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Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide induces long-term, transcription-dependent plasticity and remodeling at autonomic synapses. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 85:170-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Subramaniam V, Chuang G, Xia H, Burn B, Bradley J, Maderdrut JL, Coy DH, Varner KJ. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) protects against mitoxantrone-induced cardiac injury in mice. Peptides 2017; 95:25-32. [PMID: 28720396 PMCID: PMC5568240 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitoxantrone (MXT) is an androstenedione that is used to treat cancers and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis; however, its use is limited by its cardiotoxicity. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the secretin/growth hormone-releasing hormone/vasoactive intestinal peptide family and has many functions, including cytoprotection and immunosuppression. We tested the hypothesis that PACAP can protect against MXT-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Female BALB/c mice were treated once weekly for 4 weeks with saline (n=14) or MXT (3mg/kg, i.p.; n=14). Half of the mice in each group received PACAP (10μg, i.p.) 1h before and 24 and 48h after MXT, while the remaining mice received injections of saline on the same schedule. Echocardiography was used to assess cardiac structure and function. In mice treated with MXT and saline, body weight was significantly reduced after the third dose of MXT. PACAP significantly attenuated the reduction in body weight; however, the weights did not return to control level. Compared to controls, MXT-treated mice had significantly increased left ventricular (LV) diameter and LV volume and decreased LV posterior wall thickness. Fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) were also significantly decreased. Treatment with PACAP prevented MXT-induced LV dilation and significantly attenuated the reductions in FS and EF, although FS and EF did not return to control level. PACAP38 did not prevent MXT-induced decreases in LV posterior wall thickness. MXT dose-dependently decreased the viability of cultured U937 (human leukemia) cells; PACAP did not protect cultured U937 cells from MXT-mediated cell death. In conclusion, PACAP can attenuate MXT-mediated LV dilation and dysfunction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Subramaniam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, United States
| | - Gin Chuang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, United States
| | - Huijing Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, United States; Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, United States
| | - Brendan Burn
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, United States
| | - Jessica Bradley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, United States; Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, United States
| | - Jerome L Maderdrut
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, United States
| | - David H Coy
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, United States
| | - Kurt J Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, United States; Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, United States.
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Emery AC, Alvarez RA, Abboud P, Xu W, Westover CD, Eiden MV, Eiden LE. C-terminal amidation of PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 is dispensable for biological activity at the PAC1 receptor. Peptides 2016; 79:39-48. [PMID: 26976270 PMCID: PMC4842133 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PACAP-27 and PACAP-38 are the exclusive physiological ligands for the mammalian PAC1 receptor. The role of C-terminal amidation of these ligands at that receptor was examined in neuroendocrine cells expressing the PAC1 receptor endogenously and in non-neuroendocrine cells in which the human and rat PAC1 receptors were expressed from stable single-copy genes driven by the CMV promoter, providing stoichiometrically appropriate levels of this Gs-coupled GPCR in order to examine the potency and intrinsic activity of PACAP ligands and their des-amidated congeners. We found that replacement of the C-terminal glycine residues of PACAP-27 and -38 with a free acid; or extension of either peptide with the two to three amino acids normally found at these positions in PACAP processing intermediates in vivo following endoproteolytic cleavage and after exoproteolytic trimming and glycine-directed amidated, were equivalent in potency to the fully processed peptides in a variety of cell-based assays. These included real-time monitoring of cyclic AMP generation in both NS-1 neuroendocrine cells and non-neuroendocrine HEK293 cells; PKA-dependent gene activation in HEK293 cells; and neuritogenesis and cell growth arrest in NS-1 cells. The specific implications for the role of amidation in arming of secretin-related neuropeptides for biological function, and the general implications for neuropeptide-based delivery in the context of gene therapy, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Emery
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan A Alvarez
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philip Abboud
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenqin Xu
- Section on Directed Gene Transfer, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Craig D Westover
- Section on Directed Gene Transfer, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maribeth V Eiden
- Section on Directed Gene Transfer, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Molecular mechanisms underlying the Nephroprotective effects of PACAP in diabetes. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:300-9. [PMID: 24535559 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure and accounts for 30-40 % of patients entering renal transplant programmes. The nephroprotective effects of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP38) against diabetes have been shown previously, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects remain unknown. In the present study, we showed that PACAP treatment counteracted the diabetes-induced increase in the level of the proapoptotic pp38MAPK and cleaved caspase-3 and also decreased the p60 subunit of NFκB. The examined antiapoptotic factors, including pAkt and pERK1/2, showed a slight increase in the diabetic kidneys, while PACAP treatment resulted in a notable elevation of these proteins. PCR and Western blot revealed the downregulation of fibrotic markers, like collagen IV and TGF-β1 in the kidney. PACAP treatment resulted in increased expression of the antioxidant glutathione. We conclude that the nephroprotective effect of PACAP in diabetes is, at least partly, due to its antiapoptotic, antifibrotic and antioxidative effect in addition to the previously described antiinflammatory effect.
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Targeting VIP and PACAP receptor signalling: new therapeutic strategies in multiple sclerosis. ASN Neuro 2011; 3:AN20110024. [PMID: 21895607 PMCID: PMC3189630 DOI: 10.1042/an20110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MS (multiple sclerosis) is a chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative pathology of the CNS (central nervous system) affecting approx. 2.5 million people worldwide. Current and emerging DMDs (disease-modifying drugs) predominantly target the immune system. These therapeutic agents slow progression and reduce severity at early stages of MS, but show little activity on the neurodegenerative component of the disease. As the latter determines permanent disability, there is a critical need to pursue alternative modalities. VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) and PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide) have potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions, and have shown significant activity in animal inflammatory disease models including the EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis) MS model. Thus, their receptors have become candidate targets for inflammatory diseases. Here, we will discuss the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective actions of VIP and PACAP and their signalling pathways, and then extensively review the structure–activity relationship data and biophysical interaction studies of these peptides with their cognate receptors.
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