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Characterization by Gene Expression Analysis of Two Groups of Dopaminergic Cells Isolated from the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030367. [PMID: 36979058 PMCID: PMC10045757 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is one of two regions of the mammalian brain which undergo continuous neuronal replacement during adulthood. A significant fraction of the cells added in adulthood to the bulbar circuitry is constituted by dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We took advantage of a peculiar property of dopaminergic neurons in transgenic mice expressing eGFP under the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter: while DA neurons located in the glomerular layer (GL) display full electrophysiological maturation, eGFP+ cells in the mitral layer (ML) show characteristics of immature cells. In addition, they also display a lower fluorescence intensity, possibly reflecting different degrees of maturation. To investigate whether this difference in maturation might be confirmed at the gene expression level, we used a fluorescence-activated cell sorting technique on enzymatically dissociated cells of the OB. The cells were divided into two groups based on their level of fluorescence, possibly corresponding to immature ML cells and fully mature DA neurons from the GL. Semiquantitative real-time PCR was performed to detect the level of expression of genes linked to the degree of maturation of DA neurons. We showed that indeed the cells expressing low eGFP fluorescence are immature neurons. Our method can be further used to explore the differences between these two groups of DA neurons.
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Bell AH, DeMonte F, Raza SM, Rhines LD, Tatsui CE, Prieto VG, Fuller GN, Bell D. Transcriptome comparison identifies potential biomarkers of spine and skull base chordomas. Virchows Arch 2017; 472:489-497. [PMID: 28844110 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chordomas are rare, slowly growing, locally aggressive bone neoplasms that arise from embryonic remnants of the notochord, showing dual epithelial-mesenchymal differentiation. The high plasticity probably is the main reason for the high variety in phenotypes of chordoma, from its high heterogeneity on a cellular level to its subtype variations depending on tissue location, with its potential to develop from an inactive quiescent form to an aggressive cancer with extreme adaptability and resistance to drugs and other treatments. Gene expression profiles of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skull chordoma, spine chordoma, and normal tissue specimens were generated and compared. Using strict criteria, we identified 222 differentially expressed transcripts unique to skull base chordoma, 261 unique to spine chordoma, and 192 common to both chordoma subtypes. Further analysis of these three groups of transcripts allowed the selection of three subsets of highly differentially expressed genes as potential biomarkers, disease drivers, and therapeutic targets in both chordoma subtypes. Immunohistochemistry revealed LMX1A to be dominant in skull base chordoma, SALL3 to be unique to spine chordoma, and T to be common to both chordoma subtypes. In both chordoma subtypes, the genes with the highest expression were predominantly development-related genes, mostly transcription factors. Our findings indicate that these developmental genes play important oncogenic roles in chordoma, mainly causing high plasticity and resistance to therapy in both these cancer subtypes but also determining their differentiation status and proliferation activity, pointing to features expected of heterogeneous stem cell-like tissues with similarities to their notochord origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim H Bell
- Pathology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Pathology Research Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Franco DeMonte
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Neurosurgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaan M Raza
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Neurosurgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laurence D Rhines
- Neurosurgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudio E Tatsui
- Neurosurgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Pathology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gregory N Fuller
- Pathology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Diana Bell
- Pathology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Head and Neck Surgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Ravi N, Sanchez-Guardado L, Lois C, Kelsch W. Determination of the connectivity of newborn neurons in mammalian olfactory circuits. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:849-867. [PMID: 27695873 PMCID: PMC11107630 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory bulb is a forebrain structure just one synapse downstream from the olfactory sensory neurons and performs the complex computations of sensory inputs. The formation of this sensory circuit is shaped through activity-dependent and cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that cell-type specific connectivity and the organization of synapses in dendritic compartments are determined through cell-intrinsic programs already preset in progenitor cells. These progenitor programs give rise to subpopulations within a neuron type that have distinct synaptic organizations. The intrinsically determined formation of distinct synaptic organizations requires factors from contacting cells that match the cell-intrinsic programs. While certain genes control wiring within the newly generated neurons, other regulatory genes provide intercellular signals and are only expressed in neurons that will form contacts with the newly generated cells. Here, the olfactory system has provided a useful model circuit to reveal the factors regulating assembly of the highly structured connectivity in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namasivayam Ravi
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luis Sanchez-Guardado
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Carlos Lois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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Bonzano S, Bovetti S, Gendusa C, Peretto P, De Marchis S. Adult Born Olfactory Bulb Dopaminergic Interneurons: Molecular Determinants and Experience-Dependent Plasticity. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:189. [PMID: 27199651 PMCID: PMC4858532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is a highly plastic brain region involved in the early processing of olfactory information. A remarkably feature of the OB circuits in rodents is the constitutive integration of new neurons that takes place during adulthood. Newborn cells in the adult OB are mostly inhibitory interneurons belonging to chemically, morphologically and functionally heterogeneous types. Although there is general agreement that adult neurogenesis in the OB plays a key role in sensory information processing and olfaction-related plasticity, the contribution of each interneuron subtype to such functions is far to be elucidated. Here, we focus on the dopaminergic (DA) interneurons: we highlight recent findings about their morphological features and then describe the molecular factors required for the specification/differentiation and maintenance of the DA phenotype in adult born neurons. We also discuss dynamic changes of the DA interneuron population related to age, environmental stimuli and lesions, and their possible functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonzano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTorino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of TurinOrbassano, Italy
| | - Serena Bovetti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Gendusa
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Peretto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTorino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of TurinOrbassano, Italy
| | - Silvia De Marchis
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTorino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of TurinOrbassano, Italy
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Díaz-Guerra E, Pignatelli J, Nieto-Estévez V, Vicario-Abejón C. Transcriptional Regulation of Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1364-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Díaz-Guerra
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII); Madrid Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII); Madrid Spain
| | - Vanesa Nieto-Estévez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII); Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Vicario-Abejón
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII); Madrid Spain
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