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Almeida F, Ferreira IL, Naia L, Marinho D, Vilaça-Ferreira AC, Costa MD, Duarte-Silva S, Maciel P, Rego AC. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Decreased Cytochrome c in Cell and Animal Models of Machado-Joseph Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2397. [PMID: 37830611 PMCID: PMC10571982 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been described in many neurodegenerative disorders; however, there is less information regarding mitochondrial deficits in Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), a polyglutamine (polyQ) disorder caused by CAG repeat expansion in the ATXN3 gene. In the present study, we characterized the changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis markers in two MJD models, CMVMJD135 (MJD135) transgenic mice at a fully established phenotype stage and tetracycline-regulated PC6-3 Q108 cell line expressing mutant ataxin-3 (mATXN3). We detected mATXN3 in the mitochondrial fractions of PC6-3 Q108 cells, suggesting the interaction of expanded ATXN3 with the organelle. Interestingly, in both the cerebella of the MJD135 mouse model and in PC6-3 Q108 cells, we found decreased mitochondrial respiration, ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential, strongly suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction in MJD. Also, in PC6-3 Q108 cells, an additional enhanced glycolytic flux was observed. Supporting the functional deficits observed in MJD mitochondria, MJD135 mouse cerebellum and PC6-3 Q108 cells showed reduced cytochrome c mRNA and protein levels. Overall, our findings show compromised mitochondrial function associated with decreased cytochrome c levels in both cell and animal models of MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Almeida
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.A.); (I.L.F.); (L.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Ildete L. Ferreira
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.A.); (I.L.F.); (L.N.); (D.M.)
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luana Naia
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.A.); (I.L.F.); (L.N.); (D.M.)
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Marinho
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.A.); (I.L.F.); (L.N.); (D.M.)
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Vilaça-Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.C.V.-F.); (M.D.C.); (S.D.-S.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marta D. Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.C.V.-F.); (M.D.C.); (S.D.-S.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.C.V.-F.); (M.D.C.); (S.D.-S.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.C.V.-F.); (M.D.C.); (S.D.-S.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A. Cristina Rego
- CNC-UC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.A.); (I.L.F.); (L.N.); (D.M.)
- FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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2
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 Is Linked to VDAC1 Deubiquitination. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115933. [PMID: 35682609 PMCID: PMC9180688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. Metabolic defects, a symptom which can result from dysfunctional mitochondria, are also present in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado–Joseph disease, the most frequent, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative ataxia worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported for several neurodegenerative disorders and ataxin-3 is known to deubiquitinylate parkin, a key protein required for canonical mitophagy. In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial function and mitophagy in a patient-derived SCA3 cell model. Human fibroblast lines isolated from SCA3 patients were immortalized and characterized. SCA3 patient fibroblasts revealed circular, ring-shaped mitochondria and featured reduced OXPHOS complexes, ATP production and cell viability. We show that wildtype ataxin-3 deubiquitinates VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1), a member of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and a parkin substrate. In SCA3 patients, VDAC1 deubiquitination and parkin recruitment to the depolarized mitochondria is inhibited. Increased p62-linked mitophagy, autophagosome formation and autophagy is observed under disease conditions, which is in line with mitochondrial fission. SCA3 fibroblast lines demonstrated a mitochondrial phenotype and dysregulation of parkin-VDAC1-mediated mitophagy, thereby promoting mitochondrial quality control via alternative pathways.
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Ding D, Chen Z, Wang C, Tang X, Zhang L, Fang Q, Qiu R, Jiang H. A Variant in Genes of the NPY System as Modifier Factor of Machado-Joseph Disease in the Chinese Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:822657. [PMID: 35185528 PMCID: PMC8851415 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.822657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, NPY overexpression has been proposed to alleviate motor deficits and neuropathy in Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) mouse models, indicating its neuroprotective role in the pathogenesis of MJD. We aimed to evaluate the association between SNPs in NPY and its receptors and the susceptibility of MJD in the Chinese population. Moreover, we investigated whether these SNPs modulate the age at onset (AO) of MJD. In total, 527 MJD patients and 487 healthy controls were enrolled in the study, and four specific selected SNPs (rs16139, rs3037354, rs2234759, and rs11100494) in NPY and its receptor genes were genotyped. In this study, the genotypic frequency using the dominant model and the allelic distribution of rs11100494 in NPY5R revealed a significant difference between the MJD and control group during the first-stage analysis (P = 0.048 and P = 0.024, respectively). After we expanded the sample size, significant differences were observed between the two groups using the dominant model in genotypic and allelic distribution (P = 0.034, P = 0.046, and P = 0.016, respectively). No significant differences in genotypic and allelic distribution were found between the MJD and control groups for the other three SNPs. All selected SNPs had no significant effect on the AO of MJD. The association of rs11100494 in the NPY5R gene and susceptibility of MJD suggested that the NPY system might be implicated in the pathogenesis of MJD. Our study demonstrated the existence of other genetic modifiers in MJD, along with CAG expansion and known genetic modifier factors, which might lead to a better understanding of MJD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Jiang,
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Moreira R, Mendonça LS, Pereira de Almeida L. Extracellular Vesicles Physiological Role and the Particular Case of Disease-Spreading Mechanisms in Polyglutamine Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212288. [PMID: 34830171 PMCID: PMC8621536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research demonstrated pathological spreading of the disease-causing proteins from one focal point across other brain regions for some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Spreading mediated by extracellular vesicles is one of the proposed disease-spreading mechanisms. Extracellular vesicles are cell membrane-derived vesicles, used by cells for cell-to-cell communication and excretion of toxic components. Importantly, extracellular vesicles carrying pathological molecules, when internalized by "healthy" cells, may trigger pathological pathways and, consequently, promote disease spreading to neighboring cells. Polyglutamine diseases are a group of genetic neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of mutant misfolded proteins carrying an expanded tract of glutamines, including Huntington's and Machado-Joseph disease. The pathological spread of the misfolded proteins or the corresponding mutant mRNA has been explored. The understanding of the disease-spreading mechanism that plays a key role in the pathology progression of these diseases can result in the development of effective therapeutic approaches to stop disease progression, arresting the spread of the toxic components and disease aggravation. Therefore, the present review's main focus is the disease-spreading mechanisms with emphasis on polyglutamine diseases and the putative role played by extracellular vesicles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana S. Mendonça
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.S.M.); (L.P.d.A.); Tel.: +351-239-820-190 (L.S.M.)
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.S.M.); (L.P.d.A.); Tel.: +351-239-820-190 (L.S.M.)
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5
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Yuan H, Yang H, Peng L, Peng Y, Chen Z, Wan L, Wang C, Shi Y, Zhang VW, Tang B, Qiu R, Jiang H. Profiling of mitochondrial genomes in SCA3/MJD patients from mainland China. Gene 2020; 738:144487. [PMID: 32087274 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, also known as Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD), is the most common type of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. Few studies focused on the changes of the whole mitochondrial genomes of SCA3/MJD patients and its relationship with the pathogenesis of SCA3/MJD. We adapted one-step long-range PCR to amplify the entire mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) followed by next-generation sequencing technology to investigate the information of whole mitochondrial genomes in 38 SCA3/MJD patients and 31 healthy controls from mainland China. Compared to the healthy control group, the mitochondrial variations in SCA3/MJD patients were more concentrated in the tRNA-transcribed genes which were further found to be potentially associated with the pathogenesis of SCA3/MJD by SKAT-O analysis. However, owning variations in tRNA-transcribed genes could not affect the age of onset (AO) of SCA3/MJD patients. We also noticed that the variant loads greater than 90% took up more in SCA3/MJD patients than in controls. Moreover, from our preliminary study, compared to the patients whose ages of onset were elder than 20, the mitochondrial genomes showed no difference in those AO less than 20. This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using the next-generation sequencing technology for mtDNA variant analysis of SCA3/MJD patients from mainland China. And this research enriches the genetic information of SCA3/MJD and provides a direction for further investigations about the mitochondrial genomes in SCA3/MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linliu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linlin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Victor Wei Zhang
- AmCare Genomics Laboratory, Guangzhou, China; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, Xinjiang, China.
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6
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Da Silva JD, Teixeira-Castro A, Maciel P. From Pathogenesis to Novel Therapeutics for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3: Evading Potholes on the Way to Translation. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1009-1031. [PMID: 31691128 PMCID: PMC6985322 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the ATXN3 gene. In spite of the identification of a clear monogenic cause 25 years ago, the pathological process still puzzles researchers, impairing prospects for an effective therapy. Here, we propose the disruption of protein homeostasis as the hub of SCA3 pathogenesis, being the molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways that are deregulated in SCA3 downstream consequences of the misfolding and aggregation of ATXN3. Moreover, we attempt to provide a realistic perspective on how the translational/clinical research in SCA3 should evolve. This was based on molecular findings, clinical and epidemiological characteristics, studies of proposed treatments in other conditions, and how that information is essential for their (re-)application in SCA3. This review thus aims i) to critically evaluate the current state of research on SCA3, from fundamental to translational and clinical perspectives; ii) to bring up the current key questions that remain unanswered in this disorder; and iii) to provide a frame on how those answers should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Diogo Da Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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7
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Ramos A, Planchat M, Vieira Melo AR, Raposo M, Shamim U, Suroliya V, Srivastava AK, Faruq M, Morino H, Ohsawa R, Kawakami H, Bannach Jardim L, Saraiva-Pereira ML, Vasconcelos J, Santos C, Lima M. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and age at onset of Machado-Joseph disease/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: a study in patients from multiple populations. Eur J Neurol 2018; 26:506-512. [PMID: 30414314 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), an autosomal dominant late-onset polyglutamine ataxia that results from an unstable expansion of a CAG tract in the ATXN3 gene. The size of the CAG tract only partially explains age at onset (AO), highlighting the existence of disease modifiers. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups have been associated with clinical presentation in other polyglutamine disorders, constituting potential modifiers of MJD phenotype. METHODS A cross-sectional study, using 235 unrelated patients from Portugal, Brazil, India and Japan, was performed to investigate if mtDNA haplogroups contribute to AO of MJD. mtDNA haplogroups were obtained after sequencing the mtDNA hypervariable region I. Patients were classified in 15 phylogenetically related haplogroup clusters. RESULTS The AO was significantly different among populations, implying the existence of other non-CAG factors, which seem to be population specific. In the Portuguese population, patients classified as belonging to haplogroup JT presented the earliest onset (estimated onset 34.6 years of age). Haplogroups W and X seem to have a protective effect, causing a delay in onset (estimated onset 47 years of age). No significant association between haplogroup clusters and AO was detected in the other populations or when all patients were pooled. Although haplogroup JT has already been implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders, no previous reports of an association between haplogroups W and X and disease were found. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that haplogroups JT, W and X modify AO in MJD. Replication studies should be performed in European populations, where the frequency of the candidate modifiers is similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramos
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - M Planchat
- Departamento Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - A R Vieira Melo
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Raposo
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - U Shamim
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - V Suroliya
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India.,Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A K Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - M Faruq
- CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - H Morino
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute for Radiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - R Ohsawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute for Radiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H Kawakami
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute for Radiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - L Bannach Jardim
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M L Saraiva-Pereira
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J Vasconcelos
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital do Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
| | - C Santos
- Departamento Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - M Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Harmuth T, Prell-Schicker C, Weber JJ, Gellerich F, Funke C, Drießen S, Magg JCD, Krebiehl G, Wolburg H, Hayer SN, Hauser S, Krüger R, Schöls L, Riess O, Hübener-Schmid J. Mitochondrial Morphology, Function and Homeostasis Are Impaired by Expression of an N-terminal Calpain Cleavage Fragment of Ataxin-3. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:368. [PMID: 30364204 PMCID: PMC6192284 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial morphology and function have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease. Metabolic defects, resulting from dysfunctional mitochondria, have been reported in patients and respective animal models of all those diseases. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3), another neurodegenerative disorder, also presents with metabolic defects and loss of body weight in early disease stages although the possible role of mitochondrial dysfunction in SCA3 pathology is still to be determined. Interestingly, the SCA3 disease protein ataxin-3, which is predominantly localized in cytoplasm and nucleus, has also been associated with mitochondria in both its mutant and wildtype form. This observation provides an interesting link to a potential mitochondrial involvement of mutant ataxin-3 in SCA3 pathogenesis. Furthermore, proteolytic cleavage of ataxin-3 has been shown to produce toxic fragments and even overexpression of artificially truncated forms of ataxin-3 resulted in mitochondria deficits. Therefore, we analyzed the repercussions of expressing a naturally occurring N-terminal cleavage fragment of ataxin-3 and the influence of an endogenous expression of the S256 cleavage fragment in vitro and in vivo. In our study, expression of a fragment derived from calpain cleavage induced mitochondrial fragmentation and cristae alterations leading to a significantly decreased capacity of mitochondrial respiration and contributing to an increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Furthermore, analyzing mitophagy revealed activation of autophagy in the early pathogenesis with reduced lysosomal activity. In conclusion, our findings indicate that cleavage of ataxin-3 by calpains results in fragments which interfere with mitochondrial function and mitochondrial degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Harmuth
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Prell-Schicker
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonasz J Weber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Gellerich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Funke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Drießen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine C D Magg
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guido Krebiehl
- Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie N Hayer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannette Hübener-Schmid
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
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Matos CA, de Almeida LP, Nóbrega C. Machado-Joseph disease/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: lessons from disease pathogenesis and clues into therapy. J Neurochem 2018; 148:8-28. [PMID: 29959858 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an incurable disorder, widely regarded as the most common form of spinocerebellar ataxia in the world. MJD/SCA3 arises from mutation of the ATXN3 gene, but this simple monogenic cause contrasts with the complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms that are currently admitted to underlie neuronal dysfunction and death. The aberrantly expanded protein product - ataxin-3 - is known to aggregate and generate toxic species that disrupt several cell systems, including autophagy, proteostasis, transcription, mitochondrial function and signalling. Over the years, research into putative therapeutic approaches has often been devoted to the development of strategies that counteract disease at different stages of cellular pathogenesis. Silencing the pathogenic protein, blocking aggregation, inhibiting toxic proteolytic processing and counteracting dysfunctions of the cellular systems affected have yielded promising ameliorating results in studies with cellular and animal models. The current review analyses the available studies dedicated to the investigation of MJD/SCA3 pathogenesis and the exploration of possible therapeutic strategies, focusing primarily on gene therapy and pharmacological approaches rooted on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Matos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Coimbra, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Accumulation of Mitochondrial DNA Common Deletion Since The Preataxic Stage of Machado-Joseph Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:119-124. [PMID: 29679261 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular alterations reflecting pathophysiologic changes thought to occur many years before the clinical onset of Machado-Joseph disease (MJD)/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), a late-onset polyglutamine disorder, remain unidentified. The absence of molecular biomarkers hampers clinical trials, which lack sensitive measures of disease progression, preventing the identification of events occurring prior to clinical onset. Our aim was to analyse the mtDNA content and the amount of the common deletion (m.8482_13460del4977) in a cohort of 16 preataxic MJD mutation carriers, 85 MJD patients and 101 apparently healthy age-matched controls. Relative expression levels of RPPH1, MT-ND1 and MT-ND4 genes were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The mtDNA content was calculated as the difference between the expression levels of a mitochondrial gene (MT-ND1) and a nuclear gene (RPPH1); the amount of mtDNA common deletion was calculated as the difference between expression levels of a deleted (MT-ND4) and an undeleted (MT-ND1) mitochondrial genes. mtDNA content in MJD carriers was similar to that of healthy age-matched controls, whereas the percentage of the common deletion was significantly increased in MJD subjects, and more pronounced in the preclinical stage (p < 0.05). The BCL2/BAX ratio was decreased in preataxic carriers compared to controls, suggesting that the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway is altered in MJD. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that accumulation of common deletion starts in the preclinical stage. Such early alterations provide support to the current understanding that any therapeutic intervention in MJD should start before the overt clinical phenotype.
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11
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Lima M, Raposo M. Towards the Identification of Molecular Biomarkers of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3)/Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:309-319. [PMID: 29427111 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Whereas spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3)/Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) remains an untreatable disorder, disease-modifying compounds have begun being tested in the context of clinical trials; their success is dependent on the sensitivity of the methods used to measure subtle therapeutic benefits. Thus, efforts are being made to propose a battery of potential outcome measures, including molecular biomarkers (MBs), which remain to be identified; MBs are particularly pertinent if SCA3 trials are expected to enroll preataxic subjects. Recently, promising candidate MBs of SCA3 have emerged from gene expression studies. In this chapter we provide a synthesis of the cross-sectional and pilot longitudinal studies of blood-based transcriptional biomarkers conducted so far. Other alterations with potential to track the progression of SCA3, such as those involving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are also referred. It is expected that a set of molecular biomarkers can be identified; these will be used in complementarity with clinical and imaging markers to fully track SCA3, from its preataxic phase to the disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lima
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. .,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mafalda Raposo
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Kristensen LV, Oppermann FS, Rauen MJ, Fog K, Schmidt T, Schmidt J, Harmuth T, Hartmann-Petersen R, Thirstrup K. Mass spectrometry analyses of normal and polyglutamine expanded ataxin-3 reveal novel interaction partners involved in mitochondrial function. Neurochem Int 2018; 112:5-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Molecular Mechanisms and Cellular Pathways Implicated in Machado-Joseph Disease Pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1049:349-367. [PMID: 29427113 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71779-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is a dominantly inherited disorder originally described in people of Portuguese descent, and associated with the expansion of a CAG tract in the coding region of the causative gene MJD1/ATX3. The CAG repeats range from 10 to 51 in the normal population and from 55 to 87 in SCA3/MJD patients. MJD1 encodes ataxin-3, a protein whose physiological function has been linked to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Despite the identification of the causative mutation, the pathogenic process leading to the neurodegeneration observed in the disease is not yet completely understood. In the past years, several studies identified different molecular mechanisms and cellular pathways as being impaired or deregulated in MJD. Autophagy, proteolysis or post-translational modifications, among other processes, were implicated in MJD pathogenesis. From these studies it was possible to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, which in some cases proved successful in models of disease.
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Wang Z. Experimental and Clinical Strategies for Treating Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Neuroscience 2017; 371:138-154. [PMID: 29229556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), or Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the ataxin-3 protein. To date, there is no effective therapy available to prevent progression of this disease. However, clinical strategies for alleviating various symptoms are imperative to promote a better quality of life for SCA3/MJD patients. Furthermore, experimental therapeutic strategies, including gene silencing or mutant protein clearance, mutant polyQ protein modification, stabilizing the native protein conformation, rescue of cellular dysfunction and neuromodulation to slow the progression of SCA3/MJD, have been developed. In this study, based on the current knowledge, I detail the clinical and experimental therapeutic strategies for treating SCA3/MJD, paying particular attention to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Wang
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China.
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Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lacks the protection provided by the nucleosomes in the nuclear DNA and does not have a DNA repair mechanism, making it highly susceptible to damage, which can lead to mtDNA depletion. mtDNA depletion compromises the efficient function of cells and tissues and thus impacts negatively on health. Here, we describe a brief and easy protocol to quantify mtDNA copy number by determining the mtDNA/nDNA ratio. The procedure has been validated using a cohort of young and aged mice. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Quiros
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aashima Goyal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pooja Jha
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Chen S, Gan SR, Cai PP, Ni W, Zhou Q, Dong Y, Wang N, Wu ZY. Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 3 Polymorphism Associated with an Earlier Age at Onset in Male Machado-Joseph disease Patients. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 22:38-42. [PMID: 26336829 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the potential effect of six previously reported candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms on age at onset (AAO) among Chinese patients with Machado-Joseph disease (MJD). METHODS Three hundred and twenty-four unrelated molecular-confirmed MJD patients were recruited between January 2006 and December 2014. The screening of candidate polymorphisms was first performed in 173 subjects using the SNaPshot(®) Multiplex System. The mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (MT-ND3) polymorphism 10398A>G (rs2853826) was further verified with Sanger sequencing in additional 151 patients. RESULTS An inverse correlation was found between expanded CAG repeat length and AAO. The expanded CAG repeat length can explain 63% of AAO variance. The 10398A polymorphism was significantly associated with a 3-year earlier AAO in male patients with MJD (P = 0.001). Stepwise multiple regressions revealed that the 10398A polymorphism could account for nearly 2% of AAO variance in male patients. CONCLUSION Six candidate SNPs have been screened in Chinese patients with MJD. A remarkable earlier AAO was noted in male Chinese MJD patients with MT-ND3 gene 10398A polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Rui Gan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ping-Ping Cai
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wang Ni
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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