1
|
Zhao N, Gao Y, Jia H, Jiang X. Anti-apoptosis effect of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Apoptosis 2023; 28:702-729. [PMID: 36892639 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia, one of the leading causes of neurological dysfunction of brain cells, muscle dysfunction, and death, brings great harm and challenges to individual health, families, and society. Blood flow disruption causes decreased glucose and oxygen, insufficient to maintain normal brain tissue metabolism, resulting in intracellular calcium overload, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids, and inflammation, ultimately leading to neuronal cell necrosis, apoptosis, or neurological abnormalities. This paper summarizes the specific mechanism of cell injury that apoptosis triggered by reperfusion after cerebral ischemia, the related proteins involved in apoptosis, and the experimental progress of herbal medicine treatment through searching, analyzing, and summarizing the PubMed and Web Of Science databases, which includes active ingredients of herbal medicine, prescriptions, Chinese patent medicines, and herbal extracts, providing a new target or new strategy for drug treatment, and providing a reference for future experimental directions and using them to develop suitable small molecule drugs for clinical application. With the research of anti-apoptosis as the core, it is important to find highly effective, low toxicity, safe and cheap compounds from natural plants and animals with abundant resources to prevent and treat Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (CIR) and solve human suffering. In addition, understanding and summarizing the apoptotic mechanism of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, the microscopic mechanism of CIR treatment, and the cellular pathways involved will help to develop new drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhe Gao
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Jia
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xicheng Jiang
- Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao DL, Li JM, Xie R, Huo HR, Xiong XJ, Sui F, Wang PQ. The role of traditional herbal medicine for ischemic stroke: from bench to clinic-A critical review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154609. [PMID: 36610141 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of death and severe long-term disability worldwide. Over the past few decades, considerable progress has been made in anti-ischemic therapies. However, IS remains a tremendous challenge, with favourable clinical outcomes being generally difficult to achieve from candidate drugs in preclinical phase testing. Traditional herbal medicine (THM) has been used to treat stroke for over 2,000 years in China. In modern times, THM as an alternative and complementary therapy have been prescribed in other Asian countries and have gained increasing attention for their therapeutic effects. These millennia of clinical experience allow THM to be a promising avenue for improving clinical efficacy and accelerating drug discovery. PURPOSE To summarise the clinical evidence and potential mechanisms of THMs in IS. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in seven electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the VIP Information Database, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and the Wanfang Database, from inception to 17 June 2022 to examine the efficacy and safety of THM for IS, and to investigate experimental studies regarding potential mechanisms. RESULTS THM is widely prescribed for IS alone or as adjuvant therapy. In clinical trials, THM is generally administered within 72 h of stroke onset and are continuously prescribed for over 3 months. Compared with Western medicine (WM), THM combined with routine WM can significantly improve neurological function defect scores, promote clinical total effective rate, and accelerate the recovery time of stroke with fewer adverse effects (AEs). These effects can be attributed to multiple mechanisms, mainly anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, brain blood barrier (BBB) modulation, inhibition of platelet activation and thrombus formation, and promotion of neurogenesis and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS THM may be a promising candidate for IS management to guide clinical applications and as a reference for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Li Hao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jia-Meng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ran Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hai-Ru Huo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xing-Jiang Xiong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Sui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Peng-Qian Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Progress in the treatment of drug-induced liver injury with natural products. Pharmacol Res 2022; 183:106361. [PMID: 35882295 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous prescription drugs and non-prescription drugs that cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI), which is the main cause of liver disease in humans around the globe. Its mechanism becomes clearer as the disease is studied further. For an instance, when acetaminophen (APAP) is taken in excess, it produces N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) that binds to biomacromolecules in the liver causing liver injury. Treatment of DILI with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown to be effective. For example, activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway as well as regulation of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, coupling, and excretion are the mechanisms by which ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) treats APAP-induced acute liver injury. Nevertheless, reducing the toxicity of TCM in treating DILI is still a problem to be overcome at present and in the future. Accumulated evidences show that hydrogel-based nanocomposite may be an excellent carrier for TCM. Therefore, we reviewed TCM with potential anti-DILI, focusing on the signaling pathway of these drugs' anti-DILI effect, as well as the possibility and prospect of treating DILI by TCM based on hydrogel materials in the future. In conclusion, this review provides new insights to further explore TCM in the treatment of DILI.
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang P, Wan H, Shao C, Li C, Zhang L, He Y. Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:688596. [PMID: 35111041 PMCID: PMC8801784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a critical factor that leads to a poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. It is an extremely complicated pathological process that is clinically characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. Current available treatments for CI/RI, including mechanical and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CI/RI. Many studies confirm that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) was used as a potential drug for treatment of CI/RI with the advantages of abundant resources, good efficacy, and few side effects. In this paper, we investigate the latest drug discoveries and advancements on CI/RI, make an overview of relevant CHM, and systematically summarize the pathophysiology of CI/RI. In addition, the protective effect and mechanism of related CHM, which includes extraction of single CHM and CHM formulation and preparation, are discussed. Moreover, an outline of the limitations of CHM and the challenges we faced are also presented. This review will be helpful for researchers further propelling the advancement of drugs and supplying more knowledge to support the application of previous discoveries in clinical drug applications against CI/RI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bhardwaj A, Sharma A, Cooper R, Bhardwaj G, Gaba J, Mutreja V, Chauhan A. A comprehensive phytochemical, ethnomedicinal, pharmacological ecology and conservation status of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.: An endangered Himalayan medicinal plant. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
6
|
Neuroprotective Phytochemicals in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6687386. [PMID: 34007405 PMCID: PMC8102108 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6687386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a challenging disease with high mortality and disability rates, causing a great economic and social burden worldwide. During ischemic stroke, ionic imbalance and excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation are developed in a relatively certain order, which then activate the cell death pathways directly or indirectly via the promotion of organelle dysfunction. Neuroprotection, a therapy that is aimed at inhibiting this damaging cascade, is therefore an important therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Notably, phytochemicals showed great neuroprotective potential in preclinical research via various strategies including modulation of calcium levels and antiexcitotoxicity, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and BBB protection, mitochondrial protection and antiapoptosis, autophagy/mitophagy regulation, and regulation of neurotrophin release. In this review, we summarize the research works that report the neuroprotective activity of phytochemicals in the past 10 years and discuss the neuroprotective mechanisms and potential clinical applications of 148 phytochemicals that belong to the categories of flavonoids, stilbenoids, other phenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Among them, scutellarin, pinocembrin, puerarin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, salvianolic acids, rosmarinic acid, borneol, bilobalide, ginkgolides, ginsenoside Rd, and vinpocetine show great potential in clinical ischemic stroke treatment. This review will serve as a powerful reference for the screening of phytochemicals with potential clinical applications in ischemic stroke or the synthesis of new neuroprotective agents that take phytochemicals as leading compounds.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie Q, Li H, Lu D, Yuan J, Ma R, Li J, Ren M, Li Y, Chen H, Wang J, Gong D. Neuroprotective Effect for Cerebral Ischemia by Natural Products: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:607412. [PMID: 33967750 PMCID: PMC8102015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.607412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have a significant role in the prevention of disease and boosting of health in humans and animals. Stroke is a disease with high prevalence and incidence, the pathogenesis is a complex cascade reaction. In recent years, it’s reported that a vast number of natural products have demonstrated beneficial effects on stroke worldwide. Natural products have been discovered to modulate activities with multiple targets and signaling pathways to exert neuroprotection via direct or indirect effects on enzymes, such as kinases, regulatory receptors, and proteins. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the established pharmacological effects and multiple target mechanisms of natural products for cerebral ischemic injury in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, and their potential neuro-therapeutic applications. In addition, the biological activity of natural products is closely related to their structure, and the structure-activity relationship of most natural products in neuroprotection is lacking, which should be further explored in future. Overall, we stress on natural products for their role in neuroprotection, and this wide band of pharmacological or biological activities has made them suitable candidates for the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Daoyin Gong
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Picroside II alleviates liver injury induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate through AMPK-FXR pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 408:115248. [PMID: 32976922 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) is a typical hepatotoxicant that causes cholestasis, which causes toxic bile acid accumulation in the liver and leads to liver injury. Picroside II (PIC), one of the dominant effective components extracted from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell, exhibits many pharmacological effects. However, the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway in the hepatoprotective effect of PIC against ANIT-induced cholestasis remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of PIC on ANIT-induced cholestasis in vivo and in vitro. Our results showed that PIC protected against ANIT-induced liver injury in primary mouse hepatocytes, and decreased serum biochemical markers and lessened histological injuries in mice. ANIT inhibited FXR and its target genes of bile acid synthesis enzymes sterol-12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1), and increase bile acid uptake transporter Na + -dependent taurocholate transporter (NTCP), efflux transporter bile salt export pump (BSEP) and bile acid metabolizing enzymes UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a1 (UGT1A1) expressions. PIC prevented its downregulation of FXR, NTCP, BSEP and UGT1A1, and further reduced CYP8B1 by ANIT. Furthermore, ANIT activated AMPK via ERK1/2-LKB1 pathway. PIC inhibited ERK1/2, LKB1 and AMPK phosphorylation in ANIT-induced cholestasis in vivo and in vitro. AICAR, an AMPK agonist, blocked PIC-mediated changes in FXR, CYP8B1 and BSEP expression in vitro. Meanwhile, U0126, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, further repressed ERK1/2-LKB1-AMPK pathway phosphorylation. In conclusion, PIC regulated bile acid-related transporters and enzymes to protect against ANIT-induced liver injury, which related to ERK1/2-LKB1-AMPK pathway. Thus, this study extends the understanding of the anti-cholestasis effect of PIC and provides new therapeutic targets for cholestasis treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma S, Wang X, Lai F, Lou C. The beneficial pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of picroside II: Evidence of its benefits from in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacotherapy 2020; 130:110421. [PMID: 32674016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurroa, the dried rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth, is a famous Chinese herb that has been traditionally used in China. Picroside II (PII), a glycoside derivative, is the main bioactive constituent of Picrorhiza kurroa. In the past several decades, bioactive components from Picrorhiza kurroa have attracted the attention of researchers due to their promising therapeutic effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of PII for the prevention and treatment of some diseases, such as organic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, liver damage, inflammation, cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. In the present paper, we aimed to provide an overview of the pharmacology of PII, focusing on its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Meanwhile, the plant tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic properties were also described. Due to its beneficial pharmacological effects in I/R injury, PII may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for organic I/R injury prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangying Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xueyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Feifan Lai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chenghua Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Long Y, Yang Q, Xiang Y, Zhang Y, Wan J, Liu S, Li N, Peng W. Nose to brain drug delivery - A promising strategy for active components from herbal medicine for treating cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104795. [PMID: 32278035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI), one of the major causes of death from stroke in the world, not only causes tremendous damage to human health, but also brings heavy economic burden to society. Current available treatments for CIRI, including mechanical therapies and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side-effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CIRI. Many studies have confirmed that the herbal medicine has the advantages of abundant resources, good curative effect and little side effects, which can be used as potential drug for treatment of CIRI through multiple targets. It's known that oral administration commonly has low bioavailability, and injection administration is inconvenient and unsafe. Many drugs can't delivery to brain through routine pathways due to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Interestingly, increasing evidences have suggested the nasal administration is a potential direct route to transport drug into brain avoiding the BBB and has the characteristics of high bioavailability for treating brain diseases. Therefore, intranasal administration can be treated as an alternative way to treat brain diseases. In the present review, effective methods to treat CIRI by using active ingredients derived from herbal medicine through nose to brain drug delivery (NBDD) are updated and discussed, and some related pharmacological mechanisms have also been emphasized. Our present study would be beneficial for the further drug development of natural agents from herbal medicines via NBDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Qiyue Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, PR China
| | - Yan Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Yulu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jinyan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Songyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liutai Avenue, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Barsain BL, Yadav SK. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., an Endangered Himalayan Elixir- Medicinal Importance and Exploration of Biotechnological Approaches in Picroside Production. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083805666190625144322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the history of P. kurrooa Royle ex Benth., popularly known as “Kutki
or Kadu” dates back to the Vedic era, it has only been about 69 years since research has focussed
on exploring its pharmacological properties. It is a small perennial medicinal herb
that belongs to the Scrophulariaceae family. Found primarily in the north-western alpine
Himalayan region at the altitudes of 3000-4300 meters (amsl), the plant has immense
therapeutic and medicinal properties. Uniquely gifted, the plant holds its reputation in the
modern system of medicine in the treatment of liver disorders. The species has earned an
endangered status lately due to various issues like unawareness on its conservation,
harvesting methods, and cultivation besides others. Therefore, various new scientific
methods are being developed for its propagation and conservation. This article provides an
overview of the therapeutic properties, various mode of propagation as well as the molecular
aspects of P. kurrooa. Also, the metabolic engineering strategies to modulate its secondary
metabolite picrosides are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Lalhal Barsain
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang T, Li S, Zhao L, Guo Y. Neuroprotective Effects of Picroside II on Rats Following Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting p53 Signaling Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.790.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
13
|
Wang T, Zhu L, Liu H, Yu G, Guo Y. Picroside II Protects SH‐SY5Y Cells From Autophagy and Apoptosis Following Oxygen Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygen Injury by Inhibiting JNK Signal Pathway. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:2245-2254. [PMID: 31251836 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityTaishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityTaishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Hongling Liu
- Department of PharmacyAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Guoyi Yu
- Editoral Office of Journal of Qingdao University (Medical Science) Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityTaishan Scholars Construction Project Excellent Innovative Team of Shandong Province Qingdao Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tan XF, Qin T, Li N, Yang YG, Zheng JH, Xie L, Chen MH. High-potassium preconditioning enhances tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through anti-apoptotic effects in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1253-1265. [PMID: 31240758 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Imbalances between cellular K+ efflux and influx are considered to be involved in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. High-potassium pretreatment alleviates this injury, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate whether high-potassium preconditioning enhances cerebral tolerance to I/R injury through an anti-apoptotic mechanism. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 40/group): a sham-operated group, normal saline group (3.2 ml/kg saline, intravenous (IV)), and low-dose and high-dose potassium chloride (KCl) groups (40 and 80 mg/kg KCl solution, IV, respectively). Subsequently, the rats underwent 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 hr of reperfusion (MCAO/R). Neurological deficit scores, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and TUNEL assay were used to assess neural injury. The expression of apoptotic proteins, brain potassium levels, mitochondrial function and oxidative stress were detected to explore the potential mechanism. After 24 hr of reperfusion, in both KCl treatment groups, neurological deficits and the cerebral infarct volume were reduced, and the apoptosis index of neurons was decreased. Furthermore, high-potassium preconditioning increased brain K+ , adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cytochrome c oxidase (COX) levels, reduced malondialdehyde level, improved Na+ /K+ -ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase activities, upregulated anti-apoptotic protein expression, and downregulated pro-apoptotic protein expression. This study suggests that high-potassium preconditioning enhanced cerebral tolerance to I/R injury in a rat MCAO/R model. The protective mechanism may involve apoptosis inhibition via preservation of intracellular K+ and improvement of mitochondrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Tan
- The Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tao Qin
- The Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Nuo Li
- The Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ye-Gui Yang
- The Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jun-Hui Zheng
- The Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lu Xie
- The Department of Physiology, School of Pre-Clinical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Meng-Hua Chen
- The Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Picroside II Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect by Inhibiting mPTP Permeability and EndoG Release after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 64:144-155. [PMID: 29256102 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane permeability is closely related to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This paper explored the neuroprotective effect of picroside II (Picr), which inhibits the permeability of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and endonuclease G (EndoG) release from mitochondria into cytoplasm after cerebral I/R in rats. After 2 h of cerebral ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion in rats with different intervention measures, the neurobehavioral function, infarction volume, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in brain tissues were observed by modified neurological severity scale (mNSS), triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The permeability of mPTP was assayed using spectrophotometry. The morphology and apoptotic cells of brain tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay, respectively. The expressions of EndoG and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) were determined by immunohistochemical assay and western blot. The Picr group exhibited clear decreases in mNSS scores, ROS content, number of apoptotic cells, mPTP permeability and expression of VDAC1, and EndoG in cytoplasm and nuclei, and the morphology of brain tissue was improved as compared with the model group (P < 0.05). Picr could attenuate cerebral I/R injury by downregulating the expression of VDAC1 and decreasing the permeability of mPTP, thereby inhibiting EndoG release from mitochondria into cytoplasm.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ji Y, Teng L, Zhang R, Sun J, Guo Y. NRG-1β exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemia reperfusion-induced injury in rats through the JNK signaling pathway. Neuroscience 2017; 362:13-24. [PMID: 28843994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuregulin-1β (NRG-1β) has great potential to be developed into therapeutics for neuroprotection. The aim of the current study was to analyze the effects and possible signaling pathway of NRG-1β on brain tissues in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). METHODS In order to observe the protective effect of NRG-1β on MCAO/R, the neurological deficit and infarct volume were measured using a modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test and by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. In order to detect the antagonistic effect of NRG-1β on nerve cells and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the morphology and structure of cortical brain tissues were observed by Evans Blue (EB) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining, in situ cell death detection kit, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In order to investigate whether NRG-1β exhibited a significant neuroprotective effect via the JNK signaling pathway, the activity of JNK and the levels of phospho-MKK4, phospho-JNK, pan-JNK and phospho-c-Jun were tested using a JNK activity screening kit, immunofluorescent labeling, and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS In the NRG-1β treatment group, accompanied with a decrease in JNK activity, the protein levels of phospho-JNK, phospho-MKK4 and phospho-c-Jun decreased, the ischemia-induced apoptosis decreased, the abnormal morphological structures of nerve cells were ameliorated, the integrity of the BBB was restored, and infarct volume was reduced. At the same time, neurological function was significantly recovered. CONCLUSION NRG-1β exerts a neuroprotective effect through the JNK signaling pathway in MCAO/R rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Ji
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Lei Teng
- Department of Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Jinping Sun
- Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Picroside II Shows Protective Functions for Severe Acute Pancreatitis in Rats by Preventing NF- κB-Dependent Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7085709. [PMID: 28713490 PMCID: PMC5497659 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7085709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Picroside II, from the herb Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its function on severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and molecular mechanism remains unknown. The effects of picroside II on the SAP induced by cerulean were investigated. SAP rats were treated with picroside II (25 mg/kg). The severity of SAP was evaluated by using biochemical and histological analyses. Pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1 was transfected with ptfLC3 (an indicator of autophagic activity), pcDNA3.1-NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), and pTZU6+1-NF-κB-shRNA and then treated with picroside II. Relative molecules related with NF-κB-dependent autophagy were detected by using Western blot. Autophagic activities were observed by phase-contrast and fluorescent microscopes. Acetylated LC3 was detected by immunoprecipitation. The results showed that picroside II treatment reduced the level of ALT, AST, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and SIRT1 (NAD+-dependent deacetylase) and increased the level of SOD and GSH. The autophagic activity was reduced when NF-κB was silenced, and the levels of TNF-α and SIRT1 were reduced. In contrast, the overexpression of NF-κB increased autophagic activity and the level of TNF-α, which activated SIRT1. SIRT1 deacetylated LC3 and increased autophagic activities. Picroside II ameliorates SAP by improving antioxidant and anti-inflammtory activities of SAP models via NF-κB-dependent autophagy.
Collapse
|