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Xu X, Liu R, Li Y, Zhang C, Guo C, Zhu J, Dong J, Ouyang L, Momeni MR. Spinal Cord Injury: From MicroRNAs to Exosomal MicroRNAs. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5974-5991. [PMID: 38261255 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an unfortunate experience that may generate extensive sensory and motor disabilities due to the destruction and passing of nerve cells. MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that do not code for proteins but instead serve to regulate protein synthesis by targeting messenger RNA's expression. After SCI, secondary damage like apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy occurs, and differentially expressed microRNAs show a function in these procedures. Almost all animal and plant cells release exosomes, which are sophisticated formations of lipid membranes. These exosomes have the capacity to deliver significant materials, such as proteins, RNAs and lipids, to cells in need, regulating their functions and serving as a way of communication. This new method offers a fresh approach to treating spinal cord injury. Obviously, the exosome has the benefit of conveying the transported material across performing regulatory activities and the blood-brain barrier. Among the exosome cargoes, microRNAs, which modulate their mRNA targets, show considerable promise in the pathogenic diagnosis, process, and therapy of SCI. Herein, we describe the roles of microRNAs in SCI. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of exosomal microRNAs in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xu
- Spinal Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Ruyin Liu
- Spinal Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Spinal Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Chuanghao Guo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jiong Zhu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jiaan Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopedics and Traumatology, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Liyun Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11700, Malaysia.
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Wang S, Cheng L. The role of apoptosis in spinal cord injury: a bibliometric analysis from 1994 to 2023. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1334092. [PMID: 38293650 PMCID: PMC10825042 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1334092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis after spinal cord injury (SCI) plays a pivotal role in the secondary injury mechanisms, which cause the ultimate neurologic insults. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of apoptosis in SCI allows for improved glial and neuronal survival via the administrations of anti-apoptotic biomarkers. The knowledge structure, development trends, and research hotspots of apoptosis and SCI have not yet been systematically investigated. Methods Articles and reviews on apoptosis and SCI, published from 1st January 1994 to 1st Oct 2023, were retrieved from the Web of Science™. Bibliometrix in R was used to evaluate annual publications, countries, affiliations, authors, sources, documents, key words, and hot topics. Results A total of 3,359 publications in accordance with the criterions were obtained, which exhibited an ascending trend in annual publications. The most productive countries were the USA and China. Journal of Neurotrauma was the most impactive journal; Wenzhou Medical University was the most prolific affiliation; Cuzzocrea S was the most productive and influential author. "Apoptosis," "spinal-cord-injury," "expression," "activation," and "functional recovery" were the most frequent key words. Additionally, "transplantation," "mesenchymal stemness-cells," "therapies," "activation," "regeneration," "repair," "autophagy," "exosomes," "nlrp3 inflammasome," "neuroinflammation," and "knockdown" were the latest emerging key words, which may inform the hottest themes. Conclusions Apoptosis after SCI may cause the ultimate neurological damages. Development of novel treatments for secondary SCI mainly depends on a better understanding of apoptosis-related mechanisms in molecular and cellular levels. Such therapeutic interventions involve the application of anti-apoptotic agents, free radical scavengers, as well as anti-inflammatory drugs, which can be targeted to inhibit core events in cellular and molecular injury cascades pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Wang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spinal and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Xing X, Xu P, Xing X, Xu Z, Huang Z, Li Z, Li X, Xiao Y. Effects of ADSC-Derived Exosome LRRC75A-AS1 on Anti-inflammatory Function After SCI. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-023-04836-9. [PMID: 38165592 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly debilitating disorder of the central nervous system that can severely impact an affected patient's quality of life. This study aimed to examine how adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (ADSC-exos) can be used to treat spinal cord injury. We analysed differentially expressed mRNAs in SCI using bioinformatics data, gene expression profiles in inflammatory cell models, RT-qPCR and WB. Apoptosis was detected with flow cytometry. Starbase provides the control mechanism for FDFT1. Target interactions were detected with dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assays. Exosomes were isolated from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and subsequently characterized with western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. By analysing the GSE102964 database, we found that FDFT1 was significantly downregulated as SCI progressed. Overexpression of FDFT1 can significantly reverse the inflammatory response and apoptosis of BV2 cells induced by hemin. Mechanically, ADSC-exos can affect the expression of FDFT1 through the ceRNA mechanism mediated by LRRC75A-AS1 and in an RBP-dependent manner mediated by IGF2BP2. The overexpression of LRRC75A-AS1 significantly enhances BV2 apoptosis and can be reversed by FDFT1 knockdown. ADSC-exos LRRC75A-AS1 inhibits inflammation and reduces SCI by increasing the expression and stability of FDFT1 mRNA in a ceRNA and RBP-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xing
- Department of Laboratory, Liaocheng Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No.56, Changjiang Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhentao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Zhongchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Xueyuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
| | - Yilei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
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Azad TD, Ran KR, Liu J, Vattipally VN, Khela H, Leite E, Materi JD, Davidar AD, Bettegowda C, Theodore N. A future blood test for acute traumatic spinal cord injury. Biomarkers 2023; 28:703-713. [PMID: 38126897 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2023.2298650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) requires prompt diagnosis and intervention to minimize the risk of permanent neurologic deficit. Presently, SCI diagnosis and interventional planning rely on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is not always available or feasible for severely injured patients. Detection of disease-specific biomarkers in biofluids via liquid biopsy may provide a more accessible and objective means of evaluating patients with suspected SCI. Cell-free DNA, which has been used for diagnosing and monitoring oncologic disease, may detect damage to spinal cord neurons via tissue-specific methylation patterns. Other types of biomarkers, including proteins and RNA species, have also been found to reflect neuronal injury and may be included as part of a multi-analyte assay to improve liquid biopsy performance. The feasibility of implementing liquid biopsy into current practices of SCI management is supported by the relative ease of blood sample collection as well as recent advancements in droplet digital polymerase chain reaction technology. In this review, we detail the current landscape of biofluid biomarkers for acute SCI and propose a framework for the incorporation of a putative blood test into the clinical management of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej D Azad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen R Ran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Harmon Khela
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Enzo Leite
- Faculdade Pernambucana de Saúde (FPS), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Materi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Daniel Davidar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Theodore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Yan Q, Xun Y, Lei D, Zhai H. Tanshinone IIA protects motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced cell injury by the regulation of the lncRNA TCTN2/miR-125a-5p/DUSP1 axis. Regen Ther 2023; 24:417-425. [PMID: 37727797 PMCID: PMC10506057 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) exerts a protective role in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the mechanism of TSIIA activity in SCI remains to be elucidated. Methods Cell viability and apoptosis were gauged by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression levels of lncRNA TCTN2, miR-125a-5p and DUSP1 were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. Direct relationship between miR-125a-5p and TCTN2 or DUSP1 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results In mouse NSC-34 cells, LPS reduced the expression of TCTN2. TSIIA alleviated cell injury induced by LPS and increased TCTN2 expression in LPS-exposed NSC-34 cells. TCTN2 was a downstream mediator of TSIIA activity. TCTN2 targeted miR-125a-5p, and TCTN2 over-expression attenuated LPS-induced cell damage in NSC-34 cells by down-regulating miR-125a-5p. TCTN2 functioned as a post-transcriptional regulator of DUSP1 expression through miR-125a-5p. DUSP1 was a functional target of miR-125a-5p in controlling NSC-34 cell injury induced by LPS. TSIIA inhibited miR-125a-5p expression and increased the level of DUSP1 protein in LPS-exposed NSC-34 cells. Conclusion Our study establishes a novel mechanism, the TCTN2/miR-125a-5p/DUSP1 axis, at least in part, for the protective activity of TSIIA in cell injury induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debao Lei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang City, 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Hongyu Zhai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang City, 441000, Hubei, China
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Qian J, Jiang M, Ding Z, Gu D, Bai H, Cai M, Yao D. Role of Long Non-coding RNA in Nerve Regeneration. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37937941 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2280446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Nerve injury can be caused by a variety of factors. It often takes a long time to repair a nerve injury and severe nerve injury is even difficult to heal. Therefore, increasing attention has focused on nerve injury and repair. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a newly discovered non-coding RNA with a wide range of biological activities. Numerous studies have shown that a variety of lncRNAs undergo changes in expression after nerve injury, indicating that lncRNAs may be involved in various biological processes of nerve repair and regeneration. Herein, we summarize the biological roles of lncRNAs in neurons, glial cells and other cells during nerve injury and regeneration, which will help lncRNAs to be better applied in nerve injury and regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Maorong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Zihan Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Huiyuan Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Min Cai
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Dengbing Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
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7
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Hao Z, Yin C, Wang X, Huo Z, Zhang G, Jiang D, An M. Tetramethylpyrazine promotes angiogenesis and nerve regeneration and nerve defect repair in rats with spinal cord injury. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21549. [PMID: 38027809 PMCID: PMC10656251 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the regulatory effect of Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on the spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model and clarified the neuroprotective mechanism of TMP on SCI. Methods An SCI rat model was generated and treated with TMP injections for two weeks. miR-497-5p and EGFL7 expression changes were evaluated, motor function recovery after SCI was assessed by BBB score test and footprint analysis, lesions of rat spinal cord were assessed by HE staining and TUNEL staining; angiogenesis was assessed by immunoblotting for CD31; inflammatory factor levels were detected by ELISA. EGFL7 was verified as a target of miR-497-5p by bioinformatics website analysis and luciferase reporter gene assay. H2O2-injured neurons were cultured in vitro to explore the effect of TMP. Results After SCI, miR-497-5p was upregulated while EGFL7 was downregulated in rats. TMP inhibited apoptosis and promoted angiogenesis, nerve regeneration, and repair of nerve defects by reducing miR-497-5p and increasing EGFL7 expression. miR-497-5p targeted EGFL7. In addition, TMP hindered neuronal inflammation and apoptosis induced by H2O2in vitro. Conclusion TMP promotes angiogenesis by downregulating miR-497-5p to target EGFL7, and promotes nerve regeneration and repair of nerve defects in rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZengTao Hao
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - Chao Yin
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - XiaoLong Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - ZhiQi Huo
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - GuoRong Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
| | - Min An
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010000, China
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Wang K, Su X, Song Q, Chen Z, Chen H, Han Y, Zhu C, Shen H. The circ_006573/miR-376b-3p Axis Advances Spinal Cord Functional Recovery after Injury by Modulating Vascular Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4983-4999. [PMID: 37209265 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of non-coding RNAs after spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with pathophysiological outcomes. We bioinformatically predicted a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in SCI. A total of 4690 mRNAs, 17 miRNAs, and 3928 circRNAs were differentially expressed, with co-expressed RNAs predicted to regulate pathways related to wound healing. Among the most highly differentially expressed circRNAs, circ_006573, but not circ_016395, weakened the viability and migration of rat aortic endothelial cells, and its biological effects were rescued with miR-376b-3p mimics. Furthermore, circ_006573 overexpression induced changes in Cebpb, IL-18, and Plscr1 expression that were reversed by miR-376b-3p. In a rat model, circ_006573 shRNA administration improved the pathological manifestations of SCI and ameliorated motor function. Moreover, the expression of CD31, CD34, and VEGF-A in spinal cord tissues was significantly elevated after circ_006573 shRNA treatment, indicating that circ_006573 may be involved in vascular regeneration and functional recovery after SCI. Thus, the circ_006573-miR-376b-3p axis offers a foundation for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms and predicting strategies for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjin Su
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxin Song
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchao Han
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongxing Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Yang J, Gong Z, Dong J, Bi H, Wang B, Du K, Zhang C, Chen L. lncRNA XIST inhibition promotes M2 polarization of microglial and aggravates the spinal cord injury via regulating miR-124-3p / IRF1 axis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17852. [PMID: 37455998 PMCID: PMC10344764 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a high disability rate and mortality rate. Recently, LncRNA XIST has been found to be involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of XIST in the occurrence and development of SCI and the specific regulation mechanism. Methods: 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to treat mouse microglia BV2 cells. Hitting spinal cord was performed to C57BL/6 mice for establishing SCI model. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot, Immunofluorescence (IF) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments were used to explore the function of XIST, miR-124-3p and IRF1 in LPS-induced BV2 cells. RT-qPCR, Nissl staining, IF, Western blot and ELISA experiment were performed to study the function of XIST in SCI mice. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RT-qPCR and Western blot assays were utilized to identify the interaction among XIST, miR-124-3p and IRF1. Results: XIST was upregulated in LPS-induced BV2 cells and spinal cord tissues of SCI mice. Overexpression of XIST promoted the M1 microphages polarization and cytokines concentration in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells, aggravated SCI of mice. Downregulated XIST promoted M1-to-M2 conversion of microglial and relieved the injury of SCI mice. Mechanism verification indicated that XIST acted as a molecular sponge of miR-124-3p and regulated IRF1 expression. Increased miR-124-3p or reduced IRF1 inhibited M1 polarization of microglial and decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced BV2 cells. Increased XIST or decreased miR-124-3p had an opposite of on LPS-induced BV2 cells. Conclusion: Overexpression of XIST enhanced M1 polarization of microglia and promoted the level of inflammatory cytokines through sponging miR-124-3p and regulating IRF1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lingqiang Chen
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedics, The First affiliated hospital of Kunming medical University, No.295 Xichang Rd, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
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10
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Zhang C, Talifu Z, Xu X, Liu W, Ke H, Pan Y, Li Y, Bai F, Jing Y, Li Z, Li Z, Yang D, Gao F, Du L, Li J, Yu Y. MicroRNAs in spinal cord injury: A narrative review. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1099256. [PMID: 36818651 PMCID: PMC9931912 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1099256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a global medical problem with high disability and mortality rates. At present, the diagnosis and treatment of SCI are still lacking. Spinal cord injury has a complex etiology, lack of diagnostic methods, poor treatment effect and other problems, which lead to the difficulty of spinal cord regeneration and repair, and poor functional recovery. Recent studies have shown that gene expression plays an important role in the regulation of SCI repair. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules that target mRNA expression in order to silence, translate, or interfere with protein synthesis. Secondary damage, such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation, occurs after SCI, and differentially expressed miRNAs contribute to these events. This article reviews the pathophysiological mechanism of miRNAs in secondary injury after SCI, focusing on the mechanism of miRNAs in secondary neuroinflammation after SCI, so as to provide new ideas and basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of miRNAs in SCI. The mechanisms of miRNAs in neurological diseases may also make them potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Wubo Liu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China,Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Han Ke
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China,Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yunzhu Pan
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Bai
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Jing
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Li
- China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Degang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Liangjie Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China,*Correspondence: Jianjun Li,
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,,China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, China,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China,Yan Yu,
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11
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Ding W, Xu W, Lu D, Sheng H, Xu X, Xu B, Zheng A. Inhibition of TERC inhibits neural apoptosis and inflammation in spinal cord injury through Akt activation and p-38 inhibition via the miR-34a-5p/XBP-1 axis. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20220619. [PMID: 36742154 PMCID: PMC9883688 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the function of telomerase RNA component (TERC) in spinal cord injury (SCI). SCI models were established in rats via laminectomy and PC-12 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TERC and miR-34a-5p expressions in cells and rat spinal cords were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, followed by overexpression/knockdown of TERC/miR-34a-5p. Spinal cord histopathological changes were examined via hematoxylin-eosin staining. miR-34a-5p' relation with TERC and XBP-1 was predicted by TargetScan and checked by dual-luciferase reporter/RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Cell biological behaviors were assessed by Cell counting kit-8, wound healing, Transwell, and flow cytometry assays. XBP-1 and inflammation/apoptosis-related protein expressions were analyzed by western blot. TERC was upregulated and miR-34a-5p was low-expressed in SCI tissues and LPS-induced PC-12 cells. TERC-knockdown alleviated histopathological abnormalities yet upregulated miR-34a-5p in SCI tissues. In LPS-induced PC-12 cells, TERC knockdown promoted cell viability, migration, invasion, and inhibited apoptosis, while TERC overexpression ran oppositely. TERC knockdown downregulated the XBP-1, IL-6, TNF-α, Bax, p-p38/t-p38, and cleaved caspase-9/-3, but upregulated Bcl-2 and p-Akt/t-Akt. TERC targeted miR-34a-5p, which further targeted XBP-1. miR-34a-5p downregulation exerted effects opposite to and offset TERC knockdown-induced effects. TERC knockdown facilitated the regeneration of neuron tissues yet inhibited inflammation in SCI through Akt activation and p-38 inhibition via the miR-34a-5p/XBP-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, China
| | - Weixing Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, China
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, China
| | - Hongfeng Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, China
| | - Xinwei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, China
| | - Aote Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310012, China
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12
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Cai Z, Han X, Li R, Yu T, Chen L, Wu X, Jin J. Research Progress of Long Non-coding RNAs in Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1-12. [PMID: 35974214 PMCID: PMC9823062 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in a partial or complete loss of motor and sensory function below the injured segment, which has a significant impact on patients' quality of life and places a significant social burden on them. Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) is a 200-1000 bp non-coding RNA that has been shown to have a key regulatory role in the progression of a variety of neurological illnesses. Many studies have demonstrated that differentially expressed LncRNAs following spinal cord injury can participate in inflammatory damage, apoptosis, and nerve healing by functioning as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA); at the same time, it has a significant regulatory effect on sequelae such neuropathic pain. As a result, we believe that LncRNAs could be useful as a molecular regulatory target in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyan Cai
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Han
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhe Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianci Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - XueXue Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Jin
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Qin F, He G, Sun Y, Chen G, Yu Q, Ma X. Overexpression of long non-coding RNA LINC00158 inhibits neuronal apoptosis by promoting autophagy in spinal cord injury. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2022; 65:282-289. [PMID: 36588354 DOI: 10.4103/0304-4920.360035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common central nervous system disease. It is reported that long non-coding RNA LINC00158 is involved in the process of SCI. The purpose of this study was to explore the biological role of LINC00158 in the SCI. First, we established a rat SCI model by surgical method and evaluated the motor function of rats by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale. The results showed that the expression of LINC00158 decreased and apoptotic cells increased in the SCI model rats. Meanwhile, we found the upregulated LC3-II/LC3-I, Beclin-1, and p62 in the SCI rats. Then, primary rat spinal cord neurons were exposed to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) as an in vitro cell model of SCI. After OGD treatment, the expression of LINC00158 decreased significantly and the apoptosis of spinal cord neurons increased. OGD treatment resulted in upregulation of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1 and downregulation of p62 in primary spinal cord neurons, which could be eliminated by overexpression of LINC00158. 3-Methyladenine and chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor) reversed the inhibitory effect of LINC00158 overexpression on apoptosis of primary spinal cord neurons. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that LINC00158 overexpression repressed neuronal apoptosis by promoting autophagy, suggesting that LINC00158 may be a potential therapeutic target in the SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuang Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shulan (Anji) Hospital, Anji County, Huzhou 313300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guorong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shulan (Anji) Hospital, Anji County, Huzhou 313300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangning Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shulan (Anji) Hospital, Anji County, Huzhou 313300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qijian Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xilie Ma
- Department of Osteology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou 310004, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Xiao X, Li W, Xu Z, Sun Z, Ye H, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Xie L, Jiang D, Jia R, Wang X. Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced spinal cord injury neuronal apoptosis by mediating miR-29b-3p/PTEN. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:634-649. [PMID: 35603476 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2060826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the molecular mechanism of whether hUC-MSCs-EVs repressed PTEN expression and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway through miR-29b-3p, thus inhibiting LPS-induced neuronal injury. METHODS hUC-MSCs were cultured and then identified. Cell morphology was observed. Alizarin red, oil red O, and alcian blue staining were used for inducing osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis. EVs were extracted from hUC-MSCs and identified by transmission electron microscope observation and Western blot. SCI neuron model was established by 24h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. After the cells were cultured with EVs without any treatment, uptake of EVs by SCI neurons, miR-29b-3p expression, cell viability, apoptosis, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase 9, Bcl-2, PTEN, PI3K, AKT, and p-Akt protein levels, caspase 3 and caspase 9 activities, and inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-1β levels were detected by immunofluorescence labeling, RT-qPCR, MTT, flow cytometry, Western blot, caspase 3 and caspase 9 activity detection kits, and ELISA. The binding sites between PTEN and miR-29b-3p were predicted by the database and verified by dual-luciferase assay. RESULTS LPS-induced SCI cell model was successfully established, and hUC-MSCs-EVs inhibited LPS-induced apoptosis of injured spinal cord neurons. EVs transferred miR-29b-3p into LPS-induced injured neurons. miR-29b-3p silencing reversed EV effects on reducing LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis. miR-29b-3p reduced LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis by targeting PTEN. After EVs-miR-inhi and si-PTEN treatment, inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway reversed hUC-MSCs-EVs effects on reducing LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSION hUC-MSCs-EVs activated the PI3K/AKT pathway by carrying miR-29b-3p into SCI neurons and silencing PTEN, thus reducing neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenchao Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhicheng Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hongru Ye
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yunqi Wu
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yilu Zhang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liqiong Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dingyu Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Runze Jia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Xiangya Hospital of Central-South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Artificial Osteo-materials, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
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15
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MiRNAs as Promising Translational Strategies for Neuronal Repair and Regeneration in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142177. [PMID: 35883621 PMCID: PMC9318426 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a devastating injury to the central nervous system (CNS) that is responsible for impaired mobility and sensory function in SCI patients. The hallmarks of SCI include neuroinflammation, axonal degeneration, neuronal loss, and reactive gliosis. Current strategies, including stem cell transplantation, have not led to successful clinical therapy. MiRNAs are crucial for the differentiation of neural cell types during CNS development, as well as for pathological processes after neural injury including SCI. This makes them ideal candidates for therapy in this condition. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated the involvement of miRNAs that are expressed differently in CNS injury. In this context, the purpose of the review is to provide an overview of the pre-clinical evidence evaluating the use of miRNA therapy in SCI. Specifically, we have focused our attention on miRNAs that are widely associated with neuronal and axon regeneration. “MiRNA replacement therapy” aims to transfer miRNAs to diseased cells and improve targeting efficacy in the cells, and this new therapeutic tool could provide a promising technique to promote SCI repair and reduce functional deficits.
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16
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Zhou X, Shen S, Cao L, Li X. Long Non-Coding RNA X-Inactive Specific Transcript (LncRNA Xist) Improves the Repair of Nerve Function in Spinal Cord Injury Models via Targeting CXC Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) in Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs). J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of lncRNA Xist on the repair of neural function in spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Rat SCI model was established and assigned into blank group, Mock siRNA group and Xist siRNA group followed by analysis of the differentiation of BMSCs and rats’ neural
functional recovery. The volume of mineralized nodule and quantity of LD in Xist siRNA group was significantly higher than control group and Mock siRNA group (P < 0.05). The expression of RUNX2, ALP, OCN, lncRNA Xist, and CXCR4 in Xist siRNA group was also significantly increased
compared to other two groups (P < 0.05) along with elevated cell proliferation rate in Xist siRNA group. However, no differences of above parameters were found between control group and Mock siRNA group (P > 0.05). In conclusion, lncRNA Xist promotes the repair of rats’
neurological function and the adilpogenesis and osteogenesis differentiation of BMSCs via targeting CXCR4 in SCI model, indicating that it might be a novel target for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital HuZhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province 313000, China
| | - Shiyun Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital HuZhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province 313000, China
| | - Liwen Cao
- Operating Room, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital HuZhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province 313000, China
| | - Xia Li
- Operating Room, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital HuZhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province 313000, China
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17
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Kowalski JL, Nguyen N, Battaglino RA, Falci SP, Charlifue S, Morse LR. miR-338-5p Levels and Cigarette Smoking are Associated With Neuropathic Pain Severity in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: Preliminary Findings From a Genome-Wide microRNA Expression Profiling Screen. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 103:738-746. [PMID: 34717922 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify microRNA biomarkers and clinical factors associated with neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. DESIGN Cross-sectional, secondary analysis of baseline data collected from ongoing clinical studies. Using a genome-wide microRNA screening approach, we studied differential microRNA expression in serum from 43 adults with spinal cord injury enrolled in ongoing clinical studies. Least squares regression was used to identify associations between microRNA expression, clinical factors, and neuropathic pain severity. SETTING Community-dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury. PARTICIPANTS Participants (N=43) were at least 18 years old with spinal cord injury, with 28 reporting neuropathic pain and 15 reporting no neuropathic pain. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pain presence, type, and intensity were assessed with the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Basic Data Set. Serum microRNA normalized deep sequencing counts were quantified from blood samples. Participant demographic factors, injury characteristics, medication use, and health habits were collected via questionnaire. RESULTS miR-338-5p expression and history of cigarette smoking were associated with and explained 37% of the variance in neuropathic pain severity (R2=0.37, F2,18=5.31, P=.02) independent of other clinical factors. No association was identified between miR-338-5p levels and nociceptive pain severity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that miR-338-5p and cigarette smoking may both play a role in the development or maintenance of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. While additional work is needed to confirm these findings, validated target analysis suggests a neuroprotective role of miR-338-5p in modulating neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis and that its downregulation may result in maladaptive neuroplastic mechanisms contributing to neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Kowalski
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ricardo A Battaglino
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott P Falci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado; Research Department, Craig Hospital, Englewood, Colorado
| | | | - Leslie R Morse
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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18
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Exosomes Derived from lncRNA TCTN2-Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Spinal Cord Injury by miR-329-3p/IGF1R Axis. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:482-495. [PMID: 34623606 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes play significant roles in alleviating spinal cord injury (SCI). Previous study showed that long non-coding RNA tectonic family member 2 (TCTN2) was able to relieve SCI. Herein, whether TCTN2 exerted its roles in functional recovery after SCI via exosomes derived from MSCs was explored. The SCI model was established in rats, and the neurological function was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced differentiated PC12 cells were used as an in vitro model for neurotoxicity research. The expression of genes and proteins was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation and qualified by TEM and Western blot. In vitro assays were performed using CCK-8 assay, EdU assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay were used to confirm the target relationship between miR-329-3p and TCTN2 or insulin-like growth factor1 receptor (IGF1R). TCTN2 expression was down-regulated in SCI model rat and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PC12 cells. MSCs produced exosomes and could package TCTN2 into secreted exosomes. Tail vein injection of TCTN2 exosomes into rats significantly improved functional recovery of SCI. Meanwhile, TCTN2 exosomes treatment alleviated LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in vitro. Additionally, TCTN2 targeted miR-329-3p and subsequently regulated the expression of its target IGF1R. Rescue assays suggested that miR-329-3p/IGF1R axis mediated the beneficial effects of TCTN2 exosomes on LPS-treated PC12 cells. In all, exosomes derived from TCTN2-modified MSCs could improve functional recovery of SCI in vivo and attenuate LPS-induced neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in vitro via miR-329-3p/IGF1R axis, suggesting a novel insight into the development of MSC-exosomes-based therapy for SCI.
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19
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Gu Y, Zhang R, Jiang B, Xu X, Guan JJ, Jiang XJ, Zhou Y, Zhou YL, Chen X. Repair of Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibition of PLK4 Expression Through Local Delivery of siRNA-Loaded Nanoparticles. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:544-554. [PMID: 34471984 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is one of the key regulators of centrosomal replication. However, its role and mechanism in spinal cord injury (SCI) are still unclear. The SCI model on rats was constructed and the expression and localization of PLK4 in the spinal cord are analyzed with Western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. Then the specific siRNAs were encapsulated in nanoparticles for the inhibition of PLK4 expression. Afterward, the role of PLK4 on astrocytes was investigated by knocking down its expression in the primary astrocytes. Moreover, siRNA-loaded nanoparticles were injected into the injured spinal cord of rats, and the motor function recovery of rats after SCI was assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale method. Notably, the siRNA-loaded nanoparticles effectively transfect primary astrocytes and significantly inhibit PLK4 expression, together with the expression of PCNA with significance. After treatment, restoration of the motor function following SCI was significantly improved in the PLK4 knockdown group compared with the control group. Therefore, we speculate that inhibition of Plk4 may inhibit the proliferation of astrocytes and decrease the inflammatory response mediated by astrocytes, so as to promote the functional recovery of SCI. In conclusion, inhibition of PLK4 expression via siRNA-loaded nanoparticles may be a potential treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchu Gu
- Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Runze Zhang
- Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jun Jie Guan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xing Jie Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pain, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - You Lang Zhou
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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20
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Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles facilitate the repair of spinal cord injury via the miR-29b-3p/PTEN/Akt/mTOR axis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:212. [PMID: 34381025 PMCID: PMC8357833 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a salient traumatic disease that often leads to permanent disability, and motor and sensory impairments. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HucMSCs) have a wide application prospect in the treatment of SCI. This study explored the repair effect of HucMSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (HucMSCs-EVs) on SCI. HucMSCs and HucMSCs-EVs were cultured and identified. The rat model of SCI was established, and SCI rats were treated with HucMSCs-EVs. The motor function of SCI rats and morphology of spinal cord tissues were evaluated. Levels of NeuN, GFAP, and NF200 in spinal cord tissues were detected and cell apoptosis was measured. SCI rats were treated with EVs extracted from miR-29b-3p inhibitor-transfected HucMSCs. The downstream gene and pathway of miR-29b-3p were examined. HucMSCs-EVs-treated rats showed obvious motor function recovery and reduced necrosis, nuclear pyknosis, and cavity. HucMSCs-EVs alleviated spinal cord neuronal injury. miR-29b-3p was poorly expressed in SCI tissues, but highly expressed in EVs and SCI rats treated with EVs. miR-29b-3p targeted PTEN. Inhibition of miR-29b-3p or overexpression of PTEN reversed the repair effect of EVs on SCI. EVs activated the AKT/mTOR pathway via the miR-29b-3p/PTEN. In conclusion, HucMSCs-EVs reduced pathological changes, improved motor function, and promoted nerve function repair in SCI rats via the miR-29b-3p/PTEN/Akt/mTOR axis.
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