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Pirger Z, Urbán P, Gálik B, Kiss B, Tapodi A, Schmidt J, Tóth GK, Koene JM, Kemenes G, Reglődi D, Kiss T, Fodor I. Same same, but different: exploring the enigmatic role of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in invertebrate physiology. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00359-024-01706-5. [PMID: 38940930 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Evidence has been accumulating that elements of the vertebrate pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) system are missing in non-chordate genomes, which is at odds with the partial sequence-, immunohistochemical-, and physiological data in the literature. Multilevel experiments were performed on the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) to explore the role of PACAP in invertebrates. Screening of neuronal transcriptome and genome data did not reveal homologs to the elements of vertebrate PACAP system. Despite this, immunohistochemical investigations with an anti-human PAC1 receptor antibody yielded a positive signal in the neuronal elements in the heart. Although Western blotting of proteins extracted from the nervous system found a relevant band for PACAP-38, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analyses revealed no corresponding peptide fragments. Similarly to the effects reported in vertebrates, PACAP-38 significantly increased cAMP synthesis in the heart and had a positive ionotropic effect on heart preparations. Moreover, it significantly modulated the effects of serotonin and acetylcholine. Homologs to members of Cluster B receptors, which have shared common evolutionary origin with the vertebrate PACAP receptors, PTHRs, and GCGRs, were identified and shown not to be expressed in the heart, which does not support a potential role in the mediation of PACAP-induced effects. Our findings support the notion that the PACAP system emerged after the protostome-deuterostome divergence. Using antibodies against vertebrate proteins is again highlighted to have little/no value in invertebrate studies. The physiological effects of vertebrate PACAP peptides in protostomes, no matter how similar they are to those in vertebrates, should be considered non-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Pirger
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Bence Gálik
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Antal Tapodi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - János Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joris M Koene
- Ecology & Evolution, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - György Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - István Fodor
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
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Cardoso JCR, Garcia MG, Power DM. Tracing the Origins of the Pituitary Adenylate-Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP). Front Neurosci 2020; 14:366. [PMID: 32508559 PMCID: PMC7251081 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a well-conserved neuropeptide characteristic of vertebrates. This pluripotent hypothalamic neuropeptide regulates neurotransmitter release, intestinal motility, metabolism, cell division/differentiation, and immunity. In vertebrates, PACAP has a specific receptor (PAC1) but it can also activate the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). The evolution of the vertebrate PACAP ligand - receptor pair has been well-described. In contrast, the situation in invertebrates is much less clear. The PACAP ligand - receptor pair in invertebrates has mainly been studied using heterologous antibodies raised against mammalian peptides. A few partial PACAP cDNA clones sharing >87% aa identity with vertebrate PACAP have been isolated from a cnidarian, several protostomes and tunicates but no gene has been reported. Moreover, current evolutionary models of the peptide and receptors using molecular data from phylogenetically distinct invertebrate species (mostly nematodes and arthropods) suggests the PACAP ligand and receptors are exclusive to vertebrate genomes. A basal deuterostome, the cephalochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), is the only invertebrate in which elements of a PACAP-like system exists but the peptides and receptor share relatively low sequence conservation with the vertebrate homolog system and are a hybrid with the vertebrate glucagon system. In this study, the evolution of the PACAP system is revisited taking advantage of the burgeoning sequence data (genome and transcriptomes) available for invertebrates to uncover clues about when it first appeared. The results suggest that elements of the PACAP system are absent from protozoans, non-bilaterians, and protostomes and they only emerged after the protostome-deuterostome divergence. PACAP and its receptors appeared in vertebrate genomes and they probably shared a common ancestral origin with the cephalochordate PACAP/GCG-like system which after the genome tetraploidization events that preceded the vertebrate radiation generated the PACAP ligand and receptor pair and also the other members of the Secretin family peptides and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Manuel G Garcia
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Abstract
Dysregulation of neuropeptides may play an important role in aging-induced impairments. In the long list of neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) represents a highly effective cytoprotective peptide that provides an endogenous control against a variety of tissue-damaging stimuli. PACAP has neuro- and general cytoprotective effects due to anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions. As PACAP is also a part of the endogenous protective machinery, it can be hypothesized that the decreased protective effects in lack of endogenous PACAP would accelerate age-related degeneration and PACAP knockout mice would display age-related degenerative signs earlier. Recent results support this hypothesis showing that PACAP deficiency mimics aspects of age-related pathophysiological changes including increased neuronal vulnerability and systemic degeneration accompanied by increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Decrease in PACAP expression has been shown in different species from invertebrates to humans. PACAP-deficient mice display numerous pathological alterations mimicking early aging, such as retinal changes, corneal keratinization and blurring, and systemic amyloidosis. In the present review, we summarize these findings and propose that PACAP deficiency could be a good model of premature aging.
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Kiss T. Do terrestrial gastropods use olfactory cues to locate and select food actively? INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 28688004 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-017-0202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Having been investigated for over 40 years, some aspects of the biology of terrestrial gastropod's olfactory system have been challenging and highly contentious, while others still remain unresolved. For example, a number of terrestrial gastropod species can track the odor of food, while others have no strong preferences toward food odor; rather they find it by random encounter. Here, while assessing the most recent findings and comparing them with earlier studies, the aspects of the food selection based on olfactory cues are examined critically to highlight the speculations and controversies that have arisen. We analyzed and compared the potential role of airborne odors in the feeding behavior of several terrestrial gastropod species. The available results indicate that in the foraging of most of the terrestrial gastropod species odor cues contribute substantially to food finding and selection. The results also suggest, however, that what they will actually consume largely depends on where they live and the species of gastropod that they are. Due to the voluminous literature relevant to this object, this review is not intended to be exhaustive. Instead, I selected what I consider to be the most important or critical in studies regarding the role of the olfaction in feeding of terrestrial gastropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Kiss
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Klebelsberg Kuno Str. 2-3, Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
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Werling D, Banks WA, Salameh TS, Kvarik T, Kovacs LA, Vaczy A, Szabo E, Mayer F, Varga R, Tamas A, Toth G, Biro Z, Atlasz T, Reglodi D. Passage through the Ocular Barriers and Beneficial Effects in Retinal Ischemia of Topical Application of PACAP1-38 in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030675. [PMID: 28335564 PMCID: PMC5372685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has two active forms, PACAP1-27 and PACAP1-38. Among the well-established actions are PACAP’s neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects, which have also been proven in models of different retinopathies. The route of delivery is usually intravitreal in studies proving PACAP’s retinoprotective effects. Recently, we have shown that PACAP1-27 delivered as eye drops in benzalkonium-chloride was able to cross the ocular barriers and exert retinoprotection in ischemia. Since PACAP1-38 is the dominant form of the naturally occurring PACAP, our aim was to investigate whether the longer form is also able to cross the barriers and exert protective effects in permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), a model of retinal hypoperfusion. Our results show that radioactive PACAP1-38 eye drops could effectively pass through the ocular barriers to reach the retina. Routine histological analysis and immunohistochemical evaluation of the Müller glial cells revealed that PACAP1-38 exerted retinoprotective effects. PACAP1-38 attenuated the damage caused by hypoperfusion, apparent in almost all retinal layers, and it decreased the glial cell overactivation. Overall, our results confirm that PACAP1-38 given in the form of eye drops is a novel protective therapeutic approach to treat retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Werling
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pecs, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | - Timea Kvarik
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Laszlo Akos Kovacs
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Alexandra Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Flora Mayer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Rita Varga
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Gabor Toth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Biro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pecs, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
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Vaczy A, Reglodi D, Somoskeoy T, Kovacs K, Lokos E, Szabo E, Tamas A, Atlasz T. The Protective Role of PAC1-Receptor Agonist Maxadilan in BCCAO-Induced Retinal Degeneration. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:186-94. [PMID: 27566170 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have proven that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is protective in neurodegenerative diseases. Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) causes severe degeneration in the rat retina. In our previous studies, protective effects were observed with PACAP1-38, PACAP1-27, and VIP but not with their related peptides, glucagon, or secretin in BCCAO. All three PACAP receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) appear in the retina. Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the retinoprotective effects are most probably mainly mediated by the PAC1 receptor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the retinoprotective effects of a selective PAC1-receptor agonist maxadilan in BCCAO-induced retinopathy. Wistar rats were used in the experiment. After performing BCCAO, the right eye was treated with intravitreal maxadilan (0.1 or 1 μM), while the left eye was injected with vehicle. Sham-operated rats received the same treatment. Two weeks after the operation, retinas were processed for standard morphometric and molecular analysis. Intravitreal injection of 0.1 or 1 μM maxadilan caused significant protection in the thickness of most retinal layers and the number of cells in the GCL compared to the BCCAO-operated eyes. In addition, 1 μM maxadilan application was more effective than 0.1 μM maxadilan treatment in the ONL, INL, IPL, and the entire retina (OLM-ILM). Maxadilan treatment significantly decreased cytokine expression (CINC-1, IL-1α, and L-selectin) in ischemia. In summary, our histological and molecular analysis showed that maxadilan, a selective PAC1 receptor agonist, has a protective role in BCCAO-induced retinal degeneration, further supporting the role of PAC1 receptor conveying the retinoprotective effects of PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Somoskeoy
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - K Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Lokos
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Ifjusag Street 6, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary. .,Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
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Report on the 13th symposium on invertebrate neurobiology held 26-30 August 2015 at the Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for ecological research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:3. [PMID: 27149972 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-016-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes the lectures and posters presented at the International Society for Invertebrate Neurobiology's 13th symposium held 26-30 August 2015, at the Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary. The symposium provided an opportunity for scientists working on a range of topics in invertebrate neurobiology to meet and present their research and discuss ways to advance the discipline.
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