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Miciński B, Jana B, Całka J. Uterine Inflammation Changes the Expression of Cholinergic Neurotransmitters and Decreases the Population of AChE-Positive, Uterus-Innervating Neurons in the Paracervical Ganglion of Sexually Mature Gilts. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131676. [PMID: 35804576 PMCID: PMC9264917 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endometritis, both with non-infectious and infectious backgrounds, is one of the most prevalent pathological states among domestic animals. In animals, it generates severe economic problems, including lowered reproductive indices and rising medical treatment costs, and in women, it might lead to severe fertility impairment. In order to determine how the autonomic nervous system responds to such a pathological state, an experimental group of pigs were treated with Escherichia coli injection into the uterine horns, and several ganglions responsible for innervation of this organ were examined, including the paracervical ganglion located on both sides of the broad ligament of the uterus. The results clearly showed a strong impact of the inflammation on the chemical coding of neurons, some even synthesizing neurotransmitters de novo such as the GAL-expressing perikarya. Additionally, applied injections decreased the number of parasympathetic, acetylcholinesterase-expressing neurons implying the importance of the cholinergic population to keep the inflammation under control. The obtained data serve as a basis for the future implementation of modern treatment and enhancements in animal breeding. Abstract The focus of this study was based on examining the impact of endometritis on the chemical coding of the paracervical ganglion (PCG) perikaryal populations supplying pig uterus. Four weeks after the injection of Fast Blue retrograde tracer into uterine horns, either the Escherichia coli (E. coli) suspension or saline solution was applied to both horns. Laparotomy treatment was performed for the control group. Uterine cervices containing PCG were extracted on the eighth day after previous treatments. Subsequent macroscopic and histopathologic examinations acknowledged the severe form of acute endometritis in the E. coli-treated gilts, whereas double-labeling immunofluorescence procedures allowed changes to be analyzed in the PCG perikaryal populations coded with vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and/or somatostatin (SOM), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), galanin (GAL). The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) detection method was used to check for the presence and changes in the expression of this enzyme and further confirm the presence of cholinergic perikarya in PCG. Treatment with E. coli resulted in an increase in VAChT+/VIP+, VAChT+/VIP−, VAChT+/SOM+, VAChT+/SOM−, VAChT+/GAL− and VAChT+/nNOS− PCG uterine perikarya. An additional increase was noted in the non-cholinergic VIP-, SOM- and nNOS-immunopositive populations, as well as a decrease in the number of cholinergic nNOS-positive perikarya. Moreover, the population of cholinergic GAL-expressing perikarya that appeared in the E. coli-injected gilts and E. coli injections lowered the number of AChE-positive perikarya. The neurochemical characteristics of the cholinergic uterine perikarya of the PCG were altered and influenced by the pathological state (inflammation of the uterus). These results may indicate the additional influence of such a state on the functioning of this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Miciński
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (B.J.); Tel.: +48-89-523-44-61 (B.M.); +48-89-539-31-37 (B.J.)
| | - Barbara Jana
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (B.J.); Tel.: +48-89-523-44-61 (B.M.); +48-89-539-31-37 (B.J.)
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Miciński B, Jana B, Całka J. Endometritis decreases the population of uterine neurons in the paracervical ganglion and changes the expression of sympathetic neurotransmitters in sexually mature gilts. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:240. [PMID: 34246257 PMCID: PMC8272255 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The focus of the study was to examine the impact of the inflamed uterus on the population of the paracervical ganglion (PCG) uterus-innervating perikarya and their chemical coding. Fast Blue retrograde tracer was injected into the wall of uterine horns on the 17th day of the first studied estrous cycle. After 28 days, either Escherichia coli suspension or saline was applied to the horns of the uterus, whereas the control group received laparotomy only. Eight days after the above-mentioned procedures, uterine cervices with PCG were collected. Both macroscopic and histopathologic examinations confirmed severe acute endometritis in the Escherichia coli-injected uteri. The double immunofluorescence method was used to analyze changes in the PCG populations coded with dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) and/or neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). RESULTS The use of Escherichia coli lowered the total number of Fast Blue-positive neurons. Moreover, an increase in DβH+/VIP+, DβH+/NPY+, DβH+/SOM + and DβH+/nNOS + expressing perikarya was noted. A rise in non-noradrenergic VIP-, SOM- and nNOS-immunopositive populations was also recorded, as well as a drop in DβH-positive neurotransmitter-negative neurons. CONCLUSIONS To sum up, inflammation of the uterus has an impact on the neurochemical properties of the uterine perikarya in PCG, possibly affecting the functions of the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Miciński
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Barbara Jana
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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Jana B, Meller K, Czajkowska M, Całka J. Long-term estradiol-17β exposure decreases the cholinergic innervation pattern of the pig ovary. Ann Anat 2018; 216:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jana B, Palus K, Meller K, Całka J. Porcine dorsal root ganglia ovarian neurons are affected by long lasting testosterone treatment. Physiol Res 2017; 65:1019-1030. [PMID: 27959574 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of testosterone overdose on the number, distribution and chemical coding of ovarian neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) in pigs. On day 3 of the estrous cycle, the ovaries of both the control and experimental gilts were injected with retrograde tracer Fast Blue. From day 4 of the estrous cycle to the expected day 20 of the second studied cycle, the experimental gilts were injected with testosterone, while the control gilts received oil. After the completion of the protocol the Th16-L5 DRGs were collected. Injections of testosterone increased the testosterone (~3.5 fold) and estradiol-17beta (~1.6 fold) levels in the peripheral blood, and reduced the following in the DRGs: the total number of the Fast Blue-positive perikarya, the population of perikarya in the L2-L4 ganglia, and the numbers of SP(+)/CGRP(+), SP(+)/PACAP(+), SP(+)/nNOS(+) and SP(-)/nNOS(+) perikarya. In the testosterone-injected gilts, the populations of SP(+)CGRP(-), small and large androgen receptors-expressing perikarya were increased. These results suggest that elevated androgen levels during pathological states may regulate the transmission of sensory modalities from the ovary to the spinal cord, and antidromic regulation of the ovarian functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jana
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Jana B, Meller KA, Bulc M, Całka J. Long-term treatment with testosterone alters ovary innervation in adult pigs. J Ovarian Res 2016; 9:64. [PMID: 27724935 PMCID: PMC5057494 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-016-0273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraovarian distribution and density of nerve fibres immunoreactive (IR) to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and containing dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL) were determined. METHODS From day 4 of the first oestrous cycle to day 20 of the second studied cycle, experimental gilts (n = 3) were injected with testosterone (T), while control gilts (n = 3) received corn oil. RESULTS After T administration the numbers of fibres IR to PGP 9.5 and fibres IR to DβH, NPY and SOM were decreased. Fewer PGP 9.5- and DβH-IR terminals were observed within the ground plexus and around arteries and medullar veins, and medium tertiary follicles, and DβH-IR terminals in the vicinity of small tertiary follicles. T decreased the density of NPY-IR fibres in the medullar part of the ground plexus, and SOM-IR in the cortical part of the ground plexus. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data show that long-term T treatment of gilts decreases the total number of intraovarian fibres, including sympathetic ones. These results suggest that elevated T levels that occur during pathological states may affect the innervation pattern of ovaries, and their function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jana
- Division of Biology Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, 10-748 Poland
| | - Karolina A. Meller
- Division of Biology Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, 10-748 Poland
| | - Michał Bulc
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, 10-718 Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, 10-718 Poland
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Morphological and neurochemical characterization of the ovarian sympathetic chain ganglia perikarya in testosterone-treated sexually matured pigs. Ann Anat 2015; 202:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mónica Brauer M, Smith PG. Estrogen and female reproductive tract innervation: cellular and molecular mechanisms of autonomic neuroplasticity. Auton Neurosci 2014; 187:1-17. [PMID: 25530517 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The female reproductive tract undergoes remarkable functional and structural changes associated with cycling, conception and pregnancy, and it is likely advantageous to both individual and species to alter relationships between reproductive tissues and innervation. For several decades, it has been appreciated that the mammalian uterus undergoes massive sympathetic axon depletion in late pregnancy, possibly representing an adaptation to promote smooth muscle quiescence and sustained blood flow. Innervation to other structures such as cervix and vagina also undergo pregnancy-related changes in innervation that may facilitate parturition. These tissues provide highly tractable models for examining cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nervous system plasticity. Studies show that estrogen elicits rapid degeneration of sympathetic terminal axons in myometrium, which regenerate under low-estrogen conditions. Degeneration is mediated by the target tissue: under estrogen's influence, the myometrium produces proteins repulsive to sympathetic axons including BDNF, neurotrimin, semaphorins, and pro-NGF, and extracellular matrix components are remodeled. Interestingly, nerve depletion does not involve diminished levels of classical sympathetic neurotrophins that promote axon growth. Estrogen also affects sympathetic neuron neurotrophin receptor expression in ways that appear to favor pro-degenerative effects of the target tissue. In contrast to the uterus, estrogen depletes vaginal autonomic and nociceptive axons, with the latter driven in part by estrogen-induced suppression of BMP4 synthesis. These findings illustrate that hormonally mediated physiological plasticity is a highly complex phenomenon involving multiple, predominantly repulsive target-derived factors acting in concert to achieve rapid and selective reductions in innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mónica Brauer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Peter G Smith
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; Institute for Neurological Discoveries, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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Jana B, Całka J, Bulc M, Czarzasta J. Long-term testosterone administration affects the number of paracervical ganglion ovary-projecting neurons in sexually mature gilts. Neurosci Res 2014; 83:89-96. [PMID: 24572298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The influence of testosterone (T) overdose on the number and distribution of ovarian neurons in the paracervical ganglion (PCG) in pigs was examined. To identify the ovarian neurons, on day 3 of the estrous cycle, the ovaries of both the control and experimental gilts were injected with retrograde neuronal tracer Fast Blue. From next day to the expected day 20 of the second studied cycle, experimental gilts were injected with T, while control gilts received oil. The PCG was then collected and processed for double-labeling immunofluorescence. T injections increased the T (∼3.5-fold) and estradiol-17β (∼1.6-fold) levels in the peripheral blood, and reduced the following in the PCG: the total number of Fast Blue-positive neurons, the number of perikarya in the lateral part of the PCG, the numbers of VAChT(+)/SOM(+), VAChT(+)/VIP(+), VAChT(+)/nNOS(+), VAChT(+)/VIP(-), VAChT(+)/DβH(-), VAChT(-)/SOM(-), VAChT(-)/VIP(-), VAChT(-)/nNOS(-) and VAChT(-)/DβH(-) perikarya, In the T-affected PCG, the populations of ovarian perikarya coded VAChT(-)/SOM(+), VAChT(-)/VIP(+) and VAChT(-)/DβH(+), and expressing androgen receptor were increased. After T treatment within the PCG dropped the density of nerve fibers expressing VAChT and/or SOM, VIP, DβH. Obtained data suggest that elevated androgen levels occurring during pathological processes may regulate ovary function(s) by affecting the PCG gonad-supplying neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jana
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - J Całka
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - M Bulc
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - J Czarzasta
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Kozłowska A, Majewski M, Jana B. Changes in the cholinergic innervation pattern of porcine ovaries with cysts induced by dexamethasone administration. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:10-9. [PMID: 24519145 PMCID: PMC4125811 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We revealed earlier that induction of ovarian cysts in gilts by dexamethasone phosphate disodium salt (DXM) administration from the follicular phase of the estrous cycle (EC) changed the cholinergic innervation of the gonad. In the present study, the innervation of porcine ovaries by vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT)-, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and somatostatin (SOM)-immunoreactive (IR) fibres, after induction of cystic changes from the middle luteal phase of the EC, was determined. The cystic changes were induced by DXM injections from days 7 to 21 of the EC, and 11 days later, the ovaries were collected. In the cystic ovaries, VAChT-, nNOS- and SOM-IR fibres were found around cysts and small tertiary follicles; nNOS-IR and also VAChT-IR fibres were observed near secondary follicles and veins; and VAChT- and nNOS-IR fibres were not found around cortical arteries. The number of VIP-IR fibres increased near the cysts and within the ground plexus, while the number of VAChT-IR fibres decreased within the medullar part of this structure. Thus, our study showed changes in the cholinergic innervation pattern of the porcine cystic ovaries induced from the middle phase of the cycle and confirmed that cystic ovary innervation depends partly on the phase of the EC in which the induction of cysts was started.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kozłowska
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland,
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Jana B, Rytel L, Czarzasta J, Całka J. Reduction of the number of neurones in the caudal mesenteric ganglion innervating the ovary in sexually mature gilts following testosterone administration. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:826-38. [PMID: 23763306 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of testosterone on the morphological and chemical plasticity of the porcine caudal mesenteric ganglion (CaMG) ovary-projecting neurones was investigated. To identify the neurones on day 3 of the oestrous cycle, the ovaries of both the control and experimental gilts were injected with Fast Blue retrograde neuronal tracer. From next day until day 20 of the anticipated second studied cycle, experimental gilts were injected with testosterone, whereas control gilts received oil. Testosterone injections increased testosterone (by approximately 3.5-fold) and 17β-oestradiol (by approximately 1.6-fold) levels in the peripheral blood and decreased the following in the CaMG: the total number of Fast Blue-positive perikarya (including small ones); the population of small perikarya in the caudal, ventral and dorsal ganglional regions; the numbers of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) and/or neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL) small and large perikarya; the numbers of small perikarya containing DβH (but not NPY, SOM, GAL); and the density of DβH and/or NPY, SOM nerve fibres. A disappearance of small and large non-noradrenergic perikarya and an increase in the total number of androgen receptor-immunoreactive perikarya was noted. Our results suggest that elevated androgen levels occurring during pathological states may regulate ovary function(s) by affecting the CaMG gonad-supplying neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jana
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
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