Identification of Microbiota within Aβ Plaque in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse

Effects and mechanism of Aβ1-42 on EV-A71 replication

Background

β-Amyloid (Aβ) protein is a pivotal pathogenetic factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, increasing evidence suggests that the brain has to continuously produce excessive Aβ to efficaciously prevent pathogenic micro-organism infections, which induces and accelerates the disease process of AD. Meanwhile, Aβ exhibits activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and influenza A virus (IAV) replication, but not against other neurotropic viruses. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the most important neurotropic enterovirus in the post-polio era. Given the limitation of existing research on the relationship between Aβ and other virus infections, this study aimed to investigate the potent activity of Aβ on EV-A71 infection and extended the potential function of Aβ in other unenveloped viruses may be linked to Alzheimer's disease or infectious neurological diseases.

Methods

Aβ peptides 1–42 are a major pathological factor of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, we utilized Aβ_1–42 as a test subject to perform our study. The production of monomer Aβ_1–42 and their high-molecular oligomer accumulations in neural cells were detected by immunofluorescence assay, ELISA, or Western blot assay. The inhibitory activity of Aβ_1–42 peptides against EV-A71 in vitro was detected by Western blot analysis or qRT-PCR. The mechanism of Aβ_1–42 against EV-A71 replication was analyzed by time-of-addition assay, attachment inhibition assay, pre-attachment inhibition analysis, viral-penetration inhibition assay, TEM analysis of virus agglutination, and pull-down assay.

Results

We found that EV-A71 infection induced Aβ production and accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells. We also revealed for the first time that Aβ_1–42 efficiently inhibited the RNA level of EV-A71 VP1, and the protein levels of VP1, VP2, and nonstructural protein 3AB in SH-SY5Y, Vero, and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Aβ_1–42 primarily targeted the early stage of EV-A71 entry to inhibit virus replication by binding virus capsid protein VP1 or scavenger receptor class B member 2. Moreover, Aβ_1–42 formed non-enveloped EV-A71 particle aggregates within a certain period and bound to the capsid protein VP1, which partially caused Aβ_1–42 to prevent viruses from infecting cells.

Conclusions

Our findings unveiled that Aβ_1–42 effectively inhibited nonenveloped EV-A71 by targeting the early phase of an EV-A71 life cycle, thereby extending the potential function of Aβ in other non-envelope viruses linked to infectious neurological diseases.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01882-3.

Locomotor Hyperactivity in the Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease-like Pathology of APP/PS1 Mice: Associated with Impaired Polarization of Astrocyte Aquaporin 4

Non-cognitive behavioral and psychological symptoms often occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and mouse models, although the exact neuropathological mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report hyperactivity with significant inter-individual variability in 4-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Pathological analysis revealed that intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), c-Fos expression in glutamatergic neurons and activation of astrocytes were more evident in the frontal motor cortex of hyperactive APP/PS1 mice, compared to those with normal activity. Moreover, the hyperactive phenotype was associated with mislocalization of perivascular aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and glymphatic transport impairment. Deletion of the AQP4 gene increased hyperactivity, intraneuronal Aβ load and glutamatergic neuron activation, but did not influence working memory or anxiety-like behaviors of 4-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Together, these results demonstrate that AQP4 mislocalization or deficiency leads to increased intraneuronal Aβ load and neuronal hyperactivity in the motor cortex, which in turn causes locomotor over-activity during the early pathophysiology of APP/PS1 mice. Therefore, improving AQP4 mediated glymphatic clearance may offer a new strategy for early intervention of hyperactivity in the prodromal phase of AD.