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Raj S, Sifuentes CJ, Kyono Y, Denver RJ. Metamorphic gene regulation programs in Xenopus tropicalis tadpole brain. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287858. [PMID: 37384728 PMCID: PMC10310023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian metamorphosis is controlled by thyroid hormone (TH), which binds TH receptors (TRs) to regulate gene expression programs that underlie morphogenesis. Gene expression screens using tissues from premetamorphic tadpoles treated with TH identified some TH target genes, but few studies have analyzed genome-wide changes in gene regulation during spontaneous metamorphosis. We analyzed RNA sequencing data at four developmental stages from the beginning to the end of spontaneous metamorphosis, conducted on the neuroendocrine centers of Xenopus tropicalis tadpole brain. We also conducted chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) for TRs, and we compared gene expression changes during metamorphosis with those induced by exogenous TH. The mRNA levels of 26% of protein coding genes changed during metamorphosis; about half were upregulated and half downregulated. Twenty four percent of genes whose mRNA levels changed during metamorphosis had TR ChIP-seq peaks. Genes involved with neural cell differentiation, cell physiology, synaptogenesis and cell-cell signaling were upregulated, while genes involved with cell cycle, protein synthesis, and neural stem/progenitor cell homeostasis were downregulated. There is a shift from building neural structures early in the metamorphic process, to the differentiation and maturation of neural cells and neural signaling pathways characteristic of the adult frog brain. Only half of the genes modulated by treatment of premetamorphic tadpoles with TH for 16 h changed expression during metamorphosis; these represented 33% of the genes whose mRNA levels changed during metamorphosis. Taken together, our results provide a foundation for understanding the molecular basis for metamorphosis of tadpole brain, and they highlight potential caveats for interpreting gene regulation changes in premetamorphic tadpoles induced by exogenous TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samhitha Raj
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Sifuentes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiro Kyono
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Denver
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Goemann IM, Romitti M, Meyer ELS, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Role of thyroid hormones in the neoplastic process: an overview. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R367-R385. [PMID: 28928142 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are critical regulators of several physiological processes, which include development, differentiation and growth in virtually all tissues. In past decades, several studies have shown that changes in TH levels caused by thyroid dysfunction, disruption of deiodinases and/or thyroid hormone receptor (TR) expression in tumor cells, influence cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and invasion in a variety of neoplasms in a cell type-specific manner. The function of THs and TRs in neoplastic cell proliferation involves complex mechanisms that seem to be cell specific, exerting effects via genomic and nongenomic pathways, repressing or stimulating transcription factors, influencing angiogenesis and promoting invasiveness. Taken together, these observations indicate an important role of TH status in the pathogenesis and/or development of human neoplasia. Here, we aim to present an updated and comprehensive picture of the accumulated knowledge and the current understanding of the potential role of TH status on the different hallmarks of the neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Martin Goemann
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirian Romitti
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Erika L Souza Meyer
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid SectionEndocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Barreiro Arcos ML, Sterle HA, Vercelli C, Valli E, Cayrol MF, Klecha AJ, Paulazo MA, Diaz Flaqué MC, Franchi AM, Cremaschi GA. Induction of apoptosis in T lymphoma cells by long-term treatment with thyroxine involves PKCζ nitration by nitric oxide synthase. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1376-1390. [PMID: 23733107 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are important regulators of cell physiology, inducing cell proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis, depending on the cell type. Thyroid hormones induce proliferation in short-term T lymphocyte cultures. In this study, we assessed the effect of long-term thyroxine (T4) treatment on the balance of proliferation and apoptosis and the intermediate participants in T lymphoma cells. Treatment with T4 affected this balance from the fifth day of culture, inhibiting proliferation in a time-dependent manner. This effect was associated with apoptosis induction, as characterized through nuclear morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, and Annexin V-FITC/Propidium Iodide co-staining. In addition, increased iNOS gene and protein levels, and enzyme activity were observed. The generation of reactive oxygen species, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and a reduction in glutathione levels were also observed. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants species is typically associated with the nitration of proteins, including PKCζ, an isoenzyme essential for lymphoma cell division and survival. Consistently, evidence of PKCζ nitration via proteasome degradation was also observed in this study. Taken together, these results suggest that the long-term culture of T lymphoma cells with T4 induces apoptosis through the increased production of oxidative species resulting from both augmented iNOS activity and the loss of mitochondrial function. These species induce the nitration of proteins involved in cell viability, promoting proteasome degradation. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of these results on the modulation of T lymphoma growth and the thyroid status in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Barreiro Arcos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET, Alicia M. de Justo 1600 3° piso, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H A Sterle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET, Alicia M. de Justo 1600 3° piso, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Vercelli
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Valli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET, Alicia M. de Justo 1600 3° piso, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M F Cayrol
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET, Alicia M. de Justo 1600 3° piso, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A J Klecha
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET, Alicia M. de Justo 1600 3° piso, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Paulazo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET, Alicia M. de Justo 1600 3° piso, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M C Diaz Flaqué
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET, Alicia M. de Justo 1600 3° piso, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A M Franchi
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G A Cremaschi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), CONICET, Alicia M. de Justo 1600 3° piso, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Liappas A, Alexandros L, Mourouzis I, Iordanis M, Zisakis A, Athanasios Z, Economou K, Konstantinos E, Lea RW, Robert-William L, Pantos C, Constantinos P. Cell-type-dependent thyroid hormone effects on glioma tumor cell lines. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:856050. [PMID: 22229106 PMCID: PMC3250624 DOI: 10.4061/2011/856050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The present study investigated the potential effects of long-term T3 treatment on glioma tumor cell lines. Thyroid hormone action on cell growth, differentiation and survival during development may be of therapeutic relevance Methods and Results 1321N1 cell line, an astrocytoma grade II, and U87MG, a glioblastoma grade IV, were exposed for 2 and 4 days in medium deprived of T3 and in medium containing 1 nM T3. T3 promoted re-differentiation in both cell lines. However, T3 increased cell proliferation in 1321N1 (2 days) which declined thereafter (4 days) while in U87MG resulted in suppression of cell proliferation. At the molecular level, a 2.9 fold increase in the expression of TRα1 receptor was observed in U87MG versus 1321N1, P < 0.05. TRβ1 receptor was undetectable. These changes corresponded to a distinct pattern of T3-induced kinase signaling activation; T3 had no effect on ERK activation in both cell lines but significantly increased phospho-Akt levels in 1321N1. Conclusion. In conclusion, T3 can re-differentiate glioma tumor cells, whereas its effect on cell proliferation appears to be dependent on the type of tumor cell line with aggressive tumors being more sensitive to T3. TRα1 receptor may, at least in part, be implicated in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Liappas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Avenue,11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece
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