, Hou CC, Javaria T, Huang ZY, Cheng TS, Hsu TI, Chuang JY, Kwan AL, Chuang TH, Huang CYF, Loh JK, Hong YR. NBM-BMX, an HDAC8 Inhibitor, Overcomes Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma Multiforme by Downregulating the β-Catenin/c-Myc/SOX2 Pathway and Upregulating p53-Mediated MGMT Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115907. [PMID: 34072831 PMCID: PMC8199487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) plays a role in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), whether its inhibition facilitates the treatment of temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant GBM (GBM-R) remains unclear. By assessing the gene expression profiles from short hairpin RNA of HDAC8 in the new version of Connectivity Map (CLUE) and cells treated by NBM-BMX (BMX)-, an HDAC8 inhibitor, data analysis reveals that the Wnt signaling pathway and apoptosis might be the underlying mechanisms in BMX-elicited treatment. This study evaluated the efficacy of cotreatment with BMX and TMZ in GBM-R cells. We observed that cotreatment with BMX and TMZ could overcome resistance in GBM-R cells and inhibit cell viability, markedly inhibit cell proliferation, and then induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, the expression level of β-catenin was reversed by proteasome inhibitor via the β-catenin/ GSK3β signaling pathway to reduce the expression level of c-Myc and cyclin D1 in GBM-R cells. BMX and TMZ cotreatment also upregulated WT-p53 mediated MGMT inhibition, thereby triggering the activation of caspase-3 and eventually leading to apoptosis in GBM-R cells. Moreover, BMX and TMZ attenuated the expression of CD133, CD44, and SOX2 in GBM-R cells. In conclusion, BMX overcomes TMZ resistance by enhancing TMZ-mediated cytotoxic effect by downregulating the β-catenin/c-Myc/SOX2 signaling pathway and upregulating WT-p53 mediated MGMT inhibition. These findings indicate a promising drug combination for precision personal treating of TMZ-resistant WT-p53 GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.T.); (A.-L.K.); (T.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Jiun Ko
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Shean-Jaw Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ling Lai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chung Hou
- New Drug Research & Development Center, NatureWise Biotech & Medicals Corporation, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Tehseen Javaria
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.J.); (T.-S.C.)
| | - Zi-Yi Huang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Shan Cheng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.J.); (T.-S.C.)
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (T.-I.H.); (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (T.-I.H.); (J.-Y.C.)
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.T.); (A.-L.K.); (T.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-L.L.)
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.T.); (A.-L.K.); (T.-H.C.)
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.J.); (T.-S.C.)
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.F.H.); (J.-K.L.); (Y.-R.H.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101-5386 (Y.-R.H.); Fax: +886-7-321-8309 (Y.-R.H.)
| | - Joon-Khim Loh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.F.H.); (J.-K.L.); (Y.-R.H.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101-5386 (Y.-R.H.); Fax: +886-7-321-8309 (Y.-R.H.)
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (C.-Y.T.); (A.-L.K.); (T.-H.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.F.H.); (J.-K.L.); (Y.-R.H.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101-5386 (Y.-R.H.); Fax: +886-7-321-8309 (Y.-R.H.)
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Yan S, Chen R, Wang M, Zha J. Carbamazepine at environmentally relevant concentrations caused DNA damage and apoptosis in the liver of Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) by the Ras/Raf/ERK/p53 signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116245. [PMID: 33359871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To assess genetoxicity and the underlying mechanisms of carbamazepine (CBZ) toxicity in fish, adult Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 1, 10, and 100 μg/L CBZ for 28 d. Comet assays indicated that hepatic DNA damage was significantly increased in groups of minnows exposed to CBZ at all concentrations in a dose-dependent manner compared to those of the control groups (p < 0.05). Liver levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were significantly increased at 10 and 100 μg/L CBZ (p < 0.05). TUNEL assays indicated that the average apoptotic rates of the livers of female and male minnows were significantly increased following exposure to CBZ at all concentrations for 28 d (p < 0.05). Significant increases in caspase 3 and 9 activities after CBZ exposure at all concentrations and caspase 8 at 10 and 100 μg/L CBZ exposure reflected the presence of mitochondrial apoptosis (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of gadd45a, mdm2, casp3 and casp9 in female and male minnows exposed to CBZ at all concentrations were significantly increased compared with those in the control groups (p < 0.05). Significant increases in the levels of p21 in female minnows exposed to 1 and 100 μg/L CBZ, p53 in female minnows at all CBZ treatments and bcl2 in male minnows exposed to 1 and 100 μg/L CBZ were observed, indicating p53 pathway activation. The inhibition of ras levels in females and males exposed to CBZ at all concentrations and increased levels of raf1 in males exposed to CBZ at all concentrations indicated Ras/Raf1/MAPK (ERK) activation. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that CBZ at environmentally relevant levels induces DNA damage and apoptosis in Chinese rare minnows by the Ras/Raf/ERK/p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Miao Wang
- China Machinery International Engineering Design and Research Institute, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction Triggers Sodium Valproate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. J Gastrointest Cancer 2020; 52:899-906. [PMID: 32880040 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Currently used chemotherapeutic drugs have several side effects. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme inhibitors possess potential anti-cancer effects. Therefore, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of sodium valproate, a HDAC inhibitor in human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells. METHODS MTT assay was used to analyze the cytotoxicity of HT-29 cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction was evaluated by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate staining. Dual staining with acridine orange/ethidium bromide was used to investigate the morphology-related apoptotic cell death. Mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed by rhodamine 123 staining. E-cadherin protein expression was examined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Sodium valproate at 2 and 4 mM/mL treatments significantly induced cytotoxicity. Increased intracellular ROS expression was observed in the cells treated with sodium valproate. This treatment also induced mitochondrial dissipation, apoptosis-related morphological damage, and E-cadherin expression in HT-29 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our present results suggest that sodium valproate is cytotoxic to HT-29 cells due to its pro-oxidative and apoptosis inducing potential. Sodium valproate can be used as an adjuvant along with standard chemotherapeutic agents in CRC patients after necessary in vivo and clinical studies.
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