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Tóth D, Fábián E, Szabó E, Patkó E, Vicena V, Váczy A, Atlasz T, Tornóczky T, Reglődi D. Investigation of PACAP38 and PAC1 Receptor Expression in Human Retinoblastoma and the Effect of PACAP38 Administration on Human Y-79 Retinoblastoma Cells. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:185. [PMID: 38398694 PMCID: PMC10890153 DOI: 10.3390/life14020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma represents the most prevalent malignant neoplasm affecting the eyes in childhood. The clear-cut origin of retinoblastoma has not yet been determined; however, based on experiments, it has been suggested that RB1 loss in cone photoreceptors causes retinoblastoma. Pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide which has been shown to be affected in certain tumorous transformations, such as breast, lung, kidney, pancreatic, colon, and endocrine cancers. This study aimed to investigate potential changes in both PACAP38 and PAC1 receptor (PAC1R) expression in human retinoblastoma and the effect of PACAP38 administration on the survival of a human retinoblastoma cell line (Y-79). We analyzed human enucleation specimens removed because of retinoblastoma for PACAP38 and PAC1R immunostaining and the effect of PACAP38 on the survival of the Y-79 cell line. We described for the first time that human retinoblastoma cells from patients showed only perinuclear, dot-like immunopositivity for both PACAP38 and PAC1R, irrespective of laterality, genetic background, or histopathological features. Nanomolar (100 nM and 500 nM) PACAP38 concentrations had no effect on the viability of Y-79 cells, while micromolar (2 µM and 6 µM) PACAP38 significantly decreased tumor cell viability. These findings, along with general observations from animal studies showing that PACAP38 has strong anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects on ocular tissues, together suggest that PACAP38 and its analogs are promising candidates in retinoblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Tóth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fábián
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Edina Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Evelin Patkó
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Viktória Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Alexandra Váczy
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Tamás Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 6, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tornóczky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs Medical School and Clinical Center, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REN-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.S.); (E.P.); (V.V.); (A.V.); (T.A.); (D.R.)
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Tóth T, Alizadeh H, Polgár B, Csalódi R, Reglődi D, Tamás A. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of PACAP in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10801. [PMID: 37445974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide with well-known anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects. PACAP regulates the production of various proinflammatory factors and may influence the complex cytokine network of the bone marrow microenvironment altered by plasma cells, affecting the progression of multiple myeloma (MM) and the development of end-organ damage. The aim of our study was to investigate the changes in PACAP-38 levels in patients with MM to explore its value as a potential biomarker in this disease. We compared the plasma PACAP-38 levels of MM patients with healthy individuals by ELISA method and examined its relationship with various MM-related clinical and laboratory parameters. Lower PACAP-38 levels were measured in MM patients compared with the healthy controls, however, this difference vanished if the patient achieved any response better than partial response. In addition, lower peptide levels were found in elderly patients. Significantly higher PACAP-38 levels were seen in patients with lower stage, lower plasma cell infiltration in bone marrow, lower markers of tumor burden in serum, lower total urinary and Bence-Jones protein levels, and in patients after lenalidomide therapy. Higher PACAP-38 levels in newly diagnosed MM patients predicted longer survival and a higher probability of complete response to treatment. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that PACAP plays an important role in the pathomechanism of MM. Furthermore, our results suggest that PACAP might be used as a valuable, non-invasive, complementary biomarker in diagnosis, and may be utilized for prognosis prediction and response monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hussain Alizadeh
- 1st Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Polgár
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Renáta Csalódi
- Department of Hematology, Balassa János Hospital of Tolna County, 7100 Szekszárd, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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3
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Patko E, Szabo E, Toth D, Tornoczky T, Bosnyak I, Vaczy A, Atlasz T, Reglodi D. Distribution of PACAP and PAC1 Receptor in the Human Eye. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2176-2187. [PMID: 35253081 PMCID: PMC9726800 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. Several studies show that PACAP has strong cytoprotective effects mediated mostly through its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1-R) and it plays important roles in several pathological conditions. Its distribution and altered expression are known in various human tissues, but there is no descriptive data about PACAP and its receptors in the human eyebulb. Since PACAP38 is the dominant form of the naturally occurring PACAP, our aim was to investigate the distribution of PACAP38-like immunoreactivity in the human eye and to describe the presence of PAC1-R. Semiquantitative evaluation was performed after routine histology and immunohistochemical labeling on human eye sections. Our results showed high level of immunopositivity in the corneal epithelium and endothelium. Within the vascular layer, the iris and the ciliary body had strong immunopositivity for both PACAP and PAC1-R. Several layers of the retina showed immunoreactivity for PACAP and PAC1-R, but the ganglion cell layer had a special pattern in the immunolabeling. Labeling was observed in the neuropil within the optic nerve in both cases and glial cells displayed immunoreactivity for PAC1-R. In summary, our study indicates the widespread occurrence of PACAP and its specific receptor in the human eye, implying that the results from in vitro and animal studies have translational value and most probably are also present in the human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Patko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Tornoczky
- Department of Pathology, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Inez Bosnyak
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
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Li S, Huang J, Guo Y, Wang J, Lu S, Wang B, Gong Y, Qin S, Zhao S, Wang S, Liu Y, Fang Y, Guo Y, Xu Z, Ulloa L. PAC1 Receptor Mediates Electroacupuncture-Induced Neuro and Immune Protection During Cisplatin Chemotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714244. [PMID: 34552585 PMCID: PMC8450570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is an effective treatment used in multiple tumor treatments, but produces severe side effects including neurotoxicity, anemia, and immunosuppression, which limits its anti-tumor efficacy and increases the risk of infections. Electroacupuncture (EA) is often used to ameliorate these side effects, but its mechanism is unknown. Here, we report that EA on ST36 and SP6 prevents cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity and immunosuppression. EA induces neuroprotection, prevents pain-related neurotoxicity, preserves bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis, and peripheral levels of leukocytes. EA activates sympathetic BM terminals to release pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP). PACAP-receptor PAC1-antagonists abrogate the effects of EA, whereas PAC1-agonists mimic EA, prevent neurotoxicity, immunosuppression, and preserve BM hematopoiesis during cisplatin chemotherapy. Our results indicate that PAC1-agonists may provide therapeutic advantages during chemotherapy to treat patients with advanced neurotoxicity or neuropathies limiting EA efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Siru Qin
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Suhong Zhao
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shenjun Wang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongming Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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D’Amico AG, Maugeri G, Vanella L, Pittalà V, Reglodi D, D’Agata V. Multimodal Role of PACAP in Glioblastoma. Brain Sci 2021; 11:994. [PMID: 34439613 PMCID: PMC8391398 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11080994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the deadliest form of brain tumors. To date, the GBM therapeutical approach consists of surgery, radiation-therapy and chemotherapy combined with molecules improving cancer responsiveness to treatments. In this review, we will present a brief overview of the GBM classification and pathogenesis, as well as the therapeutic approach currently used. Then, we will focus on the modulatory role exerted by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, known as PACAP, on GBM malignancy. Specifically, we will describe PACAP ability to interfere with GBM cell proliferation, as well as the tumoral microenvironment. Considering its anti-oncogenic role in GBM, synthesis of PACAP agonist molecules may open new perspectives for combined therapy to existing gold standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D’Amico
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.G.D.); (L.V.); (V.P.)
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Luca Vanella
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.G.D.); (L.V.); (V.P.)
| | - Valeria Pittalà
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.G.D.); (L.V.); (V.P.)
| | - Dora Reglodi
- MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Velia D’Agata
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy;
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Abstract
AbstractPituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread occurrence and diverse functions. PACAP binds to specific PAC1 and non-specific VPAC1/2 receptors. PACAP is considered as a growth factor, as it plays important roles during development and participates in reparative processes. Highest concentrations are found in the nervous system and endocrine glands, where several functions are known, including actions in tissue growth, differentiation and tumour development. Therefore, we have investigated expression of PACAP and its receptors in different tumours, including those of endocrine glands. We showed earlier that PACAP and PAC1 receptor staining intensity decreased in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In the present study we aimed to investigate alterations of PACAP and PAC1 receptor in human insulinoma and compared the immunostaining pattern with samples from chronic pancreatitis patients. We collected perioperative and histological data of patients who underwent operation because of insulinoma or chronic pancreatitis over a five-year-long period. Histology showed chronic pancreatitis with severe scar formation in pancreatitis patients, while tumour samples evidenced Grade 1 or 2 insulinoma. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression was studied using immunohistochemistry. Staining intensity was very strong in the Langerhans islets of normal tissue and discernible staining was also observed in the exocrine pancreas. Immunostaining intensity for both PACAP and PAC1 receptor was markedly weaker in insulinoma samples, and disappeared from chronic pancreatitis samples except for intact islets. These findings show that PAC1 receptor/PACAP signalling is altered in insulinoma and this suggests a possible involvement of this system in tumour growth or differentiation.
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Prisco M, Rosati L, Morgillo E, Mollica MP, Agnese M, Andreuccetti P, Valiante S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and its receptors in Mus musculus testis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 286:113297. [PMID: 31604076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To enlighten the involvement of PACAP/receptors system in the control of mammal testis, we investigated the expression of PACAP and the localization of PACAP and its receptors PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 in the testis of Mus musculus. By molecular and immunohistochemical investigations, we highlighted that PACAP and its receptors are widely represented in germ cells of Mus testis, particularly in spermatocytes I, spermatids, and spermatozoa, strongly suggesting their involvement in spermatogenesis process. Moreover, for the first time in the adult mouse testis we highlighted that PACAP is present within Leydig cells, as PACAP receptors, confirming its involvement in the control of steroidogenesis in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Prisco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eliana Morgillo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marisa Agnese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Toth D, Szabo E, Tamas A, Juhasz T, Horvath G, Fabian E, Opper B, Szabo D, Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, D'Agata V, Vicena V, Reglodi D. Protective Effects of PACAP in Peripheral Organs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:377. [PMID: 32765418 PMCID: PMC7381171 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the nervous system, where it exerts strong neuroprotective effects. PACAP is also expressed in peripheral organs but its peripheral protective effects have not been summarized so far. Therefore, the aim of the present paper is to review the existing literature regarding the cytoprotective effects of PACAP in non-neuronal cell types, peripheral tissues, and organs. Among others, PACAP has widespread expression in the digestive system, where it shows protective effects in various intestinal pathologies, such as duodenal ulcer, small bowel ischemia, and intestinal inflammation. PACAP is present in both the exocrine and endocrine pancreas as well as liver where it reduces inflammation and steatosis by interfering with hepatic pathology related to obesity. It is found in several exocrine glands and also in urinary organs, where, with its protective effects being mainly published regarding renal pathologies, PACAP is protective in numerous conditions. PACAP displays anti-inflammatory effects in upper and lower airways of the respiratory system. In the skin, it is involved in the development of inflammatory pathology such as psoriasis and also has anti-allergic effects in a model of contact dermatitis. In the non-neuronal part of the visual system, PACAP showed protective effects in pathological conditions of the cornea and retinal pigment epithelial cells. The positive role of PACAP has been demonstrated on the formation and healing processes of cartilage and bone where it also prevents osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis development. The protective role of PACAP was also demonstrated in the cardiovascular system in different pathological processes including hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and age-related vascular changes. In the heart, PACAP protects against ischemia, oxidative stress, and cardiomyopathies. PACAP is also involved in the protection against the development of pre-senile systemic amyloidosis, which is presented in various peripheral organs in PACAP-deficient mice. The studies summarized here provide strong evidence for the cytoprotective effects of the peptide. The survival-promoting effects of PACAP depend on a number of factors which are also shortly discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fabian
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Szabo
- Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata G. D'Amico
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dora Reglodi
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Ferencz S, Reglodi D, Kaszas B, Bardosi A, Toth D, Vekony Z, Vicena V, Karadi O, Kelemen D. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression in pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5725-5730. [PMID: 31788045 PMCID: PMC6865831 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma is one of the most malignant diseases and is associated with a poor survival rate. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that acts on three different G protein-coupled receptors: the specific PAC1 and the VPAC1/2 that also bind vasoactive intestinal peptide. PACAP is widely distributed in the body and has diverse physiological effects. Among other things, it acts as a trophic factor and influences proliferation and differentiation of several different cells both under normal circumstances and tumourous transformation. Changes of PACAP and its receptors have been shown in various tumour types. However, it is not known whether PACAP and its specific receptor are altered in pancreatic cancer. Perioperative data of patients with pancreas carcinoma was investigated over a five-year period. Histological results showed Grade 2 or Grade 3 adenocarcinoma in most cases. PACAP and PAC1 receptor expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Staining intensity of PAC1 receptor was strong in normal tissues both in the exocrine and endocrine parts of the pancreas, the receptor staining was markedly weaker in the adenocarcinoma. PACAP immunostaining was weak in the exocrine part and very strong in the islets and nerve elements in non-tumourous tissues. The PACAP immunostaining almost disappeared in the adenocarcinoma samples. Based on these findings a decrease or lack of the PAC1 receptor/PACAP signalling might have an influence on tumour growth and/or differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Ferencz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Balint Kaszas
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Attila Bardosi
- Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, and Proteopath GmbH, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Vekony
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Oszkar Karadi
- Department of Oncology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
| | - Dezso Kelemen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs 7622, Hungary
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The Neuropeptide Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is Protective in Inflammation and Oxidative Stress-Induced Damage in the Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194944. [PMID: 31591326 PMCID: PMC6801442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with a widespread distribution throughout the entire body including the urinary system. PACAP exerts protective actions in different injury models related to several organ systems. Its protective effect is mainly based on its antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present review aims to summarize the effects of PACAP in pathologies associated with inflammation and oxidative stress-induced damage in the kidney. Both in vitro and in vivo data are available proving its protective actions against oxidative stress, hypoxia, renal ischemia/reperfusion, diabetic nephropathy, myeloma kidney injury, amyloidosis and different types of drug-induced nephropathies. Data showing the nephroprotection by PACAP emphasize the potential of PACAP’s therapeutic use in various renal pathologies.
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Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide in Human Proximal Tubule Cells Against Gentamicin Toxicity. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Reglodi D, Illes A, Opper B, Schafer E, Tamas A, Horvath G. Presence and Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions in the Stomach. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:90. [PMID: 29615974 PMCID: PMC5868562 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide with widespread occurrence throughout the body including the gastrointestinal system. In the small and large intestine, effects of PACAP on cell proliferation, secretion, motility, gut immunology and blood flow, as well as its importance in bowel inflammatory reactions and cancer development have been shown and reviewed earlier. However, no current review is available on the actions of PACAP in the stomach in spite of numerous data published on the gastric presence and actions of the peptide. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize currently available data on the distribution and effects of PACAP in the stomach. We review data on the localization of PACAP and its receptors in the stomach wall of various mammalian and non-mammalian species, we then give an overview on PACAP's effects on secretion of gastric acid and various hormones. Effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, blood flow and gastric motility are also reviewed. Finally, we outline PACAP's involvement and changes in various human pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dora Reglodi,
| | - Anita Illes
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Schafer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Centre, Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
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Reglodi D, Cseh S, Somoskoi B, Fulop BD, Szentleleky E, Szegeczki V, Kovacs A, Varga A, Kiss P, Hashimoto H, Tamas A, Bardosi A, Manavalan S, Bako E, Zakany R, Juhasz T. Disturbed spermatogenic signaling in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-deficient mice. Reproduction 2017; 155:129-139. [PMID: 29101268 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PACAP is a neuropeptide with diverse functions in various organs, including reproductive system. It is present in the testis in high concentrations, and in addition to the stage-specific expression within the seminiferous tubules, PACAP affects spermatogenesis and the functions of Leydig and Sertoli cells. Mice lacking endogenous PACAP show reduced fertility, but the possibility of abnormalities in spermatogenic signaling has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we performed a detailed morphological analysis of spermatozoa, sperm motility and investigated signaling pathways that play a role during spermatogenesis in knockout mice. No significant alterations were found in testicular morphology or motility of sperm in homozygous and heterozygous PACAP-deficient mice in spite of the moderately increased number of severely damaged sperms. However, we found robust changes in mRNA and/or protein expression of several factors that play an important role in spermatogenesis. Protein kinase A expression was markedly reduced, while downstream phospho-ERK and p38 were elevated in knockout animals. Expression of major transcription factors, such as Sox9 and phospho-Sox9, was decreased, while that of Sox10, as a redundant factor, was increased in PACAP-deficient mice. The reduced phospho-Sox9 expression was partly due to increased expression and activity of phosphatase PP2A in knockout mice. Targets of Sox transcription factors, such as collagen type IV, were reduced in knockout mice. In summary, our results show that lack of PACAP leads to disturbed signaling in spermatogenesis, which could be a factor responsible for reduced fertility in PACAP knockout mice, and further support the role of PACAP in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reglodi
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - S Cseh
- Department and Clinic of ReproductionUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Somoskoi
- Department and Clinic of ReproductionUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B D Fulop
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Szentleleky
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - V Szegeczki
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A Kovacs
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Varga
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kiss
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - H Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuropharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental DevelopmentUnited Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of BioscienceInstitute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Tamas
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Bardosi
- MVZ für HistologieZytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Trier, Germany
| | - S Manavalan
- Department of Basic SciencesNational University of Health Sciences, Pinellas Park, Florida, USA
| | - E Bako
- Cell Biology and Signalling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesDepartment of Medical Chemistry, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - R Zakany
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - T Juhasz
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Illes A, Opper B, Reglodi D, Kerenyi M, Czetany P, Boronkai A, Schafer E, Toth G, Fabian E, Horvath G. Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide on small intestinal INT 407 cells. Neuropeptides 2017; 65:106-113. [PMID: 28698051 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous neuropeptide having a widespread distribution both in the nervous system and peripheral organs including the gastrointestinal tract. It has been shown to exert actions on intestinal functions, mainly affecting glandular secretion and motility. PACAP has several different effects on cell survival depending on the cell type and the applied stimulus. Its influences on small intestinal epithelial cells are not yet elucidated, therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PACAP on intestinal epithelial cells having high turnover (INT 407) against different harmful stimuli, such as oxidative stress, in vitro hypoxia and gamma radiation. We tested the effect of PACAP on proliferation and cell survival using MTT assay. Moreover, various cancer-related factors were evaluated by oncology array. PACAP did not influence the proliferation rate of INT 407 cells. Its cell survival-enhancing effect could be detected against oxidative stress, but not against in vitro hypoxia or gamma irradiation. Clonogenic survival assay was performed to analyze the effect of PACAP on clonogenic potential of cells exposed to gamma radiation. Surprisingly, PACAP enhanced the clone-forming ability decrease induced by irradiation. Western blot analysis of ERK1/2 phosphorylation was performed in order to obtain further information on the molecular background. Our data showed phospho-ERK1/2 suppression of PACAP in irradiated cells. Furthermore, the role of endogenous PACAP against oxidative stress was also investigated performing ADCYAP1 small interfering RNA transfection. We found significant difference in the cell vulnerability between cells undergoing silencing and cells without transfection suggesting the protective role of the endogenously present PACAP against oxidative stress in INT 407 cells. In summary, PACAP seems to be able to exert contradictory effects in INT 407 cells depending on the applied stressor, suggesting its regulatory role in the cellular household.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Illes
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary; 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - B Opper
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - M Kerenyi
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Czetany
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Boronkai
- Oncotherapy, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Schafer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Centre, Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Toth
- Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - E Fabian
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary
| | - G Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Hungary.
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Horvath G, Nemeth J, Brubel R, Opper B, Koppan M, Tamas A, Szereday L, Reglodi D. Occurrence and Functions of PACAP in the Placenta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Bardosi S, Bardosi A, Nagy Z, Reglodi D. Expression of PACAP and PAC1 Receptor in Normal Human Thyroid Gland and in Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:171-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Vaczy A, Reglodi D, Somoskeoy T, Kovacs K, Lokos E, Szabo E, Tamas A, Atlasz T. The Protective Role of PAC1-Receptor Agonist Maxadilan in BCCAO-Induced Retinal Degeneration. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:186-94. [PMID: 27566170 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have proven that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is protective in neurodegenerative diseases. Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) causes severe degeneration in the rat retina. In our previous studies, protective effects were observed with PACAP1-38, PACAP1-27, and VIP but not with their related peptides, glucagon, or secretin in BCCAO. All three PACAP receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) appear in the retina. Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the retinoprotective effects are most probably mainly mediated by the PAC1 receptor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the retinoprotective effects of a selective PAC1-receptor agonist maxadilan in BCCAO-induced retinopathy. Wistar rats were used in the experiment. After performing BCCAO, the right eye was treated with intravitreal maxadilan (0.1 or 1 μM), while the left eye was injected with vehicle. Sham-operated rats received the same treatment. Two weeks after the operation, retinas were processed for standard morphometric and molecular analysis. Intravitreal injection of 0.1 or 1 μM maxadilan caused significant protection in the thickness of most retinal layers and the number of cells in the GCL compared to the BCCAO-operated eyes. In addition, 1 μM maxadilan application was more effective than 0.1 μM maxadilan treatment in the ONL, INL, IPL, and the entire retina (OLM-ILM). Maxadilan treatment significantly decreased cytokine expression (CINC-1, IL-1α, and L-selectin) in ischemia. In summary, our histological and molecular analysis showed that maxadilan, a selective PAC1 receptor agonist, has a protective role in BCCAO-induced retinal degeneration, further supporting the role of PAC1 receptor conveying the retinoprotective effects of PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Somoskeoy
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - K Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Lokos
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Ifjusag Street 6, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary. .,Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
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